History

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Nobility of the Sword

- the old fashioned nobility who gain their power by fighting for land. There was constant conflict between them and nobility of the robe.

Azov Campaign

1695-1696. Objective was to control the Sea of Azov. Peter the Great vs. the Ottoman Empire. Attempt to take with land army failed. When came supported by fleet of ships, successful.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe by Recognizing Phillip as King of Spain while prohibiting him from claiming of the French crown; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

Treaty of Dover

A "secret" treaty arranged by the French and English, were they allied up against the Dutch in 1670.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Hapsburg Dynasty

A family that controlled Spain, part of Italy, and part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was extremely powerful until the Thirty Years' War

Royal Charters

A formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. it formed the basis for laws

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.

Battle of Marston Moor

A major Scottish/Parliamentary victory against the Royalists in 1644.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

Saint-Simon, The Memoirs

A memoir writer at Versailles. 1675-1755. Simon comes off as a bitter nobleman that critic Louis XIV, stating that the king was flashy and very much the social butterfly-so if anyone wanted to advance their status the best way was to flatter the king. He goes on to say that the king was very arrogant and always wanted to be the smartest in the room and so often would appoint less intelligent people to office and ply the role of teacher, while in reality the king could barely read. the king was also very paranoid and had spy's everywhere, and his spy's had spy's, but his greatest source of information came from reading all incoming and outgoing letters.

Commonwealth

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

The Fluyt

A shallow-draft ship of large capacity, which enabled Dutch transport of enormous quantities of cereals, timber, and iron:

Stuart Dynasty

After Queen Elizabeth Tudor's death in 1603, the Stuart Line of rulers came. Started with James I, King of Scotland. (Cousin of Elizabeth.) Then came Charles I, his son. Charles II. Then James II. Then William of Orange.

Battle of Poltava

After a decisive Russian victory at Poltava in 1709, greatly reduced the threat of the Swedish armies, Peter moved in high gear and wanted to build a city like no other in the world, the St. Petersburg. (587)

English Bill of Rights (1689)

An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. The Bill of Rights 1689, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown. Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights. Many of these same rights are included in the U.S. Constitution.

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.

Test Act of 1673

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Josiah Child, Brief Observation Concerning Trade (1668)

Child was a British merchant that described the reason why the Netherlands were so successful. In child's opinion the success of the Netherlands was due to having no ruler but a council, that was made up of well raveled and knowledgeable merchants, honest business practices, quality products- sealed after inspection that could be bought in mass quantities, the encouragement of innovation, smart entrepreneurship: sailing ships in mass to avoid piracy. Leaders who were thrifty in personnel life, educating all people, low customs taxes with high export taxes, and the use of banks and investing in foreign businesses, they were tolerant of other peoples ideas, had a type of court system in place and a police force, and often allowed the transference of debt from one person to another (stock trade).

Court of High Commission

Church court through which non-conformists could be prosecuted for non-compliance with Laudianism in the 1630s.

Jean-Baptist Colbert, Memorandum on Trade (1664)

Colbert was responsible for the fiances of France and convinced King Louis XIV of the merits of focusing on domestic economic affairs by encouraging french run and owned manufacturing, ship making, and international trade expansion. This would encourage new jobs and lower unemployment. Colbert also encouraged a re-establishment of all regulations regarding manufacturing, an examination of all exports and imports and the exemption of raw materials and domestic manufacturing in considering the annual income budget, he suggested payment for ship Captains and government subsidizing for domestic businesses.

Lord Protector

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power

Diggers

Early Socialists. Brutally put down by Cromwell. Shows that revolutionaries (Cromwell) usually do not want the revolution to go beyond where they want to take it. (the diggers had gone too far for him)

English Ruling order

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) Republican Common wealth, under Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660) James II (1685-1688) William III and Mary (1689-94) ,William (1702) Anne (1702-1714)

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Charles II, First Test Act, (1673)

English statute that excluded from public office (both military and civil) all those who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, who refused to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England, or who refused to renounce belief in the Roman Catholic doctrine

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Fredrick of Palatinate

Formed the Calvinist League or Evangelical Union.

Prussia Ruling order

Fredrick William (1640-1688) Fredrick I (1688-1713)

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Franche-Comte

French speaking region between Burgundy and Switzerland and owned by Hapsburg's, wanted by Louis XIV to extend France but meant dismembering HRE

Battle of White Mountain

Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power. This was the first Battle of the 30 years war.

French Ruling order

Henry IV (1589-1610) Louis XIII (1610-1643) Louis XIV (1643-1715)

Death of Gustavus Adolphus, Battle of Lutzen (1632)

In November 1632, the Catholic forces were preparing to retire to Leipzig for the winter. Adolphus had other plans. He launched a surprise attack against the retreating forces, on 6 November was cloaked in dense fog, nevertheless, Adolphus, attacked. The Protestants gained an advantage, threatening to overrun the left flank of the Catholic army, but a counterattack held them off. Both sides rushed reserves to this crucial sector of the battle and Adolphus himself led a charge into the melee. Adolphus suddenly found himself alone. A shot shattered his arm before another hit his horse in the neck and caused it to bolt into the midst of the enemy. Unable to control it with his mangled arm, he was shot in the back, stabbed, and then finally killed with a close-range shot to the temple.

