HISTORY 2111 READING QUIZZES 13-26

What was the impact of Nat Turner's rebellion?

All the above

Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephen's influential "Cornerstone Speech" declared that the cornerstone of the Confederacy rests _________________.

"upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. "

The Civil war resulted in approximately how many deaths?

750,000

Black men made up ___________ of the Union army by 1865, and the majority of these black Union soldiers serving in the United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.) had ___________.

10%; been born enslaved

American antislavery shifted from gradualism to immediatism during which decade?

1830s

Approximately how many enslaved people lived and labored in the South in 1860?

4 million

By 1860, cotton exports made up over ____ of all American exports, indicating that the heyday of American slavery had arrived.

60%

The "Gag Rule" was designed to eliminate the voice of which group in Congress?

Abolitionists

Which of the following goal of freed people was the least successful?

Acquiring land

How did evangelicalism influence race relations in the antebellum U.S. South?

All the above

Black codes, including vagrancy laws had which of the following effects?

All of the above

The idea of Manifest Destiny meant which of the following?

All of the above

Which of the following statements describes the process of emancipation?

All of the above

Which of the following was a major priority and focal point for the formerly enslaved as they sought to define the meaning of their newly won freedom in the postwar Reconstruction Era?

All of the above

The experience of the Cherokee revealed the most brutal aspects of state and federal "Indian removal" policy, but also exhibited the degree to which some of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee Nations) used the law in hopes of protecting their lands. All of the following were key moments in this process EXCEPT:

All of the above constituted key moments in this process

If the great draw of the West served as manifest destiny's kindling, then the discovery of gold in California was the spark that set the fire ablaze, igniting all of the following consequences EXCEPT:

All of the above constituted major consequences of the discovery of gold on western expansion and development.

Which of the following southern crops required cities to facilitate export, marketing,and/or storage:

All of the above crops required cities for export, marketing, and/or storage

Which of the following was NOT a major faction in the political landscape of the United States (a.k.a. the Northern Union) during the American Civil War?

All of the above were factions within the political landscape of the United States during the American Civil War.

What was the first major military campaign of the American Civil War, and what impact did it have on the nature of the conflict thereafter?

All of the above.

The expansion of influence and territory off the continent became an important corollary to westward expansion and manifest destiny. What factors became most important in shaping the major priorities of U.S. foreign policy during the antebellum era as reflected in the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and its application throughout period?

All of the above.`

Which of the following social changes enabled women to take prominent roles in socialreform movements?

As women moved outside the household, they were able to devote time to other causes

This battle was the first major battle on Union soil, remains the bloodiest single day inAmerican military history, and provided the opportunity for U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to make his "Emancipation Proclamation" public:

Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862)

All of the following battles occurred during Union General Ulysses S. Grant's "Overland Campaign" against Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in the eastern theater EXCEPT:

Battle of Chancellorsville

When did Reconstruction begin?

Before the war ended, with Abraham Lincoln's "Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction in December 1863 and with radical, though limited, policies such as that enacted in the "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, SC.

Jacksonian Democrats adopted and adapted much of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican vision for the United States government, society, and future progress and applied it to the new realities produced by the market revolution and growing sectionalism during the antebellum era. Which of the following were major planks in the Democratic Party's ideological platform during the antebellum era? [select all that apply]

Believed government should adopt a hands-off attitude toward the economy Believed liberty was a private entitlement best secured by local governments and most endangered by powerful national authority Considered individual morality a private matter, not a public concern and opposed attempts to impose a unified moral vision on society The test of public policies from the Democratic point of view was not whether they enhanced the common good, but the extent to which they allowed scope for 'free agency'—for individuals to make decisions, pursue their interests, and cultivate their unique talents without outside interference

Why didn't the United States immediately annex Texas after the "Texas Revolution" (1835-1836)?

