History Chapter 11 study gude

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Zheng He

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia

Red Turban Movement

Diverse religious movement in China during the fourteenth century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing.

Inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.

The main avenue of transmission for the Black Death was: a. Eurasian trade routes. b. Timur's armies. c. Ottoman armies. d. Portuguese mariners in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. e. pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.

a. Eurasian trade routes.

The most important European city, in terms of trade between east and west Eurasia, in the fourteenth century was _______. a. Venice b. Seville c. Barcelona d. Lisbon e. Rome

a. Venice

Zhu Di, also known as the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, is associated with which of the following? a. construction of the Forbidden City b. overthrowing the Yuan dynasty c. founding the Ming dynasty d. introducing Islam to China e. building the Grand Canal

a. construction of the Forbidden City

At the beginning of the fourteenth century in Europe: a. cooling temperatures took much land out of cultivation. b. states lowered taxes in order to keep peasants from starving. c. new agricultural technologies improved crop yields. d. population grew rapidly. e. massive deforestation put a halt to shipbuilding, leading to a collapse in trade and the economy.

a. cooling temperatures took much land out of cultivation.

In Spain, political centralization of power occurred primarily through: a. dynastic marriages. b. warfare. c. the leadership of the church. d. the leading role of the rulers of Granada. e. the establishment of a meritocratic bureaucracy

a. dynastic marriages

Under Ming rulership: a. emperors wished to be seen as guardians and patriarchs of their subjects. b. emperors placed all authority in the hands of the bureaucrats. c. emperors placed an emphasis on social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society. d. emperors earned sufficient income from tribute states that they did not need to tax their own populations. e. emperors rejected religious justifications of their political power.

a. emperors wished to be seen as guardians and patriarchs of their subjects.

In China, all of the following were true except: a. foreigners were viewed as wise visitors from whom one could learn. b. the Black Death ravaged the population for 70 years. c. by 1300, hunger and scarcity spread resources thin, leading to a weakened population vulnerable to plague. d. the destruction brought by the plague shattered the Mongol dynasty's claim to a mandate of heaven. e. popular religious movements emerged in response to the plague.

a. foreigners were viewed as wise visitors from whom one could learn.

All of the following factors contributed to the downfall of the Delhi Sultanate except: a. the Mongol invasions of the early fourteenth century. b. Timur's invasions from Central Asia. c. the religious revivals that spawned new Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh polities. d. Babur's invasions from Central Asia. e. the assertion of independence by rival kingdoms and sultanates in the region.

a. the Mongol invasions of the early fourteenth century

Topkapi Palace was the political seat of: a. the Ottoman rulers. b. the Ming rulers. c. the Safavid rulers. d. the Mughal rulers. e. the Anatolian rulers.

a. the Ottoman rulers.

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: a. the Red Turbans. b. the Yellow Turbans. c. the Beghards. d. the Sikhs. e. the Boxer movement.

a. the Red Turbans

The Ottomans triumphed over other warrior bands because: a. they mastered techniques of bureaucracy. b. they had superior mobility due to their horsemanship. c. they rejected Islamic religious authority, which forbade warfare against fellow Muslims. d. they had no geographic base to defend, thus freeing them to remain constantly on the attack. e. they had no respect for artisans, merchants, bureaucrats, and clerics because they were not warriors.

a. they mastered techniques of bureaucracy

Zheng He's fleets visited all of the following areas except: a. western Europe. b. Southeast Asia. c. India. d. the east African coast. e. Southwest Asia.

a. western Europe.

The founder of the Mughal dynasty in India was ________. a. Osman b. Babur c. Ismail d. Chinggis Khan e. Ibrahim Lodi

b. Babur

As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandonment of support for oceanic exploration: a. Chinese overseas commerce declined. b. Chinese naval power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. c. imperial revenue declined. d. imperial revenue increased. e. European navies were able to conquer Chinese ports in the fourteenth century.

b. Chinese naval power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the church in western Europe? a. The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans. b. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. c. The Black Death led to the church's severe decline in influence as millions converted to other religions in response to the devastation. d. The Black Death had little long-run impact on the church's influence. e. The church became more open and tolerant in an attempt to win more converts after so many of their congregants had died.

b. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their realm? a. They demanded strict conformity in religion. b. They were flexible and tolerant to differences. c. Their policies forced the Turkish language upon Arabs and Europeans. d. They kept strict control over regional authorities. e. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

b. They were flexible and tolerant to differences.

In the region of Persia: a. the Mongol conquerors quickly embraced Islam and used it to unify their power. b. as Mongol power declined, populist Islamic movements emerged, some of which urged followers to withdraw from society or practice nudism. c. the Sufi brotherhood adopted a nonviolent form of Buddhism that gained large numbers of followers. d. the Persian rulers protected the Islamic holy lands. e. the Mongols exiled practitioners of all faiths except Islam.

b. as Mongol power declined, populist Islamic movements emerged, some of which urged followers to withdraw from society or practice nudism.

