history

According to Jacob Burckhardt, what did the Renaissance in Italy represent?

A distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world

According to Machiavelli's The Prince, what must a successful ruler do?

Act without moral restrictions for the good of the state.

Which ancient scholar, often referred to simply as "The Philosopher," had the greatest impact on medieval thought and knowledge?

Aristotle

In which part of the world did the bubonic plague originate?

Asia

In what town did the papacy reside in across the French border from 1305 to 1377?

Avignon

Where was the first university in Europe established?

Bologna, Italy

Which statement best describes Spain at the beginning of the 10th century?

Christians, sensing a weakening of Muslim power, had begun a process of Christian reconquest of Spain

What was the backbone of the English army at the outset of the Hundred Years' War?

Foot soldiers armed with pikes and longbows

Where can you still see the most brilliant examples of Gothic cathedrals?

France

Which two outside states vied to control Italy during the Italian wars of the fifteenth century?

France and Spain

Which of the following factors played a role in England's eventual defeat in the Hundred Years' War? (Click on all that apply)

France's successful use of gunpowder and canon technology the death of England's best commanders defeats of the English army in Normandy and Aquitaine Answer the growing instability of England's government by the early-mid 1400s

The plague reached Europe in October of 1387 when:

Genoese merchants brought it to the island of Sicily off the coast of Italy

Who wrote The Canterbury Tales?

Geoffrey Chaucer

Where were the worst organized massacres of Jews carried out in the fourteenth century?

Germany

After which battle in 1066 did William the Conqueror take over England?

Hastings

What did King Philip IV do that contributed to a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII?

He taxed churchmen without the Pope's permission.

What was a consequence of the Crusades?

Increased stability in European society

Many agricultural improvements in the Middle Ages depended on the production of tools made from what material?

Iron

What was an advantage of using crop rotation and the three-field system?

It prevented soil from being exhausted by overuse and allowed more crops to be grown

Which statement best describes Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century?

It was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics

What was Italy's political status by the fifteenth century?

It was dominated by five major regional independent powers.

Which of the following best describes northern Italy by the beginning of the 15th century?

It was dominated by three wealthy and commercially powerful states

The Hohenstaufen Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire ran into difficulties when they attempted to control and exploit the resources of what area?

Italy

What area assumed the leading role in the revival of trade in the Early Middle Ages?

Italy

The Hundred Years' War began in the 14th century when:

King Edward III of England used France's seizure of Gascony as an excuse to declare war and claim right to the throne of France

What was true of marriages between urban couples BEFORE the Black Death?

Late marriages were common.

In the medieval period, the primary or universal language of scholarship (used by the Church and schools) was:

Latin

What were pogroms?

Organized massacres against the Jews

Which statement best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

Parents usually arranged marriages for their children to strengthen alliances.

What group made up the largest percentage of the Third Estate in the fifteenth century?

Peasants

What does the word "Renaissance" mean?

Rebirth

How did merchants and manufacturers respond to the economic hardships of the 14th century?

Restricting competition and resisting the demands of the lower classes

Which statement best characterizes the outcome of the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa?

Spanish Christians achieved an important victory

What brought about the Great Schism in 1378?

The French cardinals elected a second pope

Which statement best describes the sixteenth-century aristocracy?

The aristocracy dominated society as it had done in the Middle Ages.

Henry II of England less successful at exerting control over what institution?

The church

To what did medieval urban society devote most of its surplus resources?

The construction of castles and churches reflecting its basic preoccupations, warfare and God

What did troubadour poetry emphasize?

The courtly love of a knight for a lady

Which event led to the establishment of Parliament in England?

The king's need to collect new taxes

The Song of Roland is an example of what type of literature?

The medieval chanson de geste

What was a primary preoccupation of scholasticism?

The reconciliation of faith with reason

In the twelfth century, what was the primary cause for the renewed interest in the works of the Greeks and Romans?

