History 21 final

Which of the following was not a significant phrase arising in the WWII era?

"A Chicken in Every Pot."

MLK Jr.

-civil rights leader and chairman of Southern Christian Leadership Conference -believed in non-violent civil disobedience -Assassinated by James Earl Ray

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Social Security Act

1935 law signed by FDR that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (Welfare)

Lend Lease Act

1941 law that permitted the US to lend or lease arms/other supplies to the allies; signified increasing likelihood of US involvement in ww2

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Lyndon Baines Johnson

36th president took over after JFK was assassinated; "war on poverty"; Great Society

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Which of the following was not a key factor behind President Carter's electoral defeat in 1980?

A general feeling that Carter was morally corrupt, and hopelessly indifferent to the concerns of the people.

Which of the following was not an important sign of the country's mounting economic troubles during the 1970s?

A mass exodus from the cities to the farmlands.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Which of the following was not a feature of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s philosophy?

African Americans must not pursue complete racial equality too quickly; before they attain that, they must first prove their worthiness to all America.

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination; leader of the Black Panthers

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Voted to Supreme Court in 1967

David Koresh

American leader of the Branch Davidians religious sect, believing himself to be its final prophet. Waco, Texas Incident, many wives, brainwashed people into believing in his cult. 1993

Which of the following was not a significant impact of wartime mobilization on American society?

Americans of German background were rounded up and placed in internment camps, on the grounds that their loyalties could not be trusted.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad. It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born dictator of Germany's Nazi Party during WW2

Which of the following was not a hot spot of U.S./Soviet tensions during the 1980s?

Canada

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Which of the following was not a reason for American reluctance to confront the rise of Nazism and fascism in Europe during the 1930s?

Concerns that going to war could derail an otherwise strong economy

Rev. Jim Jones

Cult leader of The Peoples Temple. He convinced his congregation to donate all of their money to establish a compound in French Guyana. Once there, he and his people killed a congressman and participated in a mass suicide; "Jonestown" (1978)

Which of the following was not the setting for a major campaign of the civil rights movement?

Dallas

The "Bank Holiday"

During the depression, FDR's Emergency Banking Act closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Which of the following was not a feature of U.S. involvement in World War II?

FDR agreed to a wartime alliance with Russia only after Stalin pledged to abolish Soviet communism after the war.

Presidents in order

FDR; Truman; Eisenhower; JFK; Lyndon B Johnson; Nixon; Ford; Jimmy Carter; Reagan; HW Bush; Clinton

Which of the following issues was not a focus of political controversy during the 1970s?

Federal problems addressing AIDS

NAACP

Founded in 1910, the civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices

Which of the following was not a source of growing disillusionment among Americans during the 1970s?

Global Warming

Which of the following was not a key theme raised by critics of Reagan's presidency?

His spending cuts have left America unable to contain Soviet expansionism.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s?

In local campaigns across the South, women remained more or less on the margins of civil rights activism.

War on Drugs

In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities.

Pentagon Papers

Informal name for the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam conflict; leaked to the press by former official Daniel Ellsburg in published in NY Times in 1971

Civil Rights Legislation

Laws passed by federal and state legislative bodies to protect the civil rights of its citizens

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. Formed in 1949

United Nations

Organization of nations to maintain world peace, established in 1945 and headquartered in New York

John F Kennedy

President of the US during the 60s; oversaw Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis; wanted US to go to the moon; assassinated in Nov 1963

Iran Contra Affair

Scandal of the second Reagan administration involving sales of arms to Iran in partial exchange for release of hostages in Lebanon and use of the arms money to aid the Contras in Nicaragua, which had been expressly forbidden by Congress.

Manhattan Project

Secret US program during WW2 to develop an atomic bomb. DR Oppenheimer led the team in Mexico

Which of the following was not an argument raised in the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling (Doc: United States Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education decision)?

Segregation laws can be constitutional only if approved by a majority of voting citizens in the state where they are enacted.

Which of the following was not a key episode in the course of World War II?

The Battle of the Somme

First Persian Gulf War

The Gulf War was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq (led by Saddam Hussein) in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait arising from oil pricing and production disputes

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada

Which of the following was not a significant event during the 1980s?