Mongol rulers in the Middle East can be credited with: a. establishing enduring political institutions. b. destroying the old political order of the Islamic world. c. sharing power with indigenous groups. d. integrating massive numbers of pastoral people into settled areas. e. collapsing trade networks throughout Eurasia.

b. destroying the old political order of the Islamic world.

Ming religious reform: a. undermined local political and social hierarchies to promote support for the emperor. b. established Ming rulers as the moral and spiritual benefactors of their subjects. c. eliminated civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority. d. failed to distinguish between different types of people. e. abandoned the ancient notion of the mandate of heaven.

b. established Ming rulers as the moral and spiritual benefactors of their subjects

Instead of relying on the church's teachings to analyze the world, the scholars and artists of the Renaissance turned to: a. Islamic teachings. b. the classical texts of Greece and Rome. c. Confucian principles. d. the literary and artistic endeavors of the High Middle Ages. e. Persian poetry.

b. the classical texts of Greece and Rome.

Under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain: a. the monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to marry with these "new" rulers. b. the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Granada, fell to Christian forces. c. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration of the Americas. d. the Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Levant. e. European armies pushed back the Ottoman Empire in the east.

b. the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, Granada, fell to Christian forces.

As a result of the Black Death in Europe, all of the following occurred except: a. some individuals turned to pleasure and debauchery to enjoy life before it ended. b. the western church found its position strengthened due to the goodwill it built with the peasants because of its work to alleviate the suffering of the Black Death. c. some individuals retreated into personal spirituality to put their lives in order. d. some individuals joined eccentric groups supporting a wide variety of nontraditional beliefs and practices. e. the rational Christianity of Thomas Aquinas no longer resonated with many believers.

b. the western church found its position strengthened due to the goodwill it built with the peasants because of its work to alleviate the suffering of the Black Death.

In terms of population, European states in the fourteenth century: a. were larger than other Eurasian counterparts. b. were smaller than other Eurasian counterparts. c. were about the same size as other Eurasian counterparts. d. did not suffer decline from the plague as their Eurasian counterparts did. e. were more starkly separated along urban and rural lines than other Eurasian states.

b. were smaller than other Eurasian counterparts.

How many Europeans died within the first five years of the Black Death? a. 5-15% b. 15-25% c. 25-50% d. 50-75% e. 75-90%

c. 25-50%

In Europe, many attributed the Black Death to: a. Islamic magic. b. Amerindian diseases that spread to Europe. c. God's anger with humankind. d. Viking raids spreading new illnesses. e. pagan witchcraft.

c. God's anger with humankind.

The Mughal dynasty ruled over much of _______. a. Persia b. the Middle East c. India d. northern Africa e. eastern China

c. India

Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? a. It inherited a society and kingdom from the Mongol Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous. b. It tried to reestablish order and stability in China through the use of Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced. c. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after the catastrophes of the fourteenth century. d. It faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people, much like its predecessor, the Mongol Yuan dynasty. e. Emperors abandoned the use of politically motivated marriages as unprincipled and immoral.

c. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after the catastrophes of the fourteenth century.

The member of the Portuguese royal family who supported naval developments was: a. Prince John I. b. King Ferdinand of Aragon. c. Prince Henry the Navigator. d. King Desiderius Erasmus. e. Queen Isabella of Castile.

c. Prince Henry the Navigator

A dynasty is best defined as: a. a conquering army. b. a tribal confederation. c. a hereditary ruling family that passed power from one generation to the next. d. a system where the ruler oversees both secular and religious matters. e. sacred kingship.

c. a hereditary ruling family that passed power from one generation to the next.

The Renaissance created: a. the basis for greater peasant revolts against the feudal order in western Europe. b. the philosophy through which the church regained much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death. c. a network of educated men and women who were not dependent wholly on the state or the church and who increasingly challenged the authority of both. d. a network of trading communities throughout the Mediterranean that increasingly challenged the merchants of Venice's supremacy there. e. an educated peasantry that argued for increased political participation based on Greek

c. a network of educated men and women who were not dependent wholly on the state or the church and who increasingly challenged the authority of both.

The Ming dynasty viewed overseas trade as: a. an important source of government revenue. b. a means of expanding the influence of the emperor. c. a potential source of instability. d. a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism. e. a distraction from the ascetic religious practices they encouraged.

c. a potential source of instability.

Topkapi Palace served as all of the following except: a. the sultan's dwelling place. b. a training school for the bureaucracy. c. a religious school. d. a symbol of the power of the sultan. e. a home for the sultan's harem.

c. a religious school

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to: a. expand the commercial reach of the Ming dynasty. b. conquer more lands for the Ming dynasty. c. expand the tributary relations of the Ming dynasty. d. search for new lands in which to export surplus population from China. e. generate scientific knowledge.

c. expand the tributary relations of the Ming dynasty.