Both because of concerns regarding war with Mexico and imbalance of adding a large slave state

The Whig coalition drew strength from several earlier parties, including two that harnessed American political paranoia. What were these two parties and what respective issues and resulting paranoia fomented the formation of these political parties?

Both the Anti-Masonic Party & the American Party.

What military battles factored most significantly into U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's shift in thinking about the Union's war goals and prompted him to first draft an "Emancipation Proclamation" to broaden those war aims during the summer of 1862, then issue that proclamation publicly in the fall of that year?

Both the Battles of Shiloh, TN and Antietam, MD most prominently influenced U.S President Abraham Lincoln's shifting views on Union war goals in the summer and fall of 1862.

What was the nature of the relationship between racial and gender hierarchies within the "Old South?"

Gender inequality did not always fall along the same lines as racial inequality. Southern society, especially in the age of cotton, deferred to white men, under whom laws, social norms, and cultural practices were written, dictated, and maintained. White and free women of color lived in a society dominated, in nearly every aspect, by men.

How did the Union and Confederate war efforts fair in the eastern and western theaters, respectively, through early summer of 1862?

Generally, the Union met with little success in the east but made considerable progress of arms in the west, while Confederate forces conversely achieved greatest success in the east by at least stymieing Union progress but suffered a series of substantial setbacks in the west.

All of the following groups represented a departure from "mainstream Protestantism," either as "restorationist" expressions or outright rejections of "orthodox" Protestantism EXCEPT:

Congregationalism

All of the following religious denominations split over the issue of slavery during the late antebellum period EXCEPT:

Congregationalists (1848)

Which of the three phases of postwar Reconstruction were characterized by its more expansive and aggressive scope focused on protecting freedmen and restructuring political relations in the South through legislation that included the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

Congressional Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress (1866-1867)

The Missouri Crisis began when __________.

Congressional representative James Tallmadge proposed laws that would gradually abolish slavery in the new state, outraging proslavery southerners.

What was the principle goal of the Anaconda Plan?

Cut off access to coastal ports and inland waterways

Which of the following was NOT one of the three Union military victories that contributed most directly to President Abraham Lincoln's decision to appoint Ulysses S. Grant "General-in-Chief" of all Union armies in 1864?

Gettysburg (July 1863)

What two speeches by Abraham Lincoln, the first in November 1863 and the second in March 1865, expressed then reiterated and expanded upon his administration's conception of the Union war effort, especially as it shifted toward "hard war" tactics to fulfill the strategic goals of the "War for Emancipation" that he first made public in the earlier Emancipation Proclamation?

Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) & Second Inaugural Address (March 1865)

Which of the following best describes the relationship of femininity and domesticity in the antebellum South?

Domesticity limited the opportunities of wealthy white women to engage in the public sphere

Which of the following denominations benefitted the least from the Second GreatAwakening?

Episcopalians

All of the following defined "Radical" Reconstruction's "fleeting success" EXCEPT:

Eradication of white supremacy and resistance to federal authority in the South and the nation at large.

The "Young America" movement represented one of the staunchest opponents to "Manifest Destiny" and its pursuit during the antebellum era.

False

The reform movements that emerged in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century were entirely unique American inventions in response to exceptional American experiences of westward expansion, urbanization, industrialization, and class struggle.

False

All of the following statements about the battle of Gettysburg are true EXCEPT:

Fighting lasted just a single day, but constituted the single bloodiest day in American military history.

Women on both sides of the war contributed to the conflict by performing all of the following EXCEPT:

Filling shortages of men by serving in state legislatures

Which of the following had the greatest influence on William Lloyd Garrison's move fromgradualism to immediatism?

Reading fiery tracts penned by black northerners David Walker and James Forten

All of the following events contributed to the antebellum sectional crisis, but which of these events occurred first?

Haitian Revolution

Why did the Republican Party nominate Abraham Lincoln for the presidency?

