History- Delhi Sultans
What was the second expansion
The second expansion occurred along the "external frontier" of the Sultanate. Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad Tughluq.
How did Alauddin khalji feed his soldiers
The soldiers had to be fed. This was done through the produce collected as tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. Tax was fixed at 50 per cent of the peasant's yield.
Alauddin controlled prices of goods in Delhi. Why?
The soldiers would buy their supplies from merchants in Delhi and it was thus feared that merchants would raise their prices. To stop this, Alauddin controlled the prices of goods in Delhi. Prices were carefully surveyed by officers, and merchants who did not sell at the prescribed rates were punished.
the three types of taxes are....
There were three types of taxes: (1) on cultivation called kharaj and amounting to about 50 per cent of the peasant's produce, (2) on cattle and (3) on houses.
The use of Clients
They were appointed as generals and governors. However, this also introduced an element of political instability.
True or False The Delhi sultans built many Mosques
True
True or False Sher Shah Sur had a good administration system
True, . Sher Shah's administration became the model followed by the great emperor Akbar (1556-1605) when he consolidated the Mughal Empire.
Delhi first become the capital
Under the tomara Rajput's
Was aluaddins administrative system successful?
Yes, Alauddin's administrative measures were quite successful and chroniclers praised his reign for its cheap prices and efficient supplies of goods in the market. He successfully withstood the threat of Mongol invasions.
Minhaj-I siraj was
he was not comfortable with having a queen(raziyya) as ruler. Nor were the nobles happy at her attempts to rule independently
Tarikh was written by...
learned secretaries, administrators, poets, courtiers
Dehiwal are...
minted coins
What is an iqtadar
monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of territories of varying sizes. These lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or muqti
Raziyya was....
only female Delhi sultanate
The Tawarikh criticized....
tawarikh criticized the Delhi Sultans for appointing the "low and base-born" to high offices
There are Three Things that the Tawarikh authors did
(1) the authors of tawarikh lived in cities (mainly Delhi) and hardly ever in villages. (2) They often wrote their histories for Sultans in the hope of rich rewards. (3) These authors advised rulers on the need to preserve an "ideal" social order based on birthright and gender distinctions.
The slave dynasty lasted throughout
1206-1210
The accountants were appointed because.....
Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis.
Siri is..
Alauddin constructed a new garrison town named Siri for his soldiers.
Garrison towns were hard to control because.....
Controlling garrison towns in distant Bengal and Sind from Delhi was extremely difficult. Rebellion, war, even bad weather could snap fragile communication routes
Delhi was attacked.....
Delhi was attacked twice, in 1299/1300 and 1302-1303. As a defensive measure, Alauddin Khalji raised a large standing army.
What is the qibla?
During prayer, Muslims stand facing Mecca. In India, this is to the west. This is called the qibla..
in a 'congregational mosque'......
In a "congregational mosque" (masjid-i-jami or jama masjid) Muslims read their prayers (namaz) together. Members of the congregation choose the most respected, learned male as their leader (imam) for the rituals of prayer. He also delivers the sermon (khutba) during the Friday prayer.
how did the the Mongols attack effect the Delhi sultans
Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq's rule. This forced the two rulers to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which posed a huge administrative challenge.
Token currency was made because....
Muhammad Tughluq also paid his soldiers cash salaries. But instead of controlling prices, he used a "token" currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency, but made out of cheap metals, not gold and silver. This cheap currency could also be counterfeited easily
Muhammad Tughluq's administrative measures were...
Muhammad Tughluq's administrative measures were a failure. His campaign into Kashmir was a disaster. He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded his large army. Meanwhile, his administrative measures created complications. The shifting of people to Daulatabad was resented. The raising of taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion.
Why did the Sultan collect more taxes for feeding soldiers ??
Produce from the same area was collected as tax to feed the army. But to meet the expense of maintaining such a large number of soldiers the Sultan levied additional taxes. This coincided with famine in the area
What did Muhammad Tughluq do instead of building garrison towns?
Rather than constructing a new garrison town, the oldest of the four cities of Delhi (Dehli-i Kuhna) was emptied of its residents and the soldie
Who is sher shah sur
Sher Shah Sur (1540-1545) started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun (1530-1540, 1555-1556). Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty. .
Why were Special slaves used for military service
Since they were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them
How were taxes collected?
Some of the old chieftains and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue collectors and assessors.
Mongols invaded in
The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219
Muhammad Tughluq defeated the Mongols by
The Sultanate was attacked in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq's reign. The Mongol army was defeated. Muhammad Tughluq was confident about the strength of his army and his resources to plan an attack on Transoxiana. He, therefore, raised a large standing army.
What was the job of muqtis
The duty of the muqtis was to lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas. In exchange for their military services, the muqtis collected the revenues of their assignments as salary. They also paid their soldiers from these revenues.
What was the focus of the 'internal frontier'
The first set of campaigns along the "internal frontier" of the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and huntergatherers and pastoralists expelled from their habitat.
Hinterlands are
The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.