Jean Domat, On Social order and absolute Monarchy (1689)

Jean Domat, a French juror and legal scholar during the reign of Louis XIV, wrote a text defending Absolute Monarchy called On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy in 1697. ... In fact, Louis XIV was so pleased with the defense that he arranged for Domat to have a pension, in essence funding his future publications. In the document Domat explains that society is like a body and every body must have a head in order to function, the King is the head of Societies body and this is because God deemed it so (divine right), and as such it is the King's place to dictate everybodies social place and what role/duties they will perform. Government is necessary because distinctions of birth lead to diversity of employment based on the needs of society and friction can occur, government aides in assignment function and in maintain order, the King should lead by example but is not required to.

Abram Gannible

Kidnapped as a child, Gannibal was taken to Russia and presented as a gift to Peter the Great, where he was freed, adopted and raised in the Emperor's court household as his godson.[2] Gannibal eventually rose to become a prominent member of the imperial court in the reign of Peter's daughter Elizabeth. He had 11 children, most of whom became members of the Russian nobility; h

Holy Roman Emperors

Matthias (1612-1619) Ferdinand II (1619-37) Ferdinand III (1637-1657) Leopold (1658-1705)

Russian ruling order

Michael I (1613-1645) Alexis I (1645-1676) Feodor III (1676-1682) Ivan V (Sophia regent- 1682-1696) Peter I (1682-1725)

Yomen

Owners of small farms

Spanish Ruling Order

Phillip IV 1612-1665) Charles II (1665-1700) Charles III (1703-1715)

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Powerful German Family of Northern Germany situated in Prussia. Will become rivals of the Hapsburgs for supremacy in central Europe. Ruled Brandenburg since 1417; acquired the duchy of Cleves, as well the countries that border Brandenburg. East Prussia lay inside Poland and outside the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; Frederick William establishes these areas into a modern style. This dynasty did not possess a crown.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.

The Defenestration of Pague (1618)

Religious animosity between Bohemian Protestant nobles and Catholic ambassadors, in which the Protestants throw the Catholics out of the tower window out of "Duty to God and King"

The Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

Boyars

Russian nobles

Navagation Acts

Series of laws by the English Parlament in 1650's regulated trade between england and its colonies

Catherine I

Started out as spoils of war and ended up as the second wife of Peter the Great , had one son Alexis whom Peter kills, she out lives Peter and became the empress of Russia. She expanded Russian territory and power, as well as increased some western reforms, but she also expanded serfdom and granted nobles rights.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Battle of Blenheim

The First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 at this battle in Bavaria during the War of the Spanish Succession.

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648 was one of the most destructive wars in European history. The devastation of central Europe was so severe that some German states saw their population decline by up to three quarters. It resulted in a staggering 8 million deaths. The conflict began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II demanded that all his subjects - who came from many different ethnicities and backgrounds - convert to Catholicism. His northern territories in Protestant Germany rebelled, forming the Protestant Union. They were joined by other Protestant states in a war that escalated over the next decade and became a struggle for European supremacy.

Merchantilism

The belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Battle of Brighterbald

The first loss of the imperial Army

Star Chamber Court

This Court, created by Henry VII, allowed for the trial of nobles, who had previously been exempt from most civil laws. Because of this Henry VII was able to build up a fortune from fining the nobility. In this court the nobility were placed as jurors which placed a sense of loyalty in the nobility and made him more powerful.

Battle of Malplaquet

This battle, fought on 11 September 1709, was one of the main battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, which opposed the Bourbons of France and Spain against an alliance whose major members were the Habsburg Monarchy, Great Britain, the United Provinces and the Kingdom of Prussia in the Spanish Netherlands (named for the city it is near). It was a pyrrhic victory, for it signaled that France could no longer be simply pushed around by the Great Alliance, and also the Duke of Marlborough himself was getting too entangled in English politics to conduct himself efficiently

War of Spanish Succession

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V. The thirteen-year war was triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.The closest heirs to the throne were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families; acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either of these dynasties would have threatened the European balance of power. Charles bequeathed an undivided Monarchy of Spain to Louis XIV's grandson Philip, who was proclaimed King of Spain on 16 November 1700. Disputes over separation of the Spanish and French crowns and commercial rights led to war in 1701 between the Bourbons of France and Spain and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Archduke Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, it acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, and those states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion

House of Lords

Upper house of Parliament, for nobles and bishops

General Wallenstein

Wallenstein became the supreme commander of the armies of the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II, fought on the Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War. was awarded estates confiscated from the rebels after their defeat at White Mountain in 1620. A series of military victories against the Protestants raised Wallenstein's reputation in the Imperial court and in 1625 he raised a large army of 50,000 men to further the Imperial cause. A year later, he administered a crushing defeat to the Protestants at Dessau Bridge. For his successes, Wallenstein became an Imperial count palatine and made himself ruler of the lands of the Duchy of Friedland in northern Bohemia. defeated the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus at Alte Veste and killed him at Lützen. Wallerstein realised the war could last decades and in the Summer of 1633 arranged a series of armistices to negotiate peace. These proved to be his undoing as plotters accused him of treachery and Emperor Ferdinand II ordered his assassination. Dissatisfied with the Emperor's treatment of him, Wallenstein considered allying with the Protestants. However, he was assassinated at Eger in Bohemia by one of the army's officials, with the emperor's approval.