He was less polarizing than the other candidates

All of the following contributed to the Panic of 1837 EXCEPT:

High interest rates in Great Britain led British investors to cease investing in American banks

All of the following were major questions confronting the postwar United States that became the major points of contention during the tumultuous Reconstruction Era EXCEPT:

How would the economic and diplomatic relations between the now independent Confederate States of America and the United States of America unfold?

What action spearheaded by President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party cleared the way for predominantly white populations in the east to resettle in the Deep South during the antebellum period?

Indian Removal Act of 1830

What cleared the way for eastern people to resettle in the Deep South?

Indian Removal Act of 1830

What was the primary goal of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry?

Inspire a slave revolt

All of the following are true about Uncle Tom's Cabin EXCEPT:

It was the most widely purchased book in the nineteenth century

All of the following are true about the political consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska ActEXCEPT:

Jaded a new generation of politicians, including Abraham Lincoln, who retired from politics out of frustration over failures to protect and promote the interests of slave owners and the slave states in national government.

The Compromise of 1850 included a much harsher fugitive slave law. It also included all of the following EXCEPT:

Kansas entered the Union as a slave state

Which of the following were major characteristics of the "Second Great Awakening" in the early Nineteenth-Century United States? [select all that apply]

Many revivalists abandoned the comparatively formal style of worship observed in the well-established Congregationalist and Episcopalian churches and instead embraced more impassioned forms of worship that included the spontaneous jumping, shouting, and gesturing found in new and alternative denominations. Worshippers increasingly began to take responsibility for their own spiritual fates by embracing theologies that emphasized human action in effecting salvation, and revivalist preachers were quick to recognize the importance of these cultural shifts. Radical revivalist preachers put theological issues aside and evangelized by appealing to worshippers' hearts and emotions. The revivals contributed to the emerging consensus that all souls are equal in salvation and that all people can be saved by surrendering to God. This idea of spiritual egalitarianism was one of the most important transformations to emerge out of the Second Great Awakening. Spiritual egalitarianism dovetailed neatly with an increasingly democratic United States. The democratizing ethos opened the door for a more egalitarian approach to spiritual leadership. For individual worshippers, spiritual egalitarianism in revivals and camp meetings could break down traditional social conventions predicated on class, gender, and racial hierarchies. Although the revivals did not always live up to such progressive ideals in practice, particularly in the more conservative regions of the slaveholding South, the concept of spiritual egalitarianism nonetheless changed how Protestant Americans thought about themselves, their God, and one another. As the borders of the United States expanded during the nineteenth century and as new demographic changes altered urban landscapes, revivalism also offered worshippers a source of social and religious structure to help cope with change. Revival meetings held by itinerant preachers offered community and collective spiritual purpose to migrant families and communities isolated from established social and religious institutions. In urban centers, where industrialization and European famines brought growing numbers of domestic and foreign migrants, evangelical preachers provided moral order and spiritual solace to an increasingly anonymous population. The Second Great Awakening armed evangelical Christians with a moral purpose to address and eradicate the many social problems they saw as arising from these dramatic demographic shifts.

What provided the greatest boost to Abraham Lincoln's 1864 reelection?

Military success of William T. Sherman, especially in capturing Atlanta, GA, and overwhelming support of Union soldiers who cast their votes for him from the field via absentee ballot or through liberally granted furloughs/leaves of absence to return home to vote in the election.

What city experienced "draft riots" in the summer of 1863 that quickly escalated into race riots that symbolized the dissent and controversy surrounding the Union "War for Emancipation" officially proclaimed earlier that year by President Abraham Lincoln?

New York City, NY

In the face of substantial external opposition from white northern anti-abolitionists and proslavery white southerners, what two issues contributed most directly to the splintering of the abolitionist movement in the late 1830s and 1840s?

Political Abolitionism & Women's Rights

What was the function of southern dueling during the antebellum era?

