History Chapter 1 test WW1 and colonialism
Berlin conference
(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Trench war
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Militarism
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
What was happening to the colonies of Central Powers?
Central powers (axis) colonies, were losing control of them to the Allies. Notably in Africa.
What happened to the European empires?
they broke apart
How were colonies "redistributed"?
The treaty of Versailles required the central powers (the axis) to give up their remaining colonies to the League of Nations. Britain recieved: Iraq and Palestine and France recieved: Lebanon and Syria. And Japan gained some German colonies and some land in inland China
How and why was the war a stalemate?
Warfare between nations was making no progress, soldiers kept dying (some through natural causes) without making any progress in attaining any other nations.
What is trench warfare?
Warfare in a small enclosed space where soldiers fought face to face or from one trench to another.
Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points"
A group of nations must be formed with specific agreements for the purpose of creating shared promises of political independence and the ability to keep their land to big and small states alike... In other words, no other should try to conquer another country. Proposed democracy
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
league of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
What was the role of new technology in creating the stalemate and the massive loss of life?
Aerial bombing and aircraft, it was thought to change the course of war but only brought more death and destruction. Poison Gas and flamethrowers as well. Poison gas was most notable
How did the system of alliances contribute to the beginning of the war? Who was on each side?
Alliances contributed to the beginning of world war one by forcing The major powers of Europe to go to war when their allies did. The (original) allies were, France, Britain, and Russia (US joining later) on one side and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire, and Bulgaria.
Reparations
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Central Powers
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Who was taking advantage of the war to increase its empire?
Britain, France, and Japan were progressively taking control of other colonies thus expanding their empires.
Balfour declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI
Scramble for Africa (and date)
Countries tried to conquer parts, looking for human and natural resources. China also supplied cheap labor source. 1885
Triple Entente (allied) Powers
England France Russia
What were three reasons for the US joining the war?
Germany sending a telegram to Mexico to invade the US and the US finding out. Germany sunk a Ship that included 118 americans on board Violation of Sussex pledge (Germany declared war on US shipping)
eastern front
In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
What did the Treaty of Versailles require of Germany? Why might these contribute to another world war?
It reassigned german boundries and pay reparations. These might contribute to another world war because Germany may be unwilling to do that, and conflict will arise despite efforts in the Treaty to prevent future warfare.
What was the League of Nations? Why was it formed? To what extent was it effective? Why/not?
It was made up of (with the exception of the US) the victorious allies of World War 1, and most neutral nations. It was created to stop any future wars and to settle turmoil created by the Treaty of Versailles. Their successes included The Aaland Islands (1921), Upper Silesia (1921), Memel (1923), Turkey (1923), and Greece and Bulgaria (1925). Their failures were: Italy (1919), Teschen (1919), Vilna (1920), War between Russia and Poland (1920 to 1921), The invasion of the Ruhr (1923), Italy and Albania (1923), and the start of WW2.
Zimmerman Telegram
March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.
Millet system in Ottoman empire
Non-Muslim autonomy , ruled by religious leaders, used because it was very diverse
Colonial soldiers
People in colonies (india) that volunteer to fight in home country's war (i.e. British) in hopes of a promise for independence. Causes conflict when they do not get what they want
Examples from British Hymns
Pride from hymns about their country.
What did Britain promise the Arabs? The Jews? How might this explain current conflicts in Israel-Palestine?
Promised Arabs freedom, promised Jews land. The arabs refused to recognize the US agreement w/ the Jews and fighting ensued.
Define armistice.
Similar to a ceasefire, a certain time agreed upon to have a grace period in a war.
What did Japan get after WW1
Some of Mainland China and some German Islands.
List the outcomes of the Paris Peace Settlement in 1919.
The League of Nations, Treaty of Versailles, and two other treaties.
What happened to the Ottoman Empire in 1918? What might be the significance of this?
The Ottoman Empire "sued for peace" (asked for peace) due to the Arab revolt and aggressive British military victories. The Significance of this is that after this, the ottoman empire split apart.
What happened in Russia in 1917? Explain significance.
The Russian Revolution. On March 7, 1917 thousands of Women and Industrial workers took to the streets to protest the high cost of food and other basic necessities due to the wartime shortages and demanded that the Tsar of Russia resigned. The Tsar sent troops to attack the protesters but the soldiers refused to attack the women and then formed a coup. The Tsar resigned, but the new government tried to send them back to war and their military collapsed and Russia had officially withdrawn from the war,
Gavrilo Princip
The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand
What was the trigger of WW1
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 it led to many other events leading to war.
Paris Peace Conference/Versailles Treaty
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
What were the expectations of the colonized people?
They expected a voice in government
what happened to empires after the war
They split apart
stalemate and trench warfare strategy
Trench warfare was a type of combat where soldiers would fight from trenches facing each other, and it consisted of miles of trenches cut into the earth which were supported by machine guns and artillery. If either side tried to move forward they would be knocked down with machine guns, and this caused many soldiers to die, on both sides. The weapons on both sides were too strong and it caused a stalemate, because conducting a successful offense and defense was hard for both sides.
Pan-African Congress and their demands
What: Congress that supported black africans that lived in South Africa - said that the African government should be run by only the African People
1914-1918
World War I
Womens sufferage
Women's work in WW1. During WWI (1914-1918), large numbers of women were recruited into jobs vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war. New jobs were also created as part of the war effort, for example in munitions factories.
use of poison gas
considered the most destructive weapon during world war one. It was one of the reasons why Historians call WW1 the first industrial war
Balance of Power
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
western front
in World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other
MAIN causes of WW1 and examples from the documents
scramble for Africa, assassination, alliance system. MAIN
Archduke Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary
was assassinated by Serbian Nationalist which was the immediate cause of the great war
