history

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area. TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority improving the navigability of the Tennessee River; providing flood control through reforestation of marginal lands in the Tennessee Valley watershed; developing agriculture, commerce, and industry in the valley; and operating the hydroelectric Wilson Dam. The TVA covered a sevens state area, including parts of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. Brings jobs to south Northerners don't like that their tax dollars are going to south because it will never benefit them Davy Crockett dam created jobs, electricity, recreational are

Controversy of Scopes Monkey Trial

-John Scopes, a science teacher in Tennessee was prosecuted for teaching evolution -Teaching evolution was considered a misdemeanor under the Butler Act of 1925 -Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow and faced the familiar William Jennings Bryan in court -Scopes lost the trial and was charged with a $100 fine. Tennessee high school teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution

Dresden, May 8, 1945

When the US and Great Britain celebrate victory in Europe on this day This is the day that the germans put down their weapons all across europe There was a ceasefire and then finally the surrender document was signed Now, must reconstruct cities, must decide what to do with Germany/Nazis, must rebuilt europe WAR IN EUROPE OVER /NAZIS SURRENDERED, JAPANESE/PACIFIC WAR DO NOT Germany unconditionally surrender War still happening in the Pacific (Japan) Many troops shipped off to Japan Allied POWs were released on this day Led to the cold wa because the soviets were on one part of europe and britain in france in another Hitler dead, concentration camps exulted Splits Germany into different sections in order to prevent a WW3 and give Germany less power

Jazz and the Harlem Renaissance

White people in America started to appreciate black and their culture Intermingling of cultures, white americans started listening to "black music" and accept it Harlem, NY- artists created works of art and literature, theatre, music, dancing, artist, paintings, etc. A way for people to make money Due to many southerners moving north Writers- Hurston, Langston Hughes Artistic Literature movement New Negro Movement- black moving up socially economically, emerging well educated black middle class (people flourishing in Harlem) Example of blacks doing well in the US Cotton Club Harlem Great Depression, Harlem diminishes in 1930s

Waves

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy WAVES: Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service A unit is the US Naval Reserve Proved that mixed-gender forces could be a success Idea proposed by Eleanor Roosevelt → signed off by President Roosevelt Navy

WACS

Women's Army Corps; had about 140,000 members; including nurses; female officers were not allowed to command men; banned from combat duty. WACs: Women's Army Corps Over 150,000 American women served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC) during World War 11. Members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to serve within the ranks of the United States Army. women could supply the additional resources so desperately needed in the military and industrial sectors Army

United Nations (UN)

an organization of the world's countries that promotes peace and security around the globe Created on October 24, 1945, San Francisco, CA The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security Developed friendly relations among nations Achieved international co-operation and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations United Nations- originally the allies, netherlands, china, us, britain After the war they make up the United Nations Similar to The League of Nations US is in the UN- realize they should not be isolationists but nationlists Attempting to keep the peace around the world Learned lesson from WW2, not being in the League of Nations

Automobile's influence on Society

Affected environment, families, economy Changes to keep up with the times Mass production in 1920s - allows for more people to get cars, not only for the rich and elites America ties freedom with automobiles- can drive all across the US Changes america makes it more mobile, affects american dream (freedom (not always good- disconnection or more interaction... too much freedom? type of car owned) Flappers - driving alone, teenagers driving alone, unchaperoned Sparks other industries - rubber industries (tires), gas stations, mechanics Mass productions of parts and cars emerge (business takes off) Roads had to be better quality/remade Detroit Michigan (automobile industry)

Women in War Production

Around 350,000 women joined the US military during World War II There was an opportunity for women to enter jobs that had never been available to them before, especially in the defense industry They mostly worked as nurses, drove trucks and repaired airplanes which helped to free up men for combat Rosie the Riveter became a cultural icon for women who worked in war production throughout World War II Women helped in war effort, proved they could do work A lot of these women have productive jobs and get money which they can independently spend, when the war ends the men come home and the women lose their jobs

Mongomery Bus Boycott

Civil rights protest led by Martin Luther King, Jr. in which African Americans in Mongomery, Alabama boycotted public transportation in reponse to the arrest of Rosa Parks. African Americans refused to use public buses until they were finally integrated. Blacks in Montgomery refused to ride city buses to protest segregated seating The boycott came about when Rosa Parks was riding a bus home from work and was arrested for not moving from the colored section after being asked to do so to make room for a white man to sit as the white section was full Began the boycott and as people began to find out, lots of support was given On December 5, 1965, 40,000 blacks boycotted the system Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) elected MLK as their president and they decided to continue the boycott as blacks began carpools and walked to work to avoid taking the bus Blacks refused to ride the bus On June 5, 1956, it was ruled that racially segregated seating on buses was unconstitutional On December 21, 1956, buses were integrated and 381 days later the boycott was over Bus stations remained segregated which resulted in a lot of violence

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men. The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal that provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state, and local governments. Government "limits the competition" so the men with families can work, takes unmarried men out of the city (limits crime)

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. The Manhattan Project was the American plan to create an atomic weapon during World War II which was a very controversial creation The US had support from The United Kingdom and Canada They created the first nuclear weapons (devoted billions of dollars to it) The Japanese Cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as the bombing sites Manhattan Project- code name for the atomic weapon During the war the US creates atomic weapons, and prevents Germany from finishing their creation Tests in July 1945- the war (VE, war ended in Europe May 8, day before the atomic bomb created) but the war in the pacific is still going on test the bomb in new mexico Later scientists realize how destructive the bombs are and limit to a few Wanted to make an atomic bomb to keep up with other technology, German scientists were working on creating nuclear/atomic bombs Scientists from Europe come to US (they see how harmful Hitler could be with an atomic weapon) and writes a letter to FDR saying the US has to create atomic bombs and they create the Manhattan project

Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft Japanese trying to land at New Guinea, but allies knew of plan and intercepted landing US saved northern australia Forced japanese to turn back and the US sunk several important ships Important to sink, Japanese limited supplies vs. US more 4 day battle, was the first primary air/sea battle in history New type of warfare attacks from above, aircraft carriers replace boats

World War Two

Event that brought the United States completely out of the Great Depression, we entered because of Japanese bombing at Pearl Harbor What gets the US out of the great depression. The US starts as isolizationalists Italians invade somalia and ethiopia League of Nations large diplomatic body at the time (hard to enforce, league of nations loses power, US not a part of it, some say that's why it was not successful England last hope of Europe all other countries defeated, Winston Churchill trying to help England survive war

Expatriate Writers

F. Scott Fitzgerald ¨ The Great Gatsby¨, Ernest Hemingway ¨ A Farewell to Arms¨ Writers who moved from America to Paris and London (goes overseas) to become famous writer (wrote poems, stories, etc.) Lost generation: lost after ww1 because they do not want to work, seen death and destruction, depressed, looking for other stuff across seas

Japanese Internment- Korematsu v. US

FDR created Executive Order 9066 which forced Japanese into internment camps on the West coast It was very controversial since it relocated thousands of Japanese who were American citizens Korematsu v. US was a Supreme Court case which looked at the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 Korematsu lost the case and was soon arrested Thought japanese people in america would be spies, could fight against them, due to pearl harbor, fear the japanese fleet would attack west coast, fear of collaboration, sabotage, etc. High controversial but FDR does it, some say FDR overstepped his bounds Later families "imprisoned" were granted 25,000 dollars, some japan citizens were also put into these camps after captured Supreme court says it is okay for FDR to do this and says it okay to send people to the camp At times of wars or crisis the president can hold people during war Abe lincoln does this during the civil war American order said japanese citizens would have to leave by a certain time and be put into internment camps Questions citizenship and rights by leaving Rights violated, brings up idea of the greatest good for the greatest number, is it ok to violate and individual rights for the collective good?