Preserving the honor of both participants

Which of the three phases of postwar Reconstruction were characterized by its limited scope focused on a "Restoration" of the South involving limited government oversight or intervention and indifference to black rights beyond enforcement of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery?

Presidential Reconstruction as directed by President Andrew Johnson (1865-1866)

The Missouri Compromise did all of the following EXCEPT:

Propose popular sovereignty as the determination of whether states would have slavery

Whigs adopted and adapted much of the Hamiltonian Federalist vision for the United States government, society, and future progress and applied it to the new realities produced by the market revolution and growing sectionalism during the antebellum era. Which of the following were major planks in the Whig Party's ideological platform during the antebellum era? [select all that apply]

Rejected the premise that the government must not interfere in private life. To function as free—self-directed and self-disciplined—moral agents, individuals required certain character traits, which government could help to instill Insisted that liberty and power reinforced each other. An activist national government could enhance the realm of freedom Tended to view society as a hierarchy of social classes but insisted that in the United States class status was not fixed, since any individual could achieve upward mobility United behind the American System, believing that via a protective tariff, a national bank, and aid to internal improvements, the federal government could guide economic development Believed that liberty required a prosperous and moral America, and that the government should create the conditions for balanced and regulated economic development, thereby promoting a prosperity in which all classes and regions would share.

What was the most consequential result of the Dred Scott decision?

Ruled that black Americans could not be citizens

All of the following accurately describe some aspect of "The Bank War" and its significance as it unfolded during Jackson's first term as President EXCEPT:

Since Jackson's veto in 1832 ensured that its charter would not be renewed, the Bank of the United States discontinued operations immediately. So beginning in 1833 the Federal Government under Jackson's Administration contracted its business with the selected state banks with which they had replaced the national bank. Critics called them Jackson's "pet banks."

Who comprised the southern middle class in the antebellum South, and where did this southern middle class become strongest?

Skilled craftsmen, merchants, traders, speculators, and store owners in urban centers

What was the key issue that divided the Democratic Party in 1860?

Slavery

What was the "cult of true womanhood" what role did it play in westward migration and emerging western society and culture of white Americans during the antebellum era?

Social standards and cultural values that emphasized feminine piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness that westward migration and western life strained and even nominally expanded, but ultimately reinforced and perpetuated.

During the 1830s the social tensions that had promoted Andrew Jackson's rise also worsened race relations and established a pattern that would persist through the remaining antebellum period. Debates about slavery, including but not confined to sectional divisions, reflected wider tensions in a changing society. The ultimate question was whether American democracy had room for people of different races as well as religions and classes. Some people said yes and struggled to make American society more welcoming. But the vast majority, whether Democrats or Whigs, said no. Which of the following illustrates this general relationship between race and democracy during the antebellum era?

Some whites in the 1830s, however, joined free Black activists in protesting racial inequality. They typically lived in northern cities, came from the lower middle class of skilled laborers, and espoused aspirations for upward social mobility grounded in a free labor ideology. Racial tensions also influenced popular culture. The white actor Thomas Dartmouth Rice appeared on stage in Blackface, singing and dancing as a clownish enslaved man named "Jim Crow." Many other white entertainers copied him in borrowing from the work of real Black performers but pandering to white audiences' prejudices to turn cruel stereotypes into one of antebellum America's favorite forms of entertainment, the minstrel show. Racial and ethnic resentment contributed to a wave of anti-abolitionist riots in American cities during the 1830s, most conspicuously in the murder of noted abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah P. Lovejoy in southern Illinois in 1837 and subsequent destruction of an antislavery meeting house in Philadelphia several months later.

Where did the most radical "Rehearsal for Reconstruction" during the final stages of the American Civil War occur?

The "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

What social reform movement proved most successful during the antebellum era, and by contrast, which social issues proved most controversial and most difficult for reformers to resolve during the period?