The reintroduction of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by Muslim scholars

What made the construction of Gothic cathedrals possible? (Click all that apply)

The use of pointed arches and ribbed vaults which allowed churches to be built taller than before the invention of the flying buttress, which helped distribute weight and allowed for thinner walls

How did the European aristocracy respond to the economic problems of the great plague?

They sought to lower wages by legal means, especially for farm laborers.

Which statement best describes combative tournaments involving knights?

They were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare.

Which statement best describes medieval cities?

They were relatively small in comparison with modern cities, and were dominated by the wealthiest and most powerful families

What was the first step for a person who wanted to learn a trade in a medieval city?

To become an apprentice to a master craftsman

Which statement best describes students in medieval universities?

To complete a degree of study, a student was given a comprehensive oral examination by a committee of teachers

During the reign of England's Edward III, the Parliament gained the power to:

To give its consent to direct taxes and oversee the government's accounts to ensure that money was properly spent

According to Castiglione, a noble should possess military skills as well as:

a classical education

What was the Hanseatic League?

a commercial and military alliance of north German coastal towns that developed a huge monopoly on north European trade

The word university comes from the Latin word universitas which means:

a corporation or guild

The main cause of early fourteenth-century famines was

a little ice age that induced bad weather with heavy rains

How did the plague have an impact on art? (Click on all that apply)

a lot of artists (sometimes entire guilds) were wiped out artistic works became much more focused on pain and a morbid fascination with death

The new agricultural practices and subsequent boom in food production led to which of these developments? (click all that apply)

a revival of trade Correct! the development of towns Correct! the emergence of specialized craftspeople Correct! expansion in the circulation of money

What factors explain the dramatic growth in Europe's population between 1000 and 1300? (Click on all that apply)

agricultural production had risen dramatically as a result of better climate conditions Europe was experiencing an extended period of peace after the invasions of the early Middle Ages had ended

What was one of the changes in urban life after the plague?

authorities worked to keep cities cleaner through regulation of waste products and public spaces

By the end of the twelfth century, the northern half of Spain had

been consolidated into Christian kingdoms

What was the basic staple of the peasant diet?

bread

Many of the new cities and towns (burghs) were founded near

castles or fortified strongholds

The three estates of the Estates General included the nobility, the townspeople, and the

clergy.

In the Fourth Crusade, instead of attacking Muslim lands, the Crusaders:

decided to attack the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in order to weaken the rival empire

By the end of the 15th century, serfdom was:

declining in Western Europe, as more and more peasants becoming legally free

The code of ethics, known as chivalry, required that knights:

defend the Church and the defenseless, and treat captives with honor

By the thirteenth century, craftsmen guilds dominated their town's economic life by: (Click all that apply)

determining standards of production and prices for finished goods setting quotas on the number of men who could enter specific trades

Henry II of England was able to extend his power and bring in more revenues by:

expanding the jurisdiction of the royal courts and establishing a body of common law throughout England

Which of the following contributed to the Jacquerie peasant revolt in France? (click on all that apply)

growing class tensions, as aristocrats treated them with contempt economic dislocation and the ravages of The Hundred Years' War

What important technology (that would change warfare) made its way to Europe from China in the fourteenth-century?

gunpowder

How did William I create a strong, centralized monarchy in England? (Click on all that apply)

he took over existing Anglo-Saxon institutions, staffing them with Normans He more fully developed the tax system and the royal courts He insisted that all people in England owed loyalty to the the king and not their lords.