What was the point of fireside chats?

FDR used the most immediate and intimate means of communicating with the public available at the time: the radio discussing a range of topics from New Deal economic policies to aid for Europe in the fight against fascism to reporting on the military and domestic fronts during World War II Over 90 percent of citizens had radio, able to listen to reports, and FDR's fireside chats, distressed people, discussed economic plans (personal touch)

Red Scare- better dead than Red

Fear of the spread of Communism, anarchism, or racial left after World War 1 Caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes after the war, and nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights) Began in 1919 Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due process, with widespread support

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000 FDIC: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions. The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act, enacted during the Great Depression to restore trust in the American banking system. Number of banks go under, people of that generation do not trust banks (money at house not in bank, not insured, not helping the economy, not circulating/investing) In order to get the banks going the government creates the FDIC: creates trust within the banks, says if their money in the bank is taken or stolen they will get repaid. Goal: to get money back into the economy

FERA

Federal Emergency Relief Administration: combined cash relief to needy families with work relief FERA's, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the main goal was to alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government. Jobs were more expensive than direct cash payments (called "the dole") but were psychologically more beneficial to the unemployed, who wanted any sort of job, for self-esteem, to play the role of the male breadwinner. From May 1933 until it closed in December 1935, FERA gave states and localities $3.1 billion (the equivalent of $55.4 billion in 2017). FERA provided work for over 20 million people and developed facilities on public lands across the country. Second Freedmen's Bureau: provides relief, the government gives money based on "need" (controversial based on "need"- received cash in order to provide health, housing, food, etc.) (social welfare) In order to provide temporary relief

Charles Lindbergh-was he lucky or not?

First person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean by himself, an amazing feat which took over 33 hours. -He was an isolationist: wanted America to be separate from European affairs. -His son was abducted after performing his historic stunt, the kidnapper demanded money in order for Charles to get his son back -After paying the kidnapper, his son turned up dead and half-buried in the ground. This was called the "Crime of the Century" by some. -Later in his life became an environmentalist living in Hawaii and trying to help conserve the environment.

Navajo Code Talkers WWII

Navajo Indians who worked as a secret group to send messages in the Navajo language. Never broken and only released in 1969 Native Americans recruited by the US Marine Corps Used to relay messages over radio Code that couldn't be broken down by the enemy Navajo (indians) had no alphabet (tough to decode) Used towards end of WW1 and a lot in WW2 Navajo- indian tribe from southwest US Come up with their own code- not a written language, oral/spoken language Nobody (japanese) can't study navajo, nobody can ever decode Only way to crack code is by capturing one of them

New Appliances

New inventions like washers and refrigerators made possible by electricity that made life easier and gave more time for leisure activity Electric toaster was made in 1909 by General Electric for an appliance that was nothing more than exposed heating elements surrounded by a wire cage to hold the bread The Electric Clothes Washer Electric Refrigerator Electric Iron Electric Waffle-Iron Vacuum Electric Blender Electric Kettle Spin Dryer Boom of home appliances

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. Was a trial involving Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti who were accused murder A man carrying a payroll was shot dead in Braintree, MA during a robbery, both Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of the crime It was considered very controversial as their was practically little to no evidence involving the men Also, some believe the men were apprehended based off their radical views and immigrant background. The two men were executed for their "crime"

Advertising- promotion or conspiracy

Not only did people have the time, but they also had the money to pay for them. The1920s saw a big increase in the popularity of many different forms of entertainment. All part of the consumer boom. Radio became widely used for advertising and helped fuel the economic boom Father of Advertising- David Mackenzie Ogilvy The mass production and the lowering of prices on consumer goods meant that more items were available to more people than ever before Newspaper advertising can promote your business to a wide range of customers Magazine.- Advertising in a specialist magazine can reach your target market quickly and easily Radio Television Directories Outdoor and transit Direct mail Catalogues and leaflets

Invasion of N. America

November 8 2942, allied attack by the US and UK on the coast of French North Africa Labeled Operation Torch Goal was to take over territories of the French An "amphibious" attack because they fought and traveled on land, sea, and canals Take North Africa fight in order to have reach to europe quicker Builds huge forests along the coast

Battle of the Bulge (1944)

On December 16, 1944, Hitler ordered the last of his reserves, 250,000 troops to attack the American position in the Forest of Ardennes. The Germans drove a bulge deep into the Allied line; however, the Allies stopped the Germans last ditch counterattack and advanced to the Rhine. Also called the Ardennes Counteroffensive, took place december 18th 1944 to january 25 1945 The battle of the bulge was the costliest action ever fought by the US army which suffered over 100,000 casualties Last time Hitler launched an offensive action In Belgium, last ditch effort by Hitler and the Germans to break through American Lines and prolong the war Secretly attacked Americans and British on border of Belgium and Germany, uses tanks (US surprised, many died), weather bad so US cannot use aircrafts Germans almost break through however the US hold them off, eventually the weather clears up and the use aircrafts to bomb the Germans A lot of American POWs are taken by the Germans Many German Soldiers kill US POWs- violation of warfare Germans dress up as Americans Hard to trust people Many shoot own troops by mistake or get killed by dressed germans Asks trivia questions that most Americans would know

Integration of the Armed Forces

On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed this executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military. In 1948, Harry Truman, signed the executive order Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity, allowing racial integration of the previously segregated US Military Created the Executive Order 9981, which stated that "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin, no one could be discriminated in the armed forces "more adequate means and procedures for the protection of the civil rights of the people of the United States." - Harry S. Truman

U.S.S. Missouri (September 2, 1945)

On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Last battleship commissioned by the US Best remembered site as the surrender of the Empire of Japan Ended WW2 on the deck *** Missouri was ordered in 1940 and commissioned in June 1944 Achieved the sped through a longer hull and more powerful machinery Made sign on the U.S.S. Missouri, because Hariette Truman was from Missouri Now at pearl harbor (W/ USS Arizona) War started at USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor And ended at USS Missouri

Operation Market Garden

Operation developed by Gen Field Marshall Montgomery—largest airborne operation; Allied WWII operation in Netherlands and Germany that required the capture/control of several bridges along a predetermined route crossing the lower Rhine which would give a direct entrance for Allied forces into Germany. While a great idea, the last bridge was not captured resulting in the entire operation becoming a complete failure. Plan for the british to cross the Rhine Rivers and advance to germany in the summer of 1944, operation was code named market garden Wanted to take over key bridges in the netherlands using airborne divisions so british troops could advance over bridges to cross the rhine They wanted to liberate the netherlands outflank germany and go into germany's heartland, Ruhr Hard to cross over major river, natural barrier September 17 the divisions landed nad all the bridges were captured it was the largest operation in history Delayed 6 months Prolonged the war

