HISTORY

Election of 1900

- Republicans re-nominated President McKinley, along with war hero NY Governor Roosevelt for VP Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan (argued for free silver and vigorously attacked American imperialism) McKinely won

Joseph Pulitzer

Journalist for the New York World (+St. Louis Post-Dispatch) A part of yellow journalism Helped to establish the pattern of the modern newspaper Pulitzer prize: an award in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition

jingoism

An intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foregin policy

Spanish-American-Cuban War

Spanish treated Cuba poorly at this time large American investments in Cuban sugar, Spanish misrule of Cuba, and the Monroe Doctrine all provided reasons for US intervention in their conflicts. The US won, which freed Cuba and gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain.

International Darwinism

The survival of the fittest applied to competition among nations

Jones-Shafroth Act

gave Puerto Ricans US citizenship

Sanford Dole

Led the provisional government following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was also the President of the Republic of Hawaii and the Territorial Governor of Hawaii following its annexation. The Newlands Resolution formally annexed the Hawaiian Islands and created the Territory of Hawaii in 1898.

Open Door notes

Hay feared that the expeditionary force in China might attempt to occupy the country and destroy its independence, so he wrote a second note to the imperialist powers stating US commitment to: 1. Preserve China's territorial integrity 2. Safeguard "equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire

favorable balance of trade

When a nation exports more than they import

Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar diplomacy was a forgein policy by President Taft and State Secretary Philander. Its purpose was to promote stability and order in other nations for the benefit of American commercial interests.

McKinley Tariff 1890

Increased the tax rate on foreign products Led to depression in Hawaii (due to sugar plantations being an asset to US economy)

justification for US intervention in Cuba

Large American investments in Cuban sugar Spanish misrule of Cuba- Rumors of riots, unfair treatment The Monroe Doctrine

Social Darwinism

The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better "survival of the fittest"

Teller Amendment

Part of the Resolution to authorize war on April 20, 1898, the Teller Amendment was passed preventing the U.S from annexing Cuba, this was done in order to make sure that they're actions didn't seem to be for the purpose to annex Cuba

Building of the Panama Canal

1. Britain and the US established the Clayton -Bulwer Treaty that said that they each would reign in the Panama Canal area 2. France 1st attempted, but failed because they contracted diseases 3. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty abolished the Clayton -Bulwer Treaty and allowed the US to build and manage its own canal 4. Panama becomes separated from Columbia (with military help of US) 5. US obtains 10-mile wide strip of land for the canal in exchange for an initial $10 million payment & an annual $250,000 payment

Foraker Act

A United States federal law that established a civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico, which has recently become a possession of the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.

spheres of influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

William Hearst

A major player in yellow journalism Journalist for the New York Journal Called for public attention to the Spanish-American war

Alfred T. Mahan

Admiral of US military President Of Navel College in Rhode Island Writes "The United States Looking Outwards" Big supporter of Imperialism and the protection of the military Believe in order for US to become a global superpower, they needed to establish strategically located places Gives us a military advantage Protect economic interests (shipping lanes)

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foregin movement based in China that attacked foreign missionaries and Chinese converts to Christianity Threatened the "Open Door" policy The US intervened as Hay sent another note stating the importance of respecting the territorial and administrative integrity of China

yellow journalism

City newspapers reported bold and sensational headlines- Examples: Joseph Pulizter: NY World + William Randolph Hearst: NY Journal Printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish abuse in Cuba-Forced Americans to be sympathetic towards Cubans

Jose Marti (LOOK UP)

Cuban poet and journalist who was exiled from Cuba Organized resistance movement - scorched earth policy (Deliberately destroy property) Movement intended to force/influence US to step into Cuba political issues, ie go to war with Spain over Cuba

De Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lome is the Spanish Minister to the US He wrote a letter to a friend expressing his personal views and he was very disapproving of Mckinley's policies The letter was found and printed in the NY journal highly critical of McKinley Insulted US national honor

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who fought alongside US troops during the Spanish-American War. After the US won, he led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against US control (feared that hope for national independence from Spain would be denied by the US) Took US troops three years to defeat them Conflict resulted in 5,000 US deaths and several hundred thousand Filipinos (most died from disease).

Invasion of Cuba

III- prepared, largely volunteer US forces landed in Cuba in June. Most deaths came from disease (malaria, typhoid) Attack by both American and Cuban forces succeeded in defeating the much larger but poorly led, Spanish army.