The break-up of the Beatles.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. (1950-1953)

The New Deal

The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression

Which of the following was not a key element of the Four Freedoms promoted by President Roosevelt (FDR) (Doc: Franklin Roosevelt, The Four Freedoms)?

The only things Americans have to fear is fear itself.

Which of the following was not a significant event of the 1970s?

The removal of the Berlin Wall.

Ross Perot

This billionaire was a third-party candidate in the 1992 presidential election won 19 percent of the popular vote. His strong showing that year demonstrated voter disaffection with the two major parties.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

U.S. mission in which the CIA, hoping to inspire a revolt against Fidel Castro, sent 1,500 Cuban exiles to invade their homeland on April 17, 1961; the mission was a spectacular failure.

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Became president in 1953 until 1961.

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Which of the following was not a key theme of the Reagan revolution?

We need to revive the government activism pioneered by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Which of the following questions was not a focus of debate within the civil rights movement?

Whether it's worth crusading to eliminate Jim Crow.

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern whose affair with Bill Clinton led to his impeachment

Fannie Lou Hamer

a civil rights activist who helped African Americans register to vote and who co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.

Stagflation

a combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation present during Carter's presidency

Red Ball Express

a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944

The Great Society

coined by Lyndon B Johnson in his 1965 State of the Union speech. Proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, disease, education, immigration, and the environment

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Discredited by the Watergate scandal, the Republican party did not regain its momentum for another two decades.

false

FDR's Executive Order 9066 ordered the internment of Japanese-Americans who refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the United States.

false

From the mid-1950s through the mid-1960s, the civil rights movement stayed focused solely on desegregation efforts, deferring the quest for voting rights to another day.

false

In his 1979 speech, President Carter scolds Americans for their excessive optimism, and obliviousness to the problems confronting the nation. (Doc: Jimmy Carter, The Crisis)

false

In his 1981 inaugural address, President Reagan declares that only government could solve the problems that government has created. (Doc: Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address)

false

Signed by 96 members of Congress in 1956, the Southern Manifesto welcomed the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision as an overdue assertion of federal power over the authority of the states. (Doc: Southern Manifesto)

false

The Greensboro lunch counter sit-in campaign of 1960 represented the first major defeat for the civil rights movement.

false

The Roosevelt administration paid little attention to global affairs before the attack on Pearl Harbor.

false

Wartime mobilization raised the industrial Northeast out of the Depression, but left the economies of the West and the South more or less untouched.

false

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Sit Down Strike

tactics adopted by labor unions in the 1930s where striking workers refused to leave factories, making production impossible; highly effective

Cuban Missile Crisis

tense confrontation caused by US discovering Soviet missile sites in Cuba in Oct 1962; Cold War closest brush to Nuclear War

White Primary

the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation; ended by the Voting Rights Act of 1965

John Hinckley Jr.

tried to assassinate Ronald Reagan by shooting him in 1981

During the Reagan years, tax rates for the affluent dropped from 70% to 28%.

true

Following the U.S.'s entry into WWII, the federal government assumed massively expanded oversight of the American economy.

true

In 1983, President Reagan shook up U.S./Soviet relations by announcing a Strategic Defense Initiative, designed to create a defensive shield against incoming Soviet missiles.

true

In his speech at a black church at the outset of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dr. Martin Luther King assures his listeners their protests are consistent with the doctrines of the Constitution and of Christian scripture. (Doc: Martin Luther King, Jr., Address to Mass Meeting in Montgomery)

true

In their respective statements, Gloria Steinem speaks out against pervasive discrimination against women, and Jerry Falwell speaks out against the cultural threat posed by feminism. (Docs: Gloria Steinem, Testimony, and Jerry Falwell, Feminism)

true

Resentment over local efforts to desegregate public schools was a significant factor in the conservative groundswell of the 1970s.

true

The economic down-turn of the Seventies undercut the living standards and collective power of American workers.

true

The emerging civil rights challenge to Jim Crow drew encouragement from Cold War rhetoric presenting America as a bastion of freedom and democracy.

true