The Temperance Movement; Anti-Indian removal & Antislavery/Abolitionism

What two issues confronting the antebellum nation at the outbreak of the Civil War did that conflict definitively resolve, despite a number of lingering questions and contests regarding race and race relations, sectionalism, the rights of citizenship, and political status?

The American Civil War declared political secession illegal and permanently ended slavery in the U.S.

African Americans, both enslaved and free, served the Confederate war effort in all of the following capacities EXCEPT?

The Confederacy enlisted thousands of "Black Confederates" into its armed forces as combat soldiers in response to the shift in Union war goals from a limited "War for Union" to a more aggressive "War for Emancipation."

What issue led to the dissolution of Andrew Jackson's cabinet?

The Eaton Affair

The most important instance of rising sectional tensions in the United States during the early antebellum era erupted in the Missouri Crisis. When white settlers in Missouri, a new territory carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, applied for statehood in 1819, the balance of political power between northern and southern states became the focus of public debate. Missouri already had more than ten thousand enslaved labors and was poised to join the southern slave states in Congress. Which of the following contributed to this "Missouri Crisis?" [select all that apply]

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 decreed that: First, Congress would admit Missouri as a slave state. Second, Congress would admit Maine (which until now had been a territory of Massachusetts) as a free state, maintaining the balance between the number of free and slave states. Third, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory would be divided along the 36°30' line of latitude—or in other words, along the southern border of Missouri. Slavery would be prohibited in other new states north of this line, but it would be permitted in new states to the south. The compromise passed both houses of Congress, and the Missouri Crisis ended peacefully, but not everyone felt relieved. The Missouri Crisis made the sectional nature of American politics impossible to ignore. It split the Democratic-Republican party entirely along sectional lines, suggesting trouble to come, and it demonstrated the volatility of the slavery debate. Congressmen like Tallmadge opposed slavery for moral reasons, but they also wanted to maintain a sectional balance of power. Unsurprisingly, the Tallmadge Amendment met with firm resistance from southern politicians. It passed in the House of Representatives because of the support of nearly all the northern congressmen, who had a majority there, but it was quickly defeated in the Senate, prompting Illinois Senator Jesse Thomas and Kentucky Senator Henry Clay to propose a compromise that they and its proponents hoped would not only end the Missouri Crisis but also prevent any future sectional disputes over slavery and statehood. Congressman James Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment to Missouri's application for statehood stating that Congress should admit Missouri as a state only if bringing more enslaved people to Missouri were prohibited and children born to those enslaved there were freed at age twenty-five.

Over the first fifty years of American history, which of the following statements bestdescribes the ability of African Americans to vote in elections?

Voting rights among African Americans decreased during the antebellum era

In the years immediately following disestablishment, "traditional" Protestant Christianity was at low tide, while the Market Revolution and the spread of capitalism had led to a host of social problems associated with cities and commerce. The Second Great Awakening was in part a spiritual response to such changes, revitalizing Christian spirits through the promise of salvation. The revivals also provided an institutional antidote to the insecurities of a rapidly changing world by inspiring an immense and widespread movement for social reform. Growing directly out of nineteenth-century revivalism, reform societies proliferated throughout the United States between 1815 and 1861, melding religion and reform into a powerful force in American culture known as the benevolent empire. Which of the following characterized this "benevolent empire" and its social reform impulse? [select all that apply]