Jim Crow Army/Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces During World War II, African Americans in southern states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. -Jim Crow Laws were State and Local laws that enforced racial discrimination in southern United States The Tuskegee Airmen were discriminated upon both within and outside the army Pilates- skilled positions, takes training/money/time Good skills set, US government pays money for black americans to learn to become pilates Tuskegee, historically all black school in Alabama Black, Tuskegee men becomes heroes during war Jim Crow Laws- segregation laws, unfair, "separate but equal" Holocaust and genocide in germany/europe Hitler: dictator... why is the US morally superior? US still has second class citizens, black soldier Operation Pastorius

Roaring 20's

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies. The 1920's were a time where people could move up the rank (backgrounds matters a little less), more people went to college (Blacks from the War saw better treatment overseas,many moved north to be treated fairly

Women in Society/ Politics

19th amendment: allowed women to vote and engage in political affairs Women began to pursue carriers such as nursing or education Some did not want women to vote Women wanted a say in politics, voting, and laws League of women voters emerge- promoting discussing of politics As a politician you have to appeal to women as well (½ population) Women no longer bound to the home (**driving, independent) (flappers) Women can now hold office jeannette rankin- first woman to hold office, house of reps montana

Edmund Pettus Bridge (Bloody Sunday)

A Bridge where local law enforcement and anti-segregationists attacked marchers on their way to the Alabama State Capitol A group of blacks and whites marched 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery to protest blacks voting rights and discrimination against blacks February, 1965 - there was a march in Marion where the demonstrators were attacked by state troopers and one boy was killed Marches from Black neighborhood Selma to (white) Capital Montgomery Gov. says safety issue, and they do not have the permits Technically breaking law so troops have to step in March 7, 1965 - 600 people march from Selma to Montgomery in hopes of ending discrimination in voter registration but when they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge (A confederate soldier), state troopers attacked them with clubs and gas which forced them back to Selma On international TV, Makes US look bad March 9, 1965 - MLK leads another march other the bridge but they turned back as there was a barricade of state troopers, demonstrations began around the world to show solidarity with the Selma marches March 20, 1965 - President Johnson asks other troops for help to protect the marchers****** FEDERAL V. STATE March 21, 1965 - 3,200 people march from Selma to Montgomery under the protection of federal troops and they walk 12 miles then sleep in fields March 25, 1965 - marchers reach Montgomery with 25,000 people now August 6, 1965 - President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which allows blacks to vote

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. No Man's land (die if go there) Tanks- French Renault Tank, invented originally by the British in order to go against trench warfare U- boats, Germans naval blockade Britain- prevents resources from getting through, sinks merchant ships, US gets involved and destroys many German U boats Treaty of Versaille cannot use U Boats Airplanes - new dimensions of battle "squadron over the brenta" max Elder von Poosch, 1917 Germans bomb britain using zeppelins (type of plane) Flame Throwers, Grenade Launchers Poison Gas- against warfare cannot use after WW1- in treaty Hitler poisoned by gas Machine Gun Creates trench warfare

Rationing

A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use The government introduced rationing because certain things were in short supply during the war, and rationing was the only way to make sure everyone got their fair share Consumer goods now took a back seat to military production as nationwide rationing began almost immediately. In May of 1942, the U.S. Office of Price Administration (OPA) froze prices on practically all everyday goods, starting with sugar and coffee. War ration books were issued to each American family, dictating how much gasoline, tires, sugar, meat, silk, shoes, nylon and other items any one person could buy. Examples of rationed items: Sugar, processed foods, meats cheeses, gasoline, fuel oil, tires, cars, stoves, typewriters, and rubber, received ration books Black market created for rationing goods Military used silk and nylon for parachutes- considered a rationing item These items going towards war effort All americans affected by the war Food rations Many did not travel far, flights, long trips discouraged because they fuel was needed for tanks, planes, etc. Major league teams did not travel

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild. Enacted by: the 80th United States Congress The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 Was made to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2018 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II Given to Europe in order to change Europe's perspective of America (vs. Stalin, US is better/helps Stalin does not, Stalin symbolizes communism) US creates Jobs that stimulate the economy in Europe (if no jobs might turn to communism) Railroads, Buildings New Deal for Europe Established by George Marshall (Secretary of State) at Harvard ****We need a strong europe to trade with One of the stated goals of the Marshall Plan was to halt the spread communism on the European continent Meant to contain communism Do not trust Stalin, does not want to spread communism Marshall Plan 1947

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 12, 1948 The Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece US trying to right the world Throwing money at European countries in order to contain communism Truman Doctrine stops communist revolution in Turkey and Greece To help rebuild after the war, the United States pledged $13 billion of aid to Europe in the Marshall Plan. Look above Tied to Marshall Plan Marshall Plan/Truman Doctrine, works, stops spread of communism

Little Rock Nine (1957)

African American students admitted to Central High School, governor of Arkansas, prevent African American students, from attending the school and sent the Arkansas National Guard to the school. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to school, and school was integrated. Group of nine black students who attended Central Rock High School in Little Rock, Arkansas which was a formerly all-white school It was a test of the Brown v Board of Education ruling which said that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional On their first day a violent mob against integration met the students in front of the school and began to attack them, the National Guard, ordered to be there by Governor Faubus, prevented the students from entering Later that day a federal judge ordered to allow the black students to enter the school Weeks later the students returned but they were attacked by yet another mob so *** President Eisenhower required the students to be accompanied by federal troops at all times while at school, while this worked the kids still endured a lot of violence By 1964 only 2% of schools were integrated Test Case for Brown V Board Large central city, central high school ****Many State governors say blacks cannot enter but then federal law gets involved ****State V. Federal

Return to Normalcy

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II The US economy is good at the time, after we pull troops home Harding wants to focus on domestic issues and not get involved in foreign affairs. They want to go back to how it was before WW1.

Bataan Death March (1942)

After the Japanese landed in the Philippines in May 1942, nearly 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners were forced to endure a 60-mile forced march; during the ordeal, 10,000 prisoners died or were killed. Japanese soldiers force 76,000 to march 66 miles in April of 1942 Took place in Philippines 10,000 americans, 66,000 from Philippines This happened due to overpopulation of POW (prisoners of war) All the quit were shot or beheaded (shows weakness to "surrender", cowards) Japanese do not like to surrender- (Bushido culture) shows weakness, dishonorable Against rules of warfare- must be treated humanely, however Japan never signed the agreement, Japanese POW treated worst

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II The Agricultural Adjustment Act Increases agriculture products. Supply Vs. demand. Surplus. Price for agriculture based on demand. Many get rid of surplus in order for the supply to be smaller and more expensive. Highly controversial, only helps farmers. federal law of the New Deal era designed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses. The Government bought livestock for slaughter and paid farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land.

Air Raid Marshalls/Blackouts

Air Raid Precautions were organized by the national government and carried out by local authorities The aim was to protect civilians from the dangers of air/bombing raids Everyone was told to cover their windows and doors at night with blackout curtains These started on the West Coast after the attacks on Pearl Harbor Fear: Japanese fleet will continue from pearl harbor and attack the west coast Turns off lights on west coast in order to prevent seeing coast, helps make navigation harder for japanese Lowers car lights, turns off building lights, etc. Light off also helps prevent ships being taken down by German subs Moves Rosebowl to Duke university in order to keep blackout

Gangsters and Thugs

Al Capone Born in 1899 in Brooklyn, NY to poor parents During the height of prohibition, Capone created a multi-million dollar operation in Chicago in bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling Bonnie and Clyde Bonnie Elizabeth Parker and Clyde Chestnut Barrow traveled through Central America during the Great Depression killing people, robbing banks, and automobile theft charge They were eventually killed driving in Louisiana by Police and were shot at 164 times

Invasion of Italy

Allied soldiers of America/Britain invaded Italy, which resulted in the capture of Sicily in August 1943. Therefore Mussolini was cut off from Italy's power along with the surrendering of the new Italian government. Another "amphibious" attack by the Allies in 1943 During the early stages of the Italian campaign of WW2 Began on a peninsula Italy was strongly controlled by Germany while rebel Italians wished to rise up, take over their government from Mussolini Mussolini captured and then escapes, very bloody for the YS German presence in Italy was much too strong to do this however caused the necessary invasion to free the country of German control and tyrannical government Mussolini: dictator who supports the nazis

Liberation of concentration camps

Allied troops went east into German heartland and the Soviets pushed through the west across Poland toward Berlin. Soviets were the first ones to come upon the death camps. Everyone was horrified and didn't know how to treat the prisoners/survivors. The major camp to be liberated was Majdanek in poland Germans tried to hide weapons of mass murder in the camps Things like gas chambers were still standing Sights of camp was terrible for soldiers Tons of dead bodies laying around Malnourished people everywhere Concentration camps in Germany but most in Poland Americans/British liberated camps in germany Soviets liberated camps in Poland Americans/British/Soviets surprised by camps, realizes this is what they were fighting against Leads to Nuremberg Trials

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers Strategic location 6 months after pearl harbor the japanese were looking to seize a island in the pacific Led by admiral Yamamoto Turning point in the war//turning point in the war in the pacific This led to an important US victory with over 3000 japanese casualties US broke Japanese code and waiting until midway to use it US destroyed number of carriers (ones who destroyed pearl harbor) Japanese lose major carriers and cannot create them as fast as the US Japanese now in defensive mode

Doolittle's Raid

Tokyo Raid Doolittle's Raid Few months after pearl harbor, April 18, 1942 An air raid by the US on Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on the island of Honshu during WW2 First air operation to strike the Japanese home islands Japanese emperor lives in Tokyo, treated like a god Chinese people help Americans because they are fighting against Japan also Little damage resulted, but the raid was a boost to the US morale at a low point in the war Significant physiological effects- "easily" attacked Capital Propaganda boosted

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort During World War II, victory gardens were planted by families in the US to help prevent a food shortage Americans were encouraged to plant food and assist in the war effort It helped to insure that there was enough food for soldiers They were also known as "war gardens" and "food gardens for defense" Happens in England, in US, during WW1 and WW2 To supplement your rations many grow vegetables because the majority of food is going to soldiers over sea Community gardens in backyards, rooftops, in public spaces, to help diets War effects diet, limited food

Emmett Till (1955)

Black Fourteen-year-old boy who was dared to say "Bye, baby" and whistle at a young white woman (in south). He was later beaten and shot to death by the woman's husband and brother-in-law. They went before an all white jury on trial and were found innocent. The brutality of the murder spread and fueled later African-American Civil Rights movements. Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 - August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store. Till was accused of flirting with or whistling at Bryant. In 1955, Carolyn Bryant had testified Till made physical and verbal advances. The jury did not hear Bryant's testimony, due to the judge ruling it inadmissible. From Chicago IL. Went to visit family in Mississippi. The brutality of his murder and the fact that his killers were acquitted drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement Emmett Till's mom- open casket funeral Found body beaten in swamp a week after 2 southerners get away with it State Courts dealing with it All white jury Jury needs to be registered to vote (blacks scared to register)

Sports Heroes 1920s

Gertrude Ederle was the first woman to swim the English Channel; babe Ruth was a net York Yankees slugger to, 60 home run record Now that the economy was doing well (local sports teams in 1890s) now becoming more popular- semi pro teams. Sports magazines, newspapers, sports movies, radios, etc. added to popularity of sports. Stadiums built Babe Ruth- got paid more than the President Harding, Red Sox/Yankees/Orioles Black Sox scandals (White socks purposely lost in order to get money through bets) 1920s social change, prosperity, more opportunity, more leisurely time as a result organized sports Pro football, Original 6 Hockey, Baseball, Boxing Boxing one of the quickest ways to get out of the ghetto, lots of gambling involved in boxing Jack Dempsey - heavyweight champion

Prohibition's "experiment"

Idea: Prohibition was to reduce crime and improve health rate in the US Government experiment that failed - cannot legislate morality Did opposite: increased crime and consumption of alcohol Government lost money because they were gaining no money from alcohol tax The court system and prison system were stretched and broken and the corruption of political officials was very common "Crime and poverty was a result of alcohol" no alcohol = "perfect society" Crime rate and drinking goes up as a result Bootlegging- selling illegal alcohol (makes fortunes) Plot of movie great gatsby

The Jewish Refugee Question

In 1921 and 1924, the US Congress passed immigration laws that severely limited the number and "national origin" of new immigrants --- law didn't change as desperate Jewish people tried to immigrate to U.S. Difficult for Jews to get into US After WWII Congress passed limited legislation to aid European displaced persons, including Holocaust survivors The United Nations' 1951 Refugee Convention granted legal protection to refugees but placed limitations on qualifying for refugee status The United States did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention, but did sign the 1967 United Nations Refugee Protocol, which removed those geographical and time limitations American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee The initial purpose of the Joint was to raise and distribute funds to help support the Jewish populations of eastern Europe and the near east during World War I 1945, war in europe over, US/Britain have liberated Concentration camps, Soviets liberated death camps Where are the Refugees family? Where are their homes (destroyed)? Many do not want to go back Question of where do the millions of people go/What do you do with them Some go to US, but not all, some go elsewhere The UN comes up with a safe haven for european Jews and in 1947 the US creates a Jewish state in Europe, what becomes Israel The US also created an Arab state (Arabs and Jews fight, Jews win war)

Al Smith- sacrificial victim or shrewd politician

In 1928, Democratic New York Gov. Al Smith became the first Catholic to run for president on a major party ticket Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee, Governor Al Smith of New York Middle America hated him Learned tolerance from his childhood on the Lower East Side, he simply couldn't imagine that the rest of the country didn't feel pretty much the same way he did about cultural diversity

Second front Controversy with Stalin

In 1943, Stalin, FDR, and Winston Churchill met in Tehran, Iran, to talk about war strategies and europe The debate was over the decision to establish a second front in europe Stalin knew that if the Allies did this they would be in the war for good Stalin and allie to the US and UK Stalin needed the Allies' strength behind him in order to defeat Germany

Operation Pastorius

In the summer of 1942, German submarines put saboteurs ashore on American beaches. Normandy. Anzio. Guadalcanal. Okinawa. Those are some of the historic landing sites for World War II invasions, legendary names that should never be forgotten. But there were lesser landings, as well, such as at Amagansett, New York, and Ponte Verdra Beach, Florida. That's right. There were at least two mini-landings in America, engineered by Germans, of course, not Allies. In the midst of World War II, two German submarines actually put men ashore at both of those locations. The invaders did not arrive with the intent of seizing and occupying territory, however. Their mission was sabotage. Their targets were some of the crown jewels of America's industrial might: major hydroelectric plants, important aluminum factories, critical railroad tracks, bridges and canals--and the water supply system of New York City. Well-trained and well-supplied, the saboteurs had good reason to be confident, but in the end they failed utterly. How and why that happened is a fascinating tale, partly because of what it reveals about the character of the two warring nations. This was a German operation to infiltrate a core group of intelligence operatives into the USA (May/June 1942) Adolf Hitler ordered that German saboteurs send three U-boats to deliver intelligence operatives on the east coast of the USA These agents would then establish secret radio communication with Germany as the first step in developing an organization to supply Germany with general intelligence, undertake sabotage, and establish links with pro-German factions in the USA. The operation was a disaster: after all the agents delivered by the first two boats had been captured, the third boat never departed German operation to disturb/sabotage the United States Modern day could be called terrorists Dozens on U boats off cape cod, boston, ny, in order to drop off people in attempt to sabotage Cop saw and arrested them Were interrogated and labeled as "spies" Executed

In your opinion did FDR overstep the bounds of the presidency? Or did he obey the bounds of the Constitution?

In times of crisis, the president can be given special powers that may extend beyond what the Constitution permits He later overstepped the boundaries by being in the presidency for 4 terms (but was elected each time so debatable) however later the government created an amendment saying the president can only be in office for ten years. 22nd amendment. Ex of overstepping boundaries: FDR and his New Deal plans were struck down by the Supreme Court such as when they said that FDR could not use his National Industrial Recovery Act because "Congress could not delegate such sweeping powers to an executive body" and when the Supreme Court denied the president's power to replace members of independent regulatory agencies. FDR needed to get these ideas put into action so he threatened the Supreme Court that he would "pack the court" with Justices who would do what he wants so he could get his reform ideas passed. The Supreme Court realized that they needed to start cooperating with FDR so they started passing his "unconstitutional" reform ideas. After Pearl Harbor, many Japanese citizens were put into camp/moved in order for US security. FDR puts in the official order

America Firsters

Isolationalists in the US Put America First, isolationists, want to stay out of the war and remain neutral try to promote FDR to be neutral Charles Lindbergh was an American hero in 1920s because he flew solo from the US to France → first solo transatlantic flight AFC argued FDR was lying to the people, this was dissolved after pearl harbor The America First Committee (AFC) was a non-interventionist group against the American entry into World War II. Started on September 4, 1940, it experienced mixed messaging with anti semitic and pro-fascist leading members, and it was dissolved on December 10, 1941, three dayS after the attack on Pearl Harbor had brought the war to America. Its membership, grew to around 800,000 by early 1941, including national members but especially in the Midwest. Its best known leader was Charles A. Lindbergh, along with other members such as: Norman Thomas, and senators Burton Wheeler of Kansas and William A. Borah of Idaho. It was one of the largest anti-war organizations in American history. The AFC was established by Yale Law School student R. Douglas Stuart, Jr. along with other students, including future President Gerald Ford, future Peace Corps director Sargent Shriver, and future U.S. Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart The America First Committee launched a petition aimed at enforcing the 1939 Neutrality Act and forcing President Franklin D. Roosevelt to keep his pledge to keep America out of the war. They profoundly distrusted Roosevelt and argued that he was lying to the American people.

James Meredith and Medgar

James Meredith was one of the pioneers of the civil rights movement. He was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi. Initially, he was denied admission because he was black, but in 1962, a federal court ordered the school. When Governor Ross Barnett refused to comply, President Kennedy sent in federal marshals and troops to escort Meredith to the school. FEDERAL V. STATE By enrolling in Ole Miss, James Meredith put his life on the line. James Meredith continued as a front runner in the civil rights battle. One of Meredith's most ambitious actions was the March Against Fear in 1966, a protest against voter registration intimidation and other violent acts against African Americans. The march was scheduled to start in Memphis Tennessee and end in Jackson Mississippi. Shortly into his march, Meredith was shot by a sniper and was hospitalized. Instead of stopping the march James Meredith's leadership role was taken by such civil rights activists as Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael who determined to finish the march on Meredith's behalf. Meredith rejoined the march on June 25th, 1966 after his hospital treatment. On the following day they reached their target of Jackson Mississippi Ole Miss- traditionally all white Kennedy has to step in and enforces de segregated (brown v. board) Medgar: a civil rights activist in the south Incharge of the NAACP (national advancement association for colored people) Has a box of t shirts in his driveway and gets shot and killed Starts getting violent

Tokyo Rose

Japanese radio announcer who broadcasted propoganda to American troops Known as Iva Toguri d'Aquino was imprisoned by the US after Japan's surrender Multiple people known as Tokyo Rose Use physiological warfare against the US She worked as a radio broadcaster spreading propaganda aimed at the US She was let out of prison due to lack of evidence but she was later investigated by the FBI and was charged with 8 counts of treason 7th person in US history to be convicted of treason Realizing the irregularities in the case and evidence she was pardoned in 1977 by President Gerald Ford

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. Kamikaze fighters were Japan's fighters that engaged suicidal attacks Most of the time these aircrafts are filled with explosives to create significant damage Battle of Leyte Gulf was an example of its use, as there was over 3,000 casualties Kamikaze- guided missiles Critical in Battle of Okinawa HMAS Australia ship hit by a Kamikaze plane Kamikaze- Divine Wind in Japanese

NRA

National Recovery Administration: established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices The National Recovery Administration: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. The government got involved in economics and minimum wage. Established Minimum Wage. Many capitalists against it, says FDR is a socialist. The government tells a company what prices should be and what the minimum wage should be if joins NRA (more people buy from companies with NRA help) vs. someone who can choose their prices but will have fewer customers (a lot of people think this is unfair) NRA optional, but helps business NRA eventually gets dissolved because a number of the New Deal programs gets deemed unconstitutional from the Supreme Court Moto: we do our part (we help/do our part for the economy)

Lend-Lease

Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S Lend lease helps britain March 1941, provides US military aid (supplies) to foreign nations during WW2, in exchange, the US can use British military stations//locations If the neighbor's house was on fire you would lend them a fire hose to put it out The US not truly neutral The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. The aid went to the United Kingdom, China, and later the Soviet Union, Free France, and other Allied nations. It included warships and warplanes, along with other weaponry. Lindbergh gave speeches across the country, emphasizing that support for Britain was misguided. His main points were that geographically, it was impossible to imagine Britain defeating Germany from its island air bases or for an invasion of the European continent with the million men that would be required for victory. He argued that while fighting a war in Europe would be a disaster for the United States, geography greatly favored a defensive position that would allow it to hold the entire Western Hemisphere against any aggressor. The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. The aid went to the United Kingdom, China, and later the Soviet Union, Free France, and other Allied nations. It included warships and warplanes, along with other weaponry.

Stock Market Speculations and Crash

Market rose rapidly from 1920-1929 -In 1929, production began to decline and unemployment rose, and in october people began to speculate the market would crash. Stocks were worth way more than their actual value -On October 29, the market crashed and a record number of shares were sold on the same day. -This began the great depression; a low point on the U.S. economy which lasted for 10 years after the crash.

Bombing of Dresden

Military bombing of German city by British and US rom Feb 13 to 15, 1945, created a firestorm that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees in German cities from Allies In four raids between February 13th and 15th 1945, 722 bombers from the British Royal Air Forces and 527 bombers from the US air force dropped more than 3900 tons of bombs on the city of Dresden 25000 people were killed The bombed the city of dresden even though there was no military value- civilians Many considered the bombing of dresden a war crime because of how they killed german civilians Trying to get Germans to surrender Many believe this was in retaliation of the German Blitz in London (killed civilians) Questionable war crime

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Party: Republican Major Events: Great Depression strikes; Promoted attitude of rugged individualism He was the 31st President of the U.S. (republican) from 1929 - 1933 during the onset of the Great Depression He was moved into politics to serve on the U.S. food administration, and then was called in by President Coolidge to help provide relief for the Great Mississippi Flood His term was noticeably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 U.S. economy plummeted Many americans blamed him for the Great Depression

Beyond economics, how did the New Deal affect the US? What were the ramifications of FDR's approach? Why would some see him as a traitor to his class?