Annexation of Hawaii

July 12, 1898: the Hawaiian islands were officially annexed by the USA. The end of the long struggle between native Hawiannas and American businessmen for control of Hawaii

Theodore Roosevelt

McKinley assistant secretary of the navy expansionist eager to show off the power of his country's new, all-steel navy Resigned his navy post to take part in the war and led the Rough Riders.

McKinley's War message

Message to Congress requesting US declare war with Spain Reasonings stated: 1.Put an end to bloodshed in Cuba 2.Protect the lives and property of the US citizens in Cuba 3.End injury to US trade and business 4.End the constant menace to US peace

Imperialism

Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, military control over weaker territories or countries

Queen Liliuokalani

Queen who took over after her brother died, last ruler prior to US annexation Proposed to draft a constitution in order to restore the rights and powers of the natives Opposed by a group of businessmen, the Committee of Annexation, who saw the move to annex Hawaii as a financial benefit to the island's agricultural products and its economy Last of the Hawaiian-ruling and eventually led to the Americans being able to easily annex the islands

War in the Philippines

Roosevelt ordered a fleet commanded by Commodore George Dewey to Phillippines Dewey's fleet fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay and the Spanish fleet was soon pounded into submission by US naval guns US troops captured the city of Manila (allied with Filipino rebels) on August 13.

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish general sent to Cuba to end the revolution Rounded up 300,000 Cuban citizens and placed them into concentration camps to root our guerilla soldiers Stories of abuse towards Cubans at the hands of Spain gets to US and forces them to intervene "Butcher Weyler" : nickname

Rough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt resigned his position as Secretary of Navy and he created a volunteer cavalry unit to fight in the Spanish-American War, mainly the Battle of San Juan Hill. This unit was composed of skilled horsemen and hunters.

Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment in a way, circumvented the Teller Amendment. After the Teller Amendment guaranteed Cuba's recognition as a self-governing state, the Platt Amendment put a few restrictions on that plan, these being: 1.To never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence 2.To permit the U.S to into intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence 3.To allow the U.S to maintain naval bases in Cuba.

USS Maine

The US sent a battleship Cuba to protect American lives and property February 15, 1898 an explosion sent the chip's ammunition up in flames and the Maine sank 260 out of the 350 officers and crew lost their lives The yellow journalists held spain responsible

Spanish colonization

The arrival of Europeans in the New World in 1492 changed America forever. Over the course of the next 350 years: Spain ruled a vast empire based on the labor and exploitation of the native population. Conquistadors descended on America with hopes of bringing Catholicism to new lands while extracting great riches.

Open Door Policy

The attempt to secure international agreement between the US's internal trading and commerce in China Advocated for a free, open market and equal trading opportunity for merchants of all nationalities operating in China Written by John Hay, the US Secretary of State

King Kalakaua

The last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi Died in 1891 and his place was taken over by his sister

Treaty of Paris 1898

The official end to the Spanish-American war Conditions: 1.Cuba would become independent 2.Spain would give Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam to US 3.The US would pay Spain $20 million for the annexation of the Philippine islands

Battle of San Juan Hill

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders -Rough Riders are mostly just cowboys from the west (Very skilled hoarse men and hunters) Most celebrated battle of the war

Great White Fleet

To demonstrate US Naval power to Japan and other nations, Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise (1907-1909). The great white ships made an impressive sign and the Japanese government warmly welcomed their arrival in Tokyo Bay.

John L. Stevens

U.S. State Department Minister Stevens Proclaimed (unofficially) Hawaii a U.S. protectorate Prior to President Harrison's approval of the treaty of annexation, Grover Cleveland took over the presidency and withdrew the treaty Steves was investigated and found to be conspiring against the United States through his act of having the American flag lowered from a Hawaiian government building and ordering the restoration of power to Lili'uokalani The provincial government (US gov in Hawaii) named Hawaii a republic

Philippine-American War

While the Filipinos believed that a U.S. defeat of Spain would lead to afree Philippines, the U.S. refused to recognize the new government. Outraged by the betrayal, the Philippine republic declared war on the United States. After three years of fighting, and many deaths caused by disease, the US

protectorate

a province that is both protected and politically influenced by another nation. A good example would be the Cuba being a protectorate of the U.S

Big Stick Policy

refers to President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy, "speak softly and carry a big stick the policy of carefully mediated negotiation supported by the unspoken threat of a powerful military

Cuba under Spanish rule

spanish mistreated Cubans Cuban rebels were put into concentration camps

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

stated that the US would, as a last resort, intervene in the affairs of the nations of the Western Hemisphere to ensure that they fulfilled their obligations to the international creditors and didn't violate American rights or allow foreign aggressors to impact the US