The benevolent empire departed from revivalism's early populism, as middle-class ministers dominated the leadership of antebellum reform societies focused on creating and maintaining respectable middle-class culture throughout the United States. Middle-class women, in particular, played a leading role in reform activity. They became increasingly responsible for the moral maintenance of their homes and communities, and their leadership signaled a dramatic departure from previous generations when such prominent roles for ordinary women would have been unthinkable. Under the leadership of preachers and ministers, reform societies attacked many social problems, from excessive alcoholic consumption to dueling, gambling, and prostitution. Evangelical reformers might support home or foreign missions or Bible and tract societies. Sabbatarians fought tirelessly to end nonreligious activity on the Sabbath. Over the course of the antebellum period, voluntary associations and benevolent activists also worked to reform bankruptcy laws, prison systems, insane asylums, labor laws, and education by building orphanages and free medical dispensaries and developed programs to provide professional services like social work, job placement, and day camps for children in the slums. Though middle-class reformers worked tirelessly to cure all manner of social problems through institutional salvation and voluntary benevolent work, they regularly participated in religious organizations founded explicitly to address the spiritual mission at the core of evangelical Protestantism. For example, the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society used the efficient new steam-powered printing press to distribute Bibles and evangelizing religious tracts throughout the United States.

Increasingly, supporters of Andrew Jackson referred to themselves as Democrats. Under the strategic leadership of Jackson's successor to the Presidency, Martin Van Buren, they built a highly organized national political party, the first modern party in the United States. Much more than earlier political parties, this Democratic Party had a centralized leadership structure and a consistent ideological program for all levels of government. Meanwhile, Jackson's enemies, mocking him as "King Andrew the First," named themselves after the patriots of the American Revolution, the Whigs. Which of the following contributed to the rise of the "Second Party System" in antebellum U.S. politics? [select all that apply]

The disaster of the Panic of 1837 created an opportunity for the Whig Party. They gained significant public support after the Panic of 1837, and they became increasingly well organized. In late 1839, they held their first national convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The convention voted to nominate General William Henry Harrison of Ohio as the Whig candidate in the 1840 Presidential election. Whig leaders viewed him as a candidate with broad patriotic appeal due to his military record in the War of 1812 and portrayed him as the "log cabin and hard cider" candidate, a plain man of the country, in stark contrast to the easterner Martin Van Buren, the Democratic incumbent. To balance the ticket with a southerner, the Whigs nominated a slave-owning Virginia senator, John Tyler, for vice president, a former Jacksonian Democrat who had broken from the party over states' rights during the Nullification Crisis. The seeds of the Whig Party were initially sown in the political coalition of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay and opposed Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. The National Republicans, a loose alliance concentrated in the Northeast, had become the core of a new anti-Jackson movement. But Jackson's enemies were a varied group; they included pro-slavery southerners angry about Jackson's behavior during the Nullification Crisis as well as antislavery Yankees. The crisis of Tyler's administration was just one sign of the Whig Party's difficulty uniting around issues besides opposition to Democrats. The Whig Party succeeded in electing two more presidents but remained deeply divided. Its problems grew as the issue of slavery strained the Union in the 1850s. Unable to agree on a consistent national position on slavery, and unable to find another national issue to rally around, the Whigs broke apart by 1856. After the Whigs failed to prevent Andrew Jackson's reelection, this fragile coalition formally organized as a new party in 1834 "to rescue the Government and public liberty." At first, the Whigs focused mainly on winning seats in Congress, opposing "King Andrew" from outside the presidency. They remained divided by regional and ideological differences. The Democratic presidential candidate, Vice President Martin Van Buren, easily won election as Jackson's successor in 1836. Although "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" easily won the presidential election of 1840, this choice of ticket turned out to be disastrous for the Whigs, as Harrison became ill and died after just thirty-one days in office. John Tyler assumed the presidency and soon adopted policies that looked far more like Andrew Jackson's than like a Whig's, twice vetoing charters for another Bank of the United States, prompting nearly his entire cabinet to resign and compelling the Whigs in Congress to expel "His Accidency" from the party.

Which of the following most accurately describes the Know-Nothing Party?

The formed to oppose immigration

All of the following occurred during the "secession crisis" EXCEPT:

The four "Upper South" states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, who had not joined their fellow southern states of the "Deep South" in the first wave of secession, reconsidered secession in the wake of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for volunteers and declaration of a blockade in April 1861, but again voted to remain in the American Union.