People said FDR was a socialist for regulating calmerst, some called him a traitor, came from wealth yet he does not help the wealthy people's economy Majority of people in the US liked his approach - at the time the majority of people were out of work (financially struggling) People feel more secure and provide hope for the temporary situation, New Deal

"The Yanks are Coming"

Pershing's Crusaders (noble, religious cause) President WW calls for a war declaration for a stronger navy and army of 500,000 Men

Why did FDR try to "pack" the Supreme Court? Was he successful?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt. His dissatisfaction over Supreme Court decisions holding New Deal programs unconstitutional prompted him to seek out methods to change the way the court functioned. Roosevelt's Court-packing plan. A move by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to increase the size of the Supreme Court and then bring in several new justices who would change the balance of opinion on the Court. late 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to put restrictions on the court when it came to age the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, commonly referred to as the "court-packing plan," was Roosevelt's attempt to appoint up to six additional justices to the Supreme Court for every justice older than 70 years, 6 months, who had served 10 years or more. the Supreme Court began to strike down a number of the New Deal laws. "Over the next 13 months, the court struck down more pieces of legislation than at any other time in U.S. history," Woolner says. A number of his new deal programs are deemed unconstitutional Wanted more supreme court justices (that he would chose) in order for the New Deal and other laws to get passed FDR is "puppet master"

Coolidge Election and Prosperity

Presidential Election of 1924 between Calvin Coolidge (republican), John W. Davis, and Robert M. Lafollette, after the death of President Warren E. Harding in 1923 Coolidge Won the Presidency with 15,725,016 votes Coolidge cleaned up "the mess" from Harding's Presidency and helped grow the economy Coolidge Prosperity expressed the value of "thrift", self-restraint, and moderation when it comes to spending money. It refers to the economic/industry boom of the late 1920s Factoring production increased, as did jobs

Hollywood's beginning

Rise of Hollywood due to the economic prosperity turning the 1920s Americans spent more time on leisure and Americans fell in love with movies - cheap form of entertainment, booming industry, created jobs Hollywood- used to make movies in FL (nice weather, but huge hurricane ruined industry, many moved to Hollywood to buy cheap land) Hollywood booms as a result of the movie industry (many invest in Hollywood) Going to a show/movie theaters- extravagant, many went in the summer due to air conditioning in the movies

S.E.C.

SEC: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government. The SEC holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws, proposing securities rules, and regulating the securities industry, the nation's stock and options exchanges, and other activities and organizations, including the electronic securities markets in the United States. Protects investors, promotes fairness in the security market and shares information about companies and investments to help investors make informed decisions Designed to make people feel more comfortable investing Buying on Margin: allows for people to invest in a stock if they only have 10% of the money in cash, (many people bought a lot of stocks, after the depression, many businesses call asking for the 90% and hurts the business because they do not have the money) this is not allowed after the SEC Insider Trade: buys/sells products before regulated by the government SEC: tried to prevent insider trade and buying margin First Commissioner: Joseph P. Kennedy, youngest bank president, made money illegally through presidential, buys and makes a ton of money, uses that money to invest in stocks

Casablanca Conference (1943)

Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war The central-western part of Morocco and borders the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in Morocco Morocco was under control by the Vichy French who controlled much of France and were aligned with Nazi Germany The Vichy/Nazis government had demanded a list of all of the Jews in the country and their response was, "We have no Jews in Morocco, only Moroccan citizens." French restricted Jewish citizens and deported some to work camps in the Sahara. Americans and British prepare for Operation Torch (first American battle in WWII) Plan was to land forces in Morocco (via Casablanca) and Algeria to cut off the Germans that had been chased across Libya towards Tunisia by the British 8th Army American and British won making Casablanca the base for a conference that brought together allied leaders to strategize for the coming battles Major power of the Allies would meet in Casablanca, north africa, FDR, and Winston Churchill (Created special relationship between Britain and US) Created plan to take over Italy and Normandy Stalin Soviet leader

Brown v. Topeka Board of Education

Supreme court ruled that education must be available to all children on equal terms. Separate is not Equal. Separate But Equal- 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson Classroom, books, schools, education, all unequal Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all Proven by the psychological studies, separate makes races feel inferior "With all deliberate speed" - South thinks 10 years takes a while, has to go into federal government When Brown's case and four other cases related to school segregation first came before the Supreme Court in 1952, the Court combined them into a single case under the name Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ** This case was the combination of cases arising in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington D.C. relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Okinawa

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. The precursor to the invasion of the mainland, a necessary battle to get close to Japan, brought troops within striking distance Nicknamed "the typhoon of steel" due to the ferocity of the battle. 12000 americans and 100k japanese casualties, with an additional 100k civilian casualties A new weapon, Baka, was introduced: essentially pilot controlled suicide missiles Japanese committed suicide after realizing defeat was inevitable Wanted Okinawa in order for the US to bring troops closer to Japan Fought to the death in order to prevent US from getting to Japan Staging area for US to take Japan US still has a naval base in Okinawa to this day **

Jackie Robinson (1947)

The Brooklyn Dodger became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team. First African- American (modern day)baseball player to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947 Won rookie of the year Number 42 is retired Went to UCLA- played 4 varsity sports

Problems in Hardening Administration

The Harding Administration refers to the presidency of Warren G. Harding Teapot Scandal Huge investigation. Bribery incident to grant Sinclair Oil and Pan American Petroleum access to fields in Wyoming. "Very scandalis" Country needed oil because they are not dependent on foreign oil, needed oil for automobiles and factories for machines (need lube) (run by oil) US navy needs oil to run their ships

Pearl Harbor, 1941

The Japanese wanted to continue their expansion within Asia in the late 1930s and early 40s but the US had placed an extremely restrictive embargo on Japan in the hopes of curbing Japan's aggression. The Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 (a "day that will live in infamy" according to the famous words of FDR). The United States abandoned its policy of isolationism and entered WWII by declaring war on Japan the following day Surprise military strike by the imperial japanese navy air service upon the US against the naval base, Flew planes and used bombs Japan also attacks the Philippines the same day Honolulu, Hawaii on Sunday December 7, 1941 President Roosevelt moved the US Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor in 1939 This move was a threat to Japan, who wanted to expand in the Pacific 2,4053 people died USS Arizona- destroyed (lost battle supplies + lives) Attempt to destroy weapons, did opposite connected/angered/inspired the US to join the war, many inlist USS Oklahoma- flips Admiral Yamamoto, japanese, planned attack, "i fear we've awoken a sleeping giant" FDR asks congress to clear war This gets us into world war II Everyone across country begins to enlist in different branches of military

Resurgence of the KKK

The KKK came back stronger and more violent. Resurgence of the KKK The appeal peaked in the 1920s spreading north and west (Indiana, Texas, Oregon) Founded in 1860s in the south as a response to reconstruction and the amendments 13/14/15 (White southerners did not like the loss of political power- regain white supremacy) Lynching, intimidation to stop voting (Grandfather taxes, literacy tests) KKK resurgence because of the appeal Controversial movie in 1915 Birth of the Nation Showed KKK being heroes and helping southern whites Boosts moral of white southerners Number of white join KKK (not just in the south, spread) 4 million + members (Members white protestants) Groups KKK opposed to: Added Jewish people to their "list" opposed to Jews (threat to their power, not christians) Roman Catholic (running for office) Not same beliefs- catholic loyalties with pope "can't be true american"

What was the "Dust Bowl" and who were the Okies and the Arkies?

