History Chapter 11

In the Old South, the percentage of white families that owned slaves was approximately

25%

The most influential African-American of the nineteenth century and the nation's leading advocate of racial equality was

Frederick Douglass

Whose name is most often associated with the Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman

Which of the following was not a part of slavery's impact on the northern economy?

Slave labor in the southern Cotton Belt undermined industrial production in the North.

During the early to mid-1800s, sugar produced in the slave South was America's leading export.

false

In the fifty years following the end of the international slave trade in 1808, the number of slaves in the United States fell by 50 percent.

false

Slaves knew little of Christianity or the Bible, and slave masters usually withheld access to religion from their enslaved labor.

false

The "peculiar institution" of the South was

the issue of slavery

The Virginia writer George Fitzhugh believed that slaves and slaveowners shared a "community of interest." Yet since the slaves lacked economic cares

"the slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some degree, the freest people in the world."

In 1839, fifty-three slaves took control of this ship in an attempt to reroute to Africa.

Amistad

Blacks, free and slave, took part in the Great Awakening of the colonial area, and even more were swept into these southern religions during religious revivals into the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries:

Baptist and Methodist

What happened to the 135 enslaved persons who in 1841 seized the ship, the Creole, and sailed to Nassau in search of freedom?

They were given refuge in the British Caribbean.

Which is not part of the generally accepted account of the 1822 conspiracy led by Denmark Vesey?

Vesey and his followers killed or maimed 37 whites.

The southern state with the highest population of free blacks was

Virginia

By 1860, more than half of the United States' exports were in

cotton

The laws of almost all southern states recognized the legality of slave marriages.

false

In 1860, the largest economic investment in the United States was in

slaves

The reliance on unfree labor extended to the use of renting slaves from plantation owners.

true

In most Latin American nations, the end of slavery followed the pattern established earlier in the northern United States—

gradual emancipation accompanied by some kind of recognition of the owners' legal right to property in slaves.

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina considered "the most false and dangerous of all political errors"

that all men are created equal and entitled to liberty.

Often, many slaves supplemented the food provided by their owners with other food items including chickens and vegetables they raised themselves.

true

Slaveowners had many ways to enforce discipline among their slaves—from physical punishment, to material incentives, to the threat of sale.

true

Slavery for blacks, the South declared, was the surest guarantee of "perfect equality" among whites, as they liberated them from the "low, menial" jobs like factory labor and domestic service performed by wage laborers in the North.

true

Slaves had many ways to "quietly" resist the power of the slaveowners—from feigning illness, to wrecking tools, to performing inadequate labor.

true

The prevalence of plantation slavery kept the South from matching northern rates of immigration, industrial development, and urban growth.

true

In the mid 1800s, few plantations had dedicated buildings for slave worship so most slaves

worshipped in secret or in biracial churches with white ministers

Improvements in the slaves' living conditions were meant to strengthen slavery, not undermine it.

true

In 1850, most slave owning families owned five or fewer slaves.

true

In 1860, the South as a whole produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods.

true

In 1860, three of four white families owned no slaves.

true

In the midst of the American antebellum era, the British Parliament launched a program for abolishing slavery throughout the British empire in 1831.

true

As acts of self-empowerment, enslaved individuals often

broke tools

Labor on rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia was generally done by

task labor

Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves, North and South, henceforth and forever more.

false

Because of passages in the Bible about servants obeying their masters, all slaveholders firmly agreed that slavery was a legitimate institution.

false

Slaves on cotton plantations found harsher work conditions but greater autonomy than did those on rice plantations.

false

The Civil War did not provide any opportunities for mass slave escapes.

false

The Underground Railroad ran on steel tracks (after its iron ones were replaced) that were generally hidden in forest growth.

false

"Slave patrols" were

farmers who kept a lookout for runaway slaves.

Nat Turner

led an 1831 slave uprising in Virginia, killing about sixty whites.

In American slave culture, jumping over a broomstick was associated with which of the following acts

marriage

Most slaves who arrived in the North as a means of escaping slavery did so

on their own initiative

By the eve of the Civil War, free blacks in the South were allowed to own

property

What was the result of the Missouri court case involving the "crime" of Celia?

she was sentenced to death.

Henry "Box" Brown escaped slavery by

shipping himself in a crate from Georgia to the North

Compared to Brazil and the West Indies, involving hundreds or even thousands of slaves, revolts in the United States were

smaller and less frequent

Paternalism meant

the master was the head of the system, including providing his slaves with protection and the right of care and attention in their sicknesses.

The Second Middle Passage was

the slave trade from the older states to the Lower South.

Perhaps the most powerful disciplinary weapon slaveholders possessed was

the threat of sale.

While owners attempted to prevent slaves from learning about the larger world, slaves created neighborhood networks, such as

transmitting information gleaned on ships.

A small number of African-Americans owned slaves in the Old South.

true

According to abolitionist and former slave, Frederick Douglass, "not to give a slave enough to eat, is regarded as the most aggravated development of meanness, even among slaveholders."

true

After a brief period of apprenticeship, the end of slavery in Britain came on August 1, 1838.

true

Although dueling was illegal, many southerners took part in duels to avenge supposed insults.

true

By 1860, the economic investment represented by the slave population exceeded the value of the nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined.

true

By the mid-nineteenth century, all states had made it illegal to kill a slave except in self-defense.

true

Cotton was the major agricultural crop of the South and, indeed, the nation, but slaves also grew rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and hemp.

true

During the mid-1800s, the roles of slave men and women were as divided as the roles for white men and women.

true

Following the Nat Turner Rebellion, the Virginia legislature discussed the possibility of abolishing slavery within the state.

true

For slaves, slavery meant constant fear that their families might be destroyed by sale, incessant toil, and brutal punishment.

true

Given the primitive nature of professional medical treatment, some whites sought out slave healers instead of trained physicians.

true