What factors enabled Kings in the High Middle Ages to extend their powers in more effective ways? (Click on all that apply)

hey were able to increase their lands through war and marriage alliances the growth of cities and a stronger economy gave them the money to hire more soldiers and officials and rely less on their vassals

King Philip II Augustus of France was able to greatly increase his income and strengthen his power as a result of:

his successful conquest of new territories such as Normandy which he took from the English

Joan of Arc became an important figure in the Hundred Year' War when she:

inspired confidence in the French troops to liberate the city of Orleans from the English

What impact did the population collapse of the 14th century have on the economy? (Click all that apply)

it led to a rise in wages because of a scarcity of labor. less people meant less demand for agricultural produce, so prices fell

Which of the following European areas were UNABLE to establish unified monarchies, and remained loose confederations of states until the nineteenth century? (Click on all that apply)

italy Germany

Magna Carta (the "Great Charter") was primarily aimed at:

limiting government practices in the relationships the King had with his vassals and the Church

Dante's work, The Divine Comedy, is a good example of how:

literary works written in the vernacular (local language) were becoming increasingly popular by the 14th century

Which family of merchants and bankers dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance?

medici

In Italy the city states hired condottieri, who were:

mercenary soldiers

How did the revival of trade lead to the revival of towns and cities?

merchants and craftsmen needed to live in places where they could build warehouses, store their goods, and conduct their business more easily

The heavy stone roofs and barrel vaulting used in Romanesque architecture meant that churches:

needed solid pillars and thick walls that left little room for windows and made them dark inside

The merchants (or burghers) of towns were able to obtain the right to make their own laws and govern themselves by:

obtaining (usually by purchasing) charters of liberties from their local lords

Aristocratic women:

often managed the estate (and in some cases played active political roles) while their husbands were away at war

In the First Crusade, what did the Crusaders do with the lands they captured in Palestine?

organized them into four Crusader states

How did the invention of the mechanical clock impact the lives of people in the early 14th century?

people who had once arranged their day by natural rhythms, now planned their day around the regular striking of the town clock

Who were the flagellants?

people who physically punished themselves to win the forgiveness of God

According to the Golden Bull of 1356, the "King of the Romans" (the German Emperor) would be chosen by:

seven electors (four princes and three ecclesiastical leaders)

In her famous work, The Book of the City of Ladies, Christine de Pizan

spoke out against male stereotypes of women's "evil natures" and advocated for women's education

In a typical medieval city, you would find: (click all that apply

streets or sections that were dedicated to specific crafts. private and public baths buildings primarily constructed from wood

What prompted Pope Urban II to call for a crusade to retake the Holy Land?

the Byzantine Emperor's request for help against the Seljuk Turks

What was the outcome of the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381?

the King had the rebels arrested (though most were later pardoned) and eliminated the poll tax

Which of these groups comprised the First Estate?

the clergy

How did women benefit from the Black Death?

the loss of so many men to the plague opened up job opportunities, like weaving and brewing, for women

What motivated the knights who joined the First Crusade? (Click all that apply)

the possibility of winning riches and titles a sense of adventure and love of fighting religious enthusiasm The pope had promised a full pardon of their sins

Through his 1302 papal bull entitled Unam Sanctam, Pope Boniface asserted:

the supremacy of spiritual authority (that of the Church) over temporal authority (that of kings)

What feature of modern government/politics is a product of the Italian Renaissance?

the use of ambassadors

Which of the following are characteristics of the Italian Renaissance? (Click on all that apply)

there was a revived emphasis on individual ability the wealth of the Italian cities led to an emphasis on the enjoyment of worldly things ! it was primarily the product of an elite group, and not a mass movement it was an age of recovery and rediscovery of the culture of classical antiquity

Which statements describe the power of France's Capetian kings? (click all that apply)

they lacked centralized authority since many of the Dukes were more powerful than their king early Capetian kings only controlled an area around Paris known as the Ile-de-France.

In what ways did women contribute to the peasant way of life? (Click on all that apply)

they managed the household They were responsible for the upbringing of the children they often worked alongside the men in the fields to bring in the harvest they sewed the clothes and cooked the meals for their families

Which statement best describes middle and upper class women in this period?

they were expected to remain at home, having lots of children

The majority of the wealth of the northern Italian cities used to fund the Renaissance was a result of

trade.