Nearly every American had an opinion about President Jackson. To some, he epitomized democratic government and popular rule. To others, he represented the worst in a powerful and unaccountable executive, acting as president with the same arrogance he had shown as a general in Florida. One of the key issues dividing Americans during his presidency was a sectional dispute over national tax policy that would come to define Jackson's no-holds-barred approach to government. This "Nullification Crisis" involved which of the following? [select all that apply]

The legacy of the Nullification Crisis is complex. Jackson's decisive action seemed to have forced South Carolina to back down, but the crisis also united the ideas of secession and states' rights, two concepts that had not necessarily been linked before, and it clearly showed that the immense political power of enslavers was matched only by their immense anxiety about the future of slavery. President Jackson responded dramatically to South Carolina's 1832 nullification ordinance. He denounced the ordinance of nullification and declared that "disunion, by armed force, is TREASON" and persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill that authorized him to send the military to enforce the tariffs. Once Andrew Jackson moved into the White House, most southerners expected him to do away with the hated Tariff of 1828, the so-called Tariff of Abominations, and their disappointment at his failure to do so heightened sectional tensions. When President Andrew Jackson ran for re-election in 1832, Martin Van Buren of New York replaced Calhoun as his vice-presidential running mate, and Calhoun returned to South Carolina where a special state convention nullified the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Only in South Carolina did these sectional tensions over the tariff turn into organized action, where Jackson's own vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led the state's elite leaders in their opposition to the tariff, which they feared was merely an entering wedge for federal legislation that would limit slavery. Faced with President Jackson's threat of force, other southern states declined to join South Carolina in their stand against Federal power. Privately Jackson supported the idea of compromise and enabled a solution that would forego the actual use of Federal military force. Congress passed a compromise bill that slowly lowered federal tariff rates, and South Carolina rescinded nullification for the tariffs but, ever defiant, nullified the Force Bill. In 1828, Calhoun secretly drafted the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," an essay and set of resolutions that laid out the doctrine of nullification.

Which of the following is NOT an example of how enslaved women were particularly vulnerable to the shifts of fate attached to slavery and how their experiences were different than their male counterparts, husbands, and neighbors?

Threats to family networks, marriages, and household stability did not stop with the death of an enslaver. An enslaved couple could live their entire lives together, even having been born, raised, and married on the slave plantation, and, following the death of their enslaver, find themselves at opposite sides of the known world. It only took a single relative, executor, creditor, or friend of the deceased to make a claim against the estate to cause the sale and dispersal of an entire enslaved community.

"Manifest Destiny" pushed many Americans, whether they uttered those specific words or not, to actively seek the expansion of democracy, especially during the antebellum era. These beliefs and the resulting actions were often disastrous to anyone in the way of American expansion.

True

The early nineteenth century was a period of immense change in the United States. Economic, political, demographic, and territorial transformations radically altered how Americans thought about themselves, their communities, and the rapidly expanding nation. It was a period of great optimism yet also a period of great conflict. Americans looked on these changes with a mixture of enthusiasm and suspicion, wondering how the moral fabric of the new nation would hold up to emerging social challenges. Increasingly, many turned to two powerful tools to help understand and manage the various transformations: spiritual revivalism and social reform.

True

True or False: A wide variety of people participated in early U.S. politics, especially at the local level. But ordinary citizens' growing direct influence on government frightened the founding elites.

True

True or False: During the 1850s, conflict increasingly prevailed over compromise in the sectional relationship between North and South over slavery, westward expansion, and the future vision for the nation, and by 1860 both sides had developed enemy images of the other that ultimately sparked the Civil War.

True

True or False: During the first decades of the nineteenth century, American politics shifted toward "sectional" conflict among the states of the North, South, and West.

