History: Chapter 11 Lesson 1

Climate change

A ______ slowly dried out the Sahara. As the land became parched, the desert spread. This process of desertification devoured thousands of acres of cropland and pastureland. The Sahara's desertification prompted migration, as people were forced to seek new areas to maintain their ways of life.

Nile

About 2700 B.C. the great civilization of Egypt was growing along the northern banks of the ____.

Mediterranean Sahara

After defeating Carthage, Rome gained control of the narrow strip of North Africa between the _____ coast and the ______.

Natakamani Amanitere

After the joint reign of King _______ and Queen _______ in the first century A.D., the splendor of Nubia's golden age dimmed

deserts

Along the Equator is a band of tropical rain forest. Moving north and south from this band are the continent's largest and most populated regions, the savannas, or grassy plains. Beyond the savannas lie the great African what?

location

Along this wide trade network, Nubia sent gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, and enslaved people to the Mediterranean world and Southwest Asia. Meroë's _______ was a major reason for its development into a successful center of trade

Apedemak

Although Nubia absorbed much from Egypt, Nubian culture later followed its own course. For example, after gaining independence from Egypt, Nubians worshiped their own gods, including ________, a lion-headed warrior god

camel caravans

Although early traders had made the difficult desert crossing in horse-drawn chariots, _____ created new trade networks.

forests and rivers

Ancient rock paintings have been found that show a Sahara that was full of what?

earliest ancestors of modern people

Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that Africa was the home of the what? In spite of geographic barriers, various members of these groups migrated all over Africa and beyond.

Carthage

As Nubia was thriving along the Nile, ______ was rising as a great North African power.

Farming, ironworking, and domesticating animals

As they migrated into southern Africa, the Bantu-speakers spread their skills in _______,________, and _____.

alphabet instead of hieroglyphics

At Meroë, artistic styles reflected a greater sense of freedom than did Egyptian styles. Nubians also created their own system of writing, using an _______ instead of ________. Unfortunately, the Nubian _____has yet to be deciphered and still remains a mystery.

burned

At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans literally ____ Carthage to the ground.

Meroë

By 500 B.C., Assyrian invaders had forced Nubian rulers to move their capital from Napata to ____.

Piankhi

Egyptian control was declining and Nubia gained its independence. In fact, about 730 B.C., the Nubian king _____ actually conquered Egypt

Ezana's

Finally, about A.D. 350, Nubia was overwhelmed by King ______ armies from the kingdom of Axum to its south. Axum would then make its own mark on this region along the Nile.

Phoenician

Founded by ______ traders as a port on the Mediterranean coast, Carthage came to dominate western Mediterranean trade. From 800 B.C. to 146 B.C., it forged an empire that stretched from present-day Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco to southern Europe.

Hippo

From A.D. 395 to A.D. 430, Augustine was bishop of ___, a city located near the ruins of ancient Carthage.

Assyrians

In 670 B.C., however, Nubia was invaded by the __________ from Southwest Asia. Unable to match the superior iron weapons of these invaders, the Nubian armies were forced to retreat from Egypt and returned to the south.

Paleolithic

In Africa, as elsewhere, ______ people developed skills as hunters and food gatherers.

cataracts

In addition to the deserts and rain forests, Africa's high plateau interior and rivers with ________, or waterfalls, hindered easy movement.

Berbers

In the 690s, Muslim Arabs conquered and occupied the cities of North Africa. By the early 700s, they had successfully conquered the _____, a largely nomadic North African people

camel

Initially hindered by the vast deserts, early trade greatly expanded with the introduction of a new form of transportation from Asia—the _____.

Bantu

Like the Indo-European peoples of Europe and Asia, these West African peoples spoke a variety of languages deriving from a single common language. The root language is called _____, which gives this movement its name—the ____ migrations

Red Sea to North Africa

Meroë eventually commanded both the Nile's north-south trade route and the east-west trade route from the ____ to _______.

iron ore

Meroë was rich in _______. Fueled by the region's large quantities of timber, the smelting furnaces of Meroë produced these tools and weaponry needed to feed, control, and defend the kingdom.

Septimius Severus

North Africa also provided soldiers for the Roman army, including _____ who would later become an emperor of Rome.

palaces and pyramids

Nubia was under Egyptian control and remained so for almost 500 years. As a result, Nubians adapted many Egyptian traditions. They modeled _____ and _____ on Egyptian style and worshiped Egyptian deities

Kush

On a wide band of fertile land on the upper Nile, the ancient kingdom of Nubia, also called ____, was flourishing in present-day Sudan.

Language patterns

Over thousands of years, migrations contributed to the rich diversity of cultures in Africa. Scholars have traced these migrations by what?

West Africa

Overtime Muslim traders from North Africa carried Islam into ______.

Salt, gold, iron, and copper

Since ancient times, Africa's mineral wealth has spurred trade across the continent. _____,_____,_____, and ____ were particularly valuable items to early trade and brought great wealth and power to African trading cities.

Mediterranean and Red

The Nile was not the only waterway that influenced the development of civilizations in Africa. Early African civilizations also had strong ties to the regions across the ___ and ___ seas

Sahara

The vast and perilous ______, the largest desert in the world, is just one geographic feature in the great variety of African landscapes

granary

There, they built roads, dams, aqueducts, and cities. The Romans developed and utilized North Africa's farmlands as a _____—a region that produces much grain—to feed the Roman Empire.

Nubia and Egypt

Trade led to contact between ____ and ______. It also led to rivalry as both powers desired to control trade in the region.

Christianity Latin

Under Arab rule, Islam eventually replaced ______ as the dominant religion of North Africa, and Arabic replaced ____ as its language.

St. Augustine

Under Roman rule, Christianity spread to the cities of North Africa. In fact, _______, the most influential Christian thinker of the late Roman Empire, was born in present-day Algeria.

Great Rift Valley

While on the other hand, the _____ served as an interior passageway and the Mediterranean and Red seas provided overseas trade routes to regions in southwest Asia and present-day Europe.

Africa

____ is the second largest continent. Its size and location contribute to its wide range of climates, vegetation, and terrains. This variety has greatly influenced the diversity of culture found in _____.

Neolithic

________ farmers had learned to cultivate the Nile Valley and to domesticate animals. As farming spread across North Africa, these villages even appeared in the Sahara, which was then a well-watered area.