The dust bowl was a series of dust storms in the early 1930s drought Ruined all agriculture (farms) Leads to lack of food Farmers take a beating during the great depression Okies= Oklahoma natives Arkies= Arkansas natives Arkansas over farms their land (take nutrients out of the soil, the soil now dry and soil blows away) Many Arkansas farmers flea and go west to fertile areas like California

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945

The two Japanese cities on which Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs; August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. About 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately, or as a result of prolonged suffering caused by radiation poisoning as a result of the two bombs. Reasons for dropping bomb: save American soldiers lives, end war more quickly, prevent Soviet claims in Japan. Criticisms: Japan had already asked for surrender terms, nukes dropped more to show off to Soviets (first shots of Cold War) than to win WWII which was already near-certain to be won by US. These are the names of the two Japanese cities that bombs were set off in by the US at the end of WW2 August 6th and 7th 90% of the hiroshima population is killed 80,000 killed instantly 10's of thousands of people die later from radiation exposure Manhattan Project in Use (Atomic bombs) August 6 1945, atomic bombs dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, people obliterated, takes down houses, factories, radiation can kill many, years later birth defects as a result of radiation President Truman at the time Made Japan officially drop out of WW2 *** Choice these locations- had military value/bases on them Emperor of Japan- in Tokyo (did not want to kill emperor) Second bomb dropped and killed 40,000 in Nagasaki

Nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Trials of German war criminals were held in this city. Top Nazi leaders were tried and convicted of crimes against humanity. Their punishment was either life imprisonment or death. Trials in Nuremberg, germany for crimes committed during the holocaust 12 Nazis were sentenced to death Many admitted to their crimes while some said they were just obeying higher powers The hearings of 22 major Nazi Criminals were judged by the allied powers Put on trial by US, France, British, etc. Put on trial in Nuremberg (where nazis held their rallys) in order to die were they began Nazis not allowed to run for office in Germany 1st time in history war trails happened Denazification *** Now in Germany it is illegal to have any reminisks/proof of Nazism Cannot have any pro nazi flags, etc.

US Occupation of Germany & Japan

U.S. occupation of Germany: After Germany's defeat in WWII, the four main allies in Europe (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, and France) took part in a joint occupation of the German state (decided at the Yalta Conference)*** Part of the surrender, Germany divided into 4 sections, as time progresses Germany splits into 2 East Germany, Soviets (communists), West Germany (Demoncratic) U.S. occupation of Japan: After Japan's defeat in WWII, the U.S. led the Allies in the occupation and rehabilitation of the Japanese state. The U.S. occupying forces enacted widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms US only country to occupy Japan, US does not want soviets (communism) to be in Japan Major area during Korean War US ships can go and use bases in Japan Rewrites Japan constitution Not allowed to send troops overseas (Pearl Harbor)

"Why the US became involved in WW1"

US neutrality prior to declaring war President Woodrow Wilson's "Proclamation of Neutrality" - Aug. 1914, Woodrow Wilson gives proclamation saying they should not pick a side US Tradition of "Isolationism" in W. Hemo Washington's Address, Monroe Doctrine, etc. Concept of Freedom of the Seas - As a neutral nation the US should be able to go where ever they want, violated during WW1 British Violations Seize of cargo and vessels Blockade of North Sea Germany's use of Unrestricted Submarines Warfare Sinking of ships and loss of life (German says fair game to sink ships through submarines) Attempt to starve British (cripples economy, no resources) Reaction to Naval Blockade Use of propaganda (false advertisement, encourages people to join the war) by both sides (Allied and Central Powers) Propaganda came from WW1 British and France stress ideals Common Language, culture, ancestry and government all similar to Britain Long- standing friendship with France since Revolutions (First allie ever and gave statue of liberty ) German actions Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (violates freedom of sea neutrality, - blowing up ships, Germans trying to win war, violates rules but germans don't care Invasion of Neutral Belgium - not acceptable First to use poison gas Zimmerman note US economic interests involved US exports to Allies Manufactured goods, farmers profited from sale of foodstuff and war material US bankers loaned money to Allies - need allies to win war US "idealism" Americans initially stressed Peace and Democratic ideals "Vote for Wilson, He kept us out of War" - Slogan for 1916 election Wilson elected in 1912 - democrat, he keeps us out of war in 1914-1915, we don't enter war because president wanted to get re elected → W.W. stresses peace to get re-elected (gets reelected in 1916) "Make the World safe for democracy" Idealistic thing to do "War to end all Wars" (due to high casualty rates and peace laws to prevent another major war) Encourages US to enter because it was the War to end all Wars How could Wilson implement his 14 points? Unless... If we don't enter war he can't implement his 14 points, another reason we enter the war Unwilling to see an aggressive Germany take the place of a "democratic" Britain as an atlantic power Protect America Security (better for american security, better ties with Britain, germans painted as monsters and savages) Power Structure in America Upper class, business interests, politicians- background vs. Immigrant groups Wilson in charge → british background, british are the upper class President Wilson asks Congress to declare war against Germany- April 1917 Majority of country are British (high class citizens who own industries, supports British, encourages to allie with Britain) 2 immigrant groups who do not want to fight (Germans and Irish) Germans don't want to fight their 'brothers' Irish currently ruled by British, Irish do not like that so they do not want to defend Britain

V1 and V2 rockets

Unmanned long-range missiles that Hitler used against Britain in 1944 and 1945. He boasted that this secret weapon would win the war. About 8000-9000 of the first type were fired at Britain, but they could be shot down by anti-aircraft. The second type was the world's first ballistic missile. It flew too fast to be detected before exploding. About 1000 of these were fired. The 8000-9000 of the first type caused about 5,400 deaths and 16,000 injuries while the second type killed at least 2,500 and possibly as many as 9000 in Southern England, France and Antwerp. However, this programme used a lot of resources that would have been better devoted to producing jet fighters and the missiles weren't accurate enough to hit specific targets. At the end of the war, both the USA and the USSR scooped up German scientists from this project, pardoned them, and put them to work on nuclear missiles. Guided missiles, were one of germany's most important technological achievements during ww11, German scientists were testing a missile called v1 V2 had a longer range and was faster than the speed of sound, impossible to predict and guide Although developed by the soviet union the v1 and v2 were used in iraq in israel in the persian gulf war 1990-91 Fired from germany, france, netherland, etc. into england, attempt to hit london No way to shoot the rockets down Lucky that v1 and v2 rockets were not invented until later in the war, could have changed the outcome German scientist who helped create this- the US rushed to capture whoever made this, the US then forced him to work for NASA

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency, employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. Builds up the infrastructure of the united states - all states will have construction sites Bourne bridge - a project of the WPA Sagamore Bridge- (1933 - 1935 - middle of depression) Professional musicians out of business - nobody going to theatres; WPA created jobs for all these artists WPA will have artists paint murals in schools, post offices, etc. Slave Narratives- the 1930s, WPA project, sends writers to the south to interview former slaves (government funded)