True

True or False: The Cotton Revolution was a time of capitalism, panic, stress, and competition. Planters expanded their lands, purchased enslaved laborers, extended lines of credit, and went into massive amounts of debt because they were constantly working against the next guy, the newcomer, the social mover, the speculator, the trader. Although the cotton market was large and profitable, it was also fickle, risky, and cost intensive. The more wealth one gained, the more land one needed to procure, which led to more enslaved laborers, more credit, and more mouths to feed. The decades before the Civil War in the South, then, were not times of slow, simple tradition. They were times of high competition, high risk, and high reward, no matter where one stood in the social hierarchy.

True

True or False: The career of Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), the survivor of that backcountry Kentucky duel in 1806, exemplified both the opportunities and the dangers of political life in the early republic. A lawyer, enslaver, and general—and eventually the seventh president of the United States—he rose from humble frontier beginnings to become one of the most powerful Americans of the nineteenth century.

True

True or False: The nearly 4 million enslaved people living and laboring in the American South by 1860, though fundamentally unfree in their movement, developed a culture all their own in which they created kinship and family networks, systems of (often illicit) trade, linguistic codes, religious congregations, and even benevolent and social aid organizations—all within the grip of slavery, a system dedicated to extraction rather than development, work and production rather than community and emotion.

True

What two Union generals emerged to spearhead the Union's "hard war" against the Confederacy in 1864 and through its eventual conclusion in April 1865?

Ulysses S. Grant & William T. Sherman

What general led the "March to the Sea" through Georgia (a.k.a. the Savannah Campaign), as well as the subsequent Carolina Campaign that eventually ended with the surrender of the last remaining major Confederate army under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston at Durham Station on April 26, 1865?

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman

What Union victory in July 1863 "split the Confederacy in two" and prompted Abraham Lincoln to proclaim, "the father of waters again goes unvexed to the sea" as a reference to Union military control of the mighty Mississippi River?

Vicksburg (May 25-July 4, 1863)

Which of the following came first?

Women began forming antislavery societies

Female activists used which of the following expectations of gender to justify socialactivism?

Women were expected to be the moral caretakers of the home and therefore it was their duty to speak out on moral issues

What were the consequences of the Mexican-American War?

all of the above

What proved to be the most deadly aspect of the Civil War?

disease

True or False: The great influx of diverse people in California largely avoided the combative and aggrandizing atmosphere of individualistic pursuit of fortune typical of much of western migration and settlement. Linguistic, cultural, economic, and racial cooperation characterized both urban and rural areas in the region. The collaborative management of land, resources, and riches furthered individual and collective appreciation for diversity, particularly evident in harmonious relations with Native Americans and older Mexican communities.

false

Which of the following were characteristics that contributed to the inhumanity and horror of racial slavery as it existed in the American South during the antebellum era? [select all that apply]

ll enslaved people had memories, emotions, experiences, and thoughts. They saw their experiences in full color, felt the pain of the lash, the heat of the sun, and the heartbreak of loss, whether through death, betrayal, or sale. Southern slavery embodied capitalism at its most colonial, violent, and exploitative. Humanity became a commodity used and worked to produce profit for a select group of investors, regardless of its shortfalls, dangers, and immoralities. The internal slave trade picked up in the decade before the Civil War, posing the dilemma for white enslavers that the more enslaved laborers one owned, the more money it cost to maintain them and to extract product from their work. As planters and cotton growers expanded their lands and purchased more enslaved laborers, their expectations increased. And productivity, in large part, did increase. But it came on the backs of enslaved laborers with heavier workloads, longer hours, and more intense punishments. White enslavers' greatest fear was the risk of slave rebellion, and with nearly four million individual enslaved people residing in the South in 1860, and nearly 2.5 million living in the Cotton Belt alone, the system of communication, resistance, and potential violence among enslaved people did not escape the minds of enslavers across the region and the nation as a whole.

True or False: The debate over slavery became one of the prime forces behind the Texas Revolution and the resulting republic's annexation to the United States, an action that sparked the Mexican War (1846-1848) that culminated nearly three decades of tensions in the region.

true