Colonies

a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

Cantons

a largely self-governing state within a country.

James II, Declaration of Indulgence

a pair of proclamations made by James II of England and VII of Scotland in 1687. The Indulgence was first issued for Scotland on 12 February and then for England on 4 April 1687. It was a first step at establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, although part of the king's intention was to promote his own minority religion, Catholicism, reviled by most of his subjects.granted broad religious freedom in England by suspending penal laws enforcing conformity to the Church of England and allowing persons to worship in their homes or chapels as they saw fit, and it ended the requirement of affirming religious oaths before gaining employment in government office. By use of the royal suspending power, the king lifted the religious penal laws and granted toleration to the various Christian denominations, Catholic and Protestant, within his kingdoms. The declaration was greatly opposed by Anglicans in England on both religious and constitutional grounds. Some Anglicans objected to the fact that the Declaration had no specified limits and thus, at least in theory, licensed the practice of any religion, including Islam, Judaism, or paganism. Many also objected to the fact that the king, by issuing the Declaration, had implicitly claimed a power to suspend laws passed by Parliament.

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles in order to centralize government and make it more accessible

The Fronde (1648-53)

a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635. King Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the law courts (parlements), and most of the French people, and yet won out in the end. The dispute started when the government of France issued seven fiscal edicts, six of which were to increase taxation. The parlements pushed back and questioned the constitutionality of the King's actions and sought to check his powers. The Fronde was divided into two campaigns, the Parlementary Fronde and the Fronde of the Princes. represented the final attempt of the French nobility to do battle with the king, and they were humiliated. In the long-term, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority, but weakened the economy. The Fronde facilitated the emergence of absolute monarchy.

Louis XIV, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)

an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches, as well as the closing of Protestant schools. This policy made the persecution of Protestants legal it was done mainly to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism. As a result of the officially sanctioned persecution, large numbers of Protestants — estimates range from 210,000 to 900,000 — left France over the next two decades.

Popish Plot

belief by the Whigs that the papacy was conspiring with James II and Tories for Catholics to take over the world, by gaining advantage in powerful positions over protestants.

absolutism (absolute rule, absolute monarchy)

centralized power divine right monarch is all powerful have to have a palace excessive use of privileges

Surfs

common peasants who worked the lord's land

Bullion

gold and silver in the form of bars

Intendants

government agents who collected taxes and administered justice

Stadtholder

local prince who led the provinces of the low countries during times of trouble

Nobility of the Robe

new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king

House of Commons

one of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office

Peasants

people who worked the land or served the nobles

Marie de Medici

queen regent who served as ruler after the death of Henry IV before her son, Louis XIII became old enough to rule. She appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the council of ministers.

Ranters

rejected the idea of Heaven and Hell and thought salvation could only be achieved by alcohol and sex

Excerpts on Peter the Great

ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death in 1725, Through a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Russian navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernized and based on the Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms made a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Peters burg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. He was hot tempered , had an excessive amount of energy, had no formal education but an abundance of common sense and survival skills, he loved to travel and mingle with other royals, but could also be very cruel.

Henry IV, Edict of Nantes (1598)

signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

States General

term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a strong states.

Whigs

the British political party that had opposed King, Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs. They were generally upper class in origin

venality

the condition of being susceptible to bribes or corruption

Patriarch Nikon

the head of the Orthodox Church but after challenging the tsar's authority, he was exiled to a remote monastery

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 Three treaties were signed to end each of the overlapping wars: the Peace of Münster, the Treaty of Münster, and the Treaty of Osnabrück. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch. The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace established by diplomatic congress. A new system of political order arose in central Europe, based upon peaceful coexistence among sovereign states. Inter-state aggression was to be held in check by a balance of power, and a norm was established against interference in another state's domestic affairs. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order.[3]

The Restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

The Sack of Magdeburg (1631)

was the destruction of the Protestant city of Magdeburg on 20 May 1631 by the Imperial Army and the forces of the Catholic League, resulting in the deaths of around 20,000, including both defenders and non-combatants. The event is considered the worst massacre of the Thirty Years' War. Magdeburg, then one of the largest cities in Germany, having well over 25,000 inhabitants in 1630, did not recover its importance until well in the 18th century.