Atlantic Charter (1941)

World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization Statue of FDR and Winston Churchill Joint declaration - provided a broad statement of Us and British war aims The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads had a meeting in an island off Canada. Has a secret meeting in Newfoundland The Atlantic Charter provided a broad statement of U.S. and British war aims. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people (self-determination); restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. Stated ideal goal wars: No territorial aggrandizement No territorial changes made against the wishes of the people restoration of self-government to those deprived of it reduction of trade restrictions

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion (women, scandalis, drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes, cut hair, drove own cars) US changing society Time of prosperity Huge economic boom (US loaning money to Germany (versaille treaty)to pay for debt) Selling goods overseas (american farmers doing well) (Britain, France, etc. damaged in war) American industry not affected by war Great Gatsby (due to WW1 people "living for the moment" People making money through prohibition (selling illegal alcohol) 21 club speakeasy - hidden bar in basement of restaurant

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945) Japanese volcano Islands that lies south of the Bonin Islands, together with other islands form the Ogasawara Archipelago The highest point of iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at 169 m high 19 February- 26 March 1945 United States Marine Corps landed in and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) Iwo Jima- considered Japanese territory Took Japanese Territory Extremely bloody battle Statue in Washington DC More than 26,000 American casualties (American had more dead than wounded than japanese) Great tactical importance There were two airfields on the island - under Japan's control

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph. A protest in August 1963 organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans A quarter of a million people participated in the protest making it one of the largest political rallies in history and where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech March for Jobs and Freedom Government does not want a protest march in the capital during the war (they want unity)

Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945)

conferences held to discuss the end of WWII and the future of Germany They were both conferences that were called to help the Allies decide what would happen to Europe, and in particular Germany, at the end of the WWII *** Yalta: (February 1945) Germany was not yet defeated. Statlin, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to split Germany into four zones of occupation, that Germany would pay reparations, a government of national unity would be set up in Poland, the Declaration of Liberated Europe would be enforced and Russia would help fight against Japan Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin Yalta, part of soviet union, three major leaders meet there, war winding down in Europe, deciding what to do with Germany Splits Germany in 4 pieces to prevent a WW3 and give them less power Government of National Unity- in poland, never happens Potsdam: (July, 1945) Germany was defeated. They discussed the details between the boundaries of the zones, the amount of reparations Russia would take, the coming to power of communists and Truman dropping an atomic bomb so Japan would surrender before Russian troops went into Japan Attlee (Prime minister of GB), Truman (Roosevelt dies) and Stalin War is over in Europe, not in Japan, Talked about the boundaries of the 4 zone At Potsdam

Gold Star Mothers

mothers whose sons were taken prisoner, wounded, or killed during the war. Displayed flags in their windows marked by single gold stars. Started by Grace Seibold, mother of Officer 1st Lt. George Vaughn Seibold, who died fighting for his country in WWI When her son died, Grace Seibold devoted her time and efforts to not only working in the hospital but befriending other mothers whose sons had lost their lives in military service. She organized a group consisting solely of these special mothers, with the purpose of not only comforting each other, but also caring for hospitalized veterans in government hospitals far from home. The organization was named after the Gold Star that families hung in their windows in honor of the deceased veteran Wouldn't want to be a gold star family- means you lost someone in the war Still around today Organization created after WW1 Blue stars= family fighting in war, Gold Star= died in war

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 Large migration of African American post WW1 About 6 million African Americans left the southern states (moved to the northeast, midwest, west in 1916-1970 Many moved after being treated better overseas during the war (in europe treated better) Due to Jim Crow Laws and KKK Better conditions in the north, less violence (different/"better" version of segregation) WW1 opens eyes of may southerners (army fought in paris seeing blacks treated equally) Many go to NY, Missouri, Chicago, Ohio, PA, Detroit (economic opportunity) Many southern black move up north and bring their culture with them (jazz, blues, etc.) To escape lynchings, unfair treatment, etc.

Guadalcanal

one of the Solomon Islands in southwest Pacific, Japanese building airstrip, August 1942 battle, Allies won First major offense for the Allies in the Pacific Theatre US took control of Air Base which was in a strategic location for communication between Australia and the US American Marines Japan lost around 10x the amounts of troops from the battle Started island hopping

What degree of success did the New deal enjoy? What failures did it experience?

t degree of success did the New deal enjoy? What failures did it experience? This wasn't able to end the depression but it helped get millions of people in work. This helped rejoice public confidence Failure: attempted to fix prices which hurt businesses Gave the people money put the government in debt

Operation Overland

the code name for the Allied invasion of mainland Europe in World War II, starting with the D-Day landings at Normandy. Troops were led by Omar Bradley Happened after the battle of normandy, western european countries created an allied liberation from nazi germany codenamed operation overland Battle began on june 9 1944 also known as D day (longest day); american, british, and canadian forced went to 5 beaches along a 50 mile stretch of land in the region of normandy france and attacked the germans It required much planning and was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history By august 1944 all of northern france was liberated and by the spring germany was defeated Considered the beginning of the end June-August allies driving the germans back to france High casualty rates for americans and germans Less than a year the war will be over in europe

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s Hoover: president at the time, self-made man, an orphan from Iowa, went to Stanford, made a fortune in mining, became president in 1928, 1929- crash. A lot of people blame great depression on Herbert Hoover, say it was his fault. Took 11 years to get out of the Great Depression. Hoover then runs again against FDR FDR: elected for 4 terms, dies in office, wealthy family not a common person but relates to a common person, went to Harvard, went to Groton, FDR wins 1932 election. 25% unemployment. 1933, a 75% decrease in stocks from 1929 Many went to communist meetings in the 1930s People of that generation do not trust banks (many keep money in their mattress, under their bed, etc.) Many people out of work Bank Holiday- banks closed, allowed for banks to catch u

Ghost Army

was a United States Army tactical deception unit during World War II officially known as the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops. The 1,100-man unit was given a unique mission within the U.S Army: to impersonate other U.S. Army units to deceive the enemy. 23rd Headquarters Special Troops was an elite troop whose specialty was "tactical deception" they are better known as the ghost army Sends out false propaganda, false newspaper reports, false armys They used inflatable tanks sound effects and imagination to dool Germans that their troops was coming from one direction when it actually came from the opposite Created army decoys Helped American army

What were the New Deal and the Hundred Days? What did FDR hope to achieve with the New Deal?

was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936 helps give jobs, etc. First hundred days of his presidential service- focuses on a new deal (slogan during the campaign) → this gives people hope, restored prosperity to America. 100-day plan. Wants to get it passed in first 100 days of the election Hopes to Relief (from no employment to former slaves), Recovery, Reform New deal spent government money to give more people jobs Designed to relieve citizens New Deal created Public guarantee of economic security and created acts such as Social Security Act- offered aid to the unemployed and aged Fair Labor Standards Act- established a national minimum wage New Deal expanded the meaning of freedom, favored men more so than women, white more than blacks

WASPS

women airforce service pilots WASPS: Women Airforce Service Pilots WASPs were accepted as young as 18 if the woman had a pilot's license and flight experience Number of wasps die testing air crafts Airforce A lot of women join these services and complete tasks, so that a man who used to do that job could go fight in the war. Women couldn't fight (combat) in the war but they can work so men can