The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? a. Egypt b. Anatolia c. the Byzantine Empire d. Castile e. Syria

c. the Byzantine Empire

Which of the following Islamic states was the most single-mindedly religious? a. the Ottoman Empire b. the Safavid dynasty c. the Mughal dynasty d. the Ming dynasty e. the Seljuk dynasty

c. the Mughal dynasty

Which of the following Muslim dynasties was an adherent of Shiism? a. the Ottoman Empire b. the Mughal dynasty c. the Safavid dynasty d. the Persian il-Khanate e. the Delhi Sultanate

c. the Safavid dynasty

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that: a. the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects. b. the goal of princely rule was the common good. c. the goal of princely rule was holding and exercising power. d. the prince had a natural right to force religious uniformity on his kingdom. e. the primary responsibility of a prince was to his nobles.

c. the goal of princely rule was holding and exercising power.

Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century due to: a. religious officials adding Renaissance ideas to their school curriculum. b. the persecution of Renaissance authors in Spain causing them to move to northern Europe. c. the increasing pace of book circulation. d. the Protestant Reformation. e. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

c. the increasing pace of book circulation

All of the following correctly describe the reign of the Chinese Emperor Hongwu except: a. Hongwu initially sought to rule China through his kinsmen. b. Hongwu established an imperial bureaucracy staffed by individuals who were appointed based on a civil service examination. c. Hongwu eliminated the position of prime minister and instead ruled directly himself. d. Hongwu built an imperial bureaucracy so powerful that it ultimately undermined his own rule. e. Hongwu began a multifaceted project to rebuild China's infrastructure.

d. Hongwu built an imperial bureaucracy so powerful that it ultimately undermined his own rule

Ottoman territorial expansion culminated during the reign of ________. a. Osman. b. Murad II. c. Mehmed the Conqueror. d. Suleiman. e. Selim.

d. Suleiman.

The world's greatest armada in the fourteenth century was led by _______. a. Hongwu b. Mehmed the Conqueror c. Vasco da Gama d. Zheng He e. Henry the Navigator

d. Zheng He

The Ottoman sultans: a. maintained an official religious neutrality in their diverse empire. b. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants. c. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa. d. combined a warrior ethos with strong devotion to Islamic beliefs. e. continued to embrace a warrior ideal, even after they had established an administrative state.

d. combined a warrior ethos with strong devotion to Islamic beliefs

All of the following were noticeable differences between the Ottoman and Safavid states except: a. the Safavid state had a more activist clergy. b. the Safavid state promoted Shiite beliefs. c. the Ottomans were more tolerant of diversity in their realm. d. the Ottomans ruled over a smaller and less diverse population. e. the Safavid state adopted a more militant form of Islam.

d. the Ottomans ruled over a smaller and less diverse population.

The following are all examples of Eurasian dynasties appearing in the fourteenth century except: a. the Ming dynasty. b. the Mughal dynasty. c. the Ottoman Empire. d. the Stuart dynasty. e. the Safavid dynasty.

d. the Stuart dynasty.

State building in Europe: a. was aided by the growth of Latin as an international language. b. was aided by the western church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church's authority. c. was aided by the development of the printing press, which gave states authority over expanding knowledge. d. was aided by strategic marriage alliances and warfare. e. was aided by feudalism, which revived in the period.

d. was aided by strategic marriage alliances and warfare.

Peasant revolts in France and England: a. were ruthlessly crushed and feudal lords maintained most of their power over their serfs. b. were actively supported by the emerging dynasties in both regions. c. were actively supported by the church. d. were crushed by feudal lords, but a free peasantry gradually replaced the feudal order in both regions. e. were only effective in the most rural areas, where there was a less radical difference in power between serfs and their feudal lords.

d. were crushed by feudal lords, but a free peasantry gradually replaced the feudal order in both regions.

During the High Middles Ages in Europe (1100-1300): a. Europe's population decreased due to casualties from the Crusades. b. learning and the arts fell into disuse as religious authorities controlled cultural activity. c. European prosperity collapsed due to the Mongol invasions. d. women were increasingly important in the retail trades, weaving, and food production. e. cities experienced very little growth as western Europe remained a largely agricultural

d. women were increasingly important in the retail trades, weaving, and food production.

Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christians: a. tried to realign themselves with the papacy. b. argued for closer ties to the Christian states around them. c. rejected the Catholic Church and tried to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. d. adopted a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it. e. devoted themselves to fighting the Moors.

e. devoted themselves to fighting the Moors

The janissaries were all of the following except: a. a corps of infantry soldiers who owed direct allegiance to the Ottoman sultan. b. conscripted to serve the Ottoman sultan through the devshirme. c. bureaucrats who helped Ottoman sultans clip the autonomy of local rulers. d. selected for their fine physiques and good looks. e. independent of the sultanate and owed no allegiance to central authority.

e. independent of the sultanate and owed no allegiance to central authority.

The three new dynasties that dominated much of the Islamic world at the beginning of the sixteenth century included: a. the Ottoman, Safavid, and Ming dynasties. b. the Ottoman, Ming, and Mughal dynasties. c. the Safavid, Ming, and Mughal dynasties. d. the Safavid, Ming, and Seljuk dynasties. e. the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties.

e. the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties.