History Exam

Birds of passage were: a. immigrants who planned on returning to their homeland. b. single women who worked until they got married. c. strikebreakers who were sent in by factory owners. d. stowaways on passenger ships, attempting to immigrate to America. e. immigrants who visited settlement houses for temporary help.

A

During the Progressive era: a. new immigration from southern and eastern Europe reached its peak. b. overall immigration declined dramatically. c. Boston was the main point of entry for European immigrants. d. the vast majority of immigrants came from Ireland. e. all immigration was banned.

A

How did the Civil War come to be remembered by the 1890s as the white North and South moved toward reconciliation? a. As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part. b. As a significant turning point in American economic history, as wage labor won out over slave labor. c. As a monumental political struggle that culminated in the emancipation of 4 million people. d. As a struggle between federal and state rights that redefined the laws of the founding fathers. e. As the climax of the story of slavery that began when the Constitution was signed and was destined to be settled through war.

A

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries? a. Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices. b. They had the ability to advance to managerial positions and from there into the executive boardrooms of big industry. c. They were able to market their skills by training young apprentices in exchange for high fees. d. The ownership and control over their shops and tools made their trades unattractive for industrial competition. e. Skilled workers tended to be more radical and used strikes and violent uprisings to secure better wages.

A

Progressive-era immigration was part of a larger process of worldwide migration set in motion by all of the following forces EXCEPT: a. the annexation of the Philippines. b. industrial expansion. c. the decline of traditional agriculture. d. widespread poverty in rural southern and eastern Europe and parts of Asia. e. political turmoil.

A

The "living wage" and the "American standard of living" were an outgrowth of what? a. A mature consumer economy. b. The powerful influence of labor unions. c. An increasingly diverse society. d. The power of monopolistic corporations. e. An effective nationwide advertising campaign.

A

The Farmers' Alliance hoped to improve American farmers' economic stress by: a. proposing the creation of government-sponsored crop warehouses. b. allocating membership dues to railroad companies who agreed to ship produce at lower rates. c. organizing the boycotting of local banks and local stores selling eastern goods. d. sponsoring Alliance "exchanges" that would pool money for investment in modern farm machinery. e. creating a union for skilled farmers.

A

The Ghost Dance: a. was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites. b. was seen as harmless. c. was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. d. brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration. e. ushered in a new era of Indian wars.

A

The Supreme Court decision United States v. Wong Kim Ark ruled that: a. the Fourteenth Amendment gave Asians born in the United States citizenship. b. San Francisco had to grant licenses to Chinese-operated laundries. c. Chinese merchants were exempt from the Chinese Exclusion Act. d. the federal government had the right to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law. e. Chinese women were forbidden to immigrate to the United States.

A

Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood? a. Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations. b. Local leaders were hostile to federal involvement in territorial affairs and resisted calls for statehood. c. Long-term warfare with native peoples made the establishment of stable communities difficult for white settlers. d. The Mormon and Latino populations in these areas did not grow rapidly enough to reach the requisite numbers for statehood. e. Settlers experienced more difficulty than easterners had moving native peoples off the territory.

A

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: a. availability of capital for investment. b. a growing supply of labor. c. abundant natural resources. d. low tariffs. e. federal land grants to railroads.

D

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller: a. faced no criticism for their business practices. b. led the way in social reform. c. advocated government regulation of business. d. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets. e. were both immigrants.

D

Apart from the racial identity of victims, what typically triggered the lynch violence of southern white mobs? a. The victim's lack of education. b. The victim's parenting style. c. The victim's lack of employment. d. The victim's alleged sexual conduct. e. The victim's northern accent.

D

Chinese immigrants to the West: a. were exclusively single men, particularly after the Civil War. b. concentrated primarily in the Pacific Northwest, where lumber and fishing jobs were plentiful. c. grew to several million in number by the 1890s, due to the absence of federal immigration quotas. d. worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities. e. were exclusively women working as domestics.

D

Critics later interpreted the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the 1896 presidential election in which of the following ways? a. Glenda, the Good Witch, represents candidate William Jennings Bryan, champion of goodness. b. The angry monkeys chasing Dorothy are stand-ins for Republican Party members seeking to trample the rights of workers. c. The Wicked Witch of the East symbolizes oppressive eastern industrialists. d. The Emerald City suggests a green, unspoiled landscape still sought after by western voters. e. The Wizard of Oz represents John D. Rockefeller.

D

During the Progressive era: a. growing numbers of native-born white women worked as domestics. b. most African-American women worked in factories. c. most eastern European immigrant women worked as telephone operators. d. growing numbers of native-born white women worked in offices. e. the number of married women working declined.

D

How did mass consumption in the Progressive era result in new consumer freedoms? a. Farmers in the heartland had more time and money to attend nickelodeon shows. b. Department stores provided city residents with access to electric washing machines and vacuum cleaners. c. Mass-produced radios were able to advertise the availability of new factory products. d. A and B only e. None of the above

D

In the early twentieth century, the Socialist Party advocated for all of the following EXCEPT: a. free college education. b. legislation to improve the condition of laborers. c. public ownership of railroads. d. national health insurance. e. public ownership of factories.

D

Industrial freedom in the Progressive era meant: a. a rise in union activism. b. a loss of personal autonomy for skilled workers working under scientific management. c. a push by corporations for greater worker input in locating factories and distributing profits. d. A and B e. None of the above

D

Newspaper and magazine writers who exposed the ills of industrial and urban life, fueling the Progressive movement, were known as: a. yellow journalists. b. trustees. c. social reformers. d. muckrakers. e. freelancers.

D

The Immigration Restriction League: a. called for increased immigration from Asia. b. was founded by new immigrants. c. wanted to bar immigrants under the age of eighteen. d. wanted to bar immigrants who were illiterate. e. wanted to end all immigration.

D

The second industrial revolution was marked by: a. a return to handmade goods. b. a more equalized distribution of wealth. c. the rapid expansion of industry across the South. d. the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries. e. a decline in the growth of cities.

D

The term "Gilded Age" describes all of the following EXCEPT: a. a period of corruption and corporate domination of politics. b. the years between 1870 and 1890. c. the title of an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley. d. an era where the scramble for wealth benefited all Americans equally. e. the remarkable economic expansion of the time period.

D

What explains the appeal of the Lost Cause mythology for Southern whites in the late nineteenth century? a. It allowed Southerners to engage in denial and believe they never lost the Civil War. b. It downplayed the tensions between the Union and the Confederacy. c. It preserved memory of the Confederacy without the burden of white supremacy. d. It helped southern whites cope with defeat but preserve white supremacy. e. It helped them to pretend that slavery had never really ended.

D

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians? a. To prepare them for reservation life. b. To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers. c. To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations. d. To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term. e. To prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military.

D

Which of the following does NOT describe an effect of U.S. Chinese exclusion policies of the late nineteenth century? a. Chinese discrimination victims sought redress of rights violations through the courts. b. A 2012 Congressional resolution apologized for their exacerbation of racial discrimination. c. In protest, some Chinese refused to carry required identification papers. d. Eastern cities experienced a dramatic increase in Chinese immigration. e. The Chinese Exclusion Act was made permanent in 1902.

D

Which of the following was included in theatrical and dime novel depictions of the American West? a. The role of the federal government in the region's development. b. Labor conflicts in western mines. c. The growth of cities in the Pacific Northwest. d. Amazing feats of skilled horseback riding, roping, and shooting. e. The demise of cattle drives.

D

Which statement about the People's Party is FALSE? a. It emerged from the Farmers' Alliance in the 1890s and claimed to speak for all the "producing classes." b. It embarked on a remarkable effort of community organization and education. c. Its platform of 1892 remains a classic document of American reform, advocating radical ideas of the day such as graduated income tax and increased democracy. d. It emerged as an urban, middle-class vehicle for social, economic, and political reform. e. It sought to rethink the relationship between freedom and government in order to address the crisis of the 1890s.

D

Which was NOT part of the Populist platform? a. A graduated income tax. b. Direct election of U.S. senators. c. Government ownership of railroads. d. Higher tariffs. e. Workers' right to form unions.

D

Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non-Mormon appointee in 1857? a. Brigham Young had advocated for slavery in the trans-Mississippi West. b. Mormons had slaughtered more than 100 settlers in the Mountain Meadows massacre. c. Brigham Young was a known polygamist. d. It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed. e. Under Young, Utah had granted Native Americans equal citizenship.

D

Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age? a. They were consumer products manufactured with new technologies. b. These products catered particularly to the appetites and desires of new immigrants. c. These products were exemplary for the way in which mass consumption raised everyone's living standards. d. These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network. e. These products were examples of how Gilded Age technologies helped develop the sustainable use of materials.

D

Why did workers experience the introduction of scientific management as a loss of freedom? a. Scientific management typically lowered wages. b. Workers had to work longer hours under scientific management. c. Safety conditions worsened when companies introduced scientific management. d. Skilled workers under scientific management had to obey very detailed instructions. e. Foremen tended to drive workers with more brute force under scientific management.

D

Why was "the city" the focus of Progressive politics? a. The mostly urban immigrant populations wielded significant political clout there. b. Populists had largely solved the problems that had plagued rural Americans. c. The overwhelming majority of Americans lived in cities. d. Urban populations experienced the most dramatic growth and the most significant changes. e. Progressives were particularly fond of new urban entertainments like dance halls and nickelodeons.

D

With the Redeemers in power in the South: a. Louisiana became the only state in the Union where white illiteracy rates actually increased. b. convict labor, rented out to private business owners, became a profitable venture for railroad, mining, and lumber companies. c. taxes on white landowners increased in most southern states to raise badly needed revenue for shrinking state budgets. d. A and B e. B and C

D

Working women experienced new freedoms in the Progressive era because: a. young immigrant factory workers gained independence from the traditional control of their fathers. b. employment opened up to married white women. c. wages rose significantly for domestics, factory workers, and office employees. d. A and B only e. shorter working hours gave women the necessary time for study and other pursuits.

D

The impact of the second industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West was: a. dramatic as an agricultural empire grew. b. insignificant. c. concentrated in the cities. d. beneficial to Indians. e. significant only for native-born whites.

A

Most new immigrants who arrived during the early years of the twentieth century: a. learned English immediately. b. planned to remain in the United States temporarily. c. generally earned lower wages in America than in their former homelands. d. dominated skilled and supervisory jobs. e. lived in close-knit communities.

E

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: a. led to an increase in civil rights for Chinese people and Chinese-Americans living in the United States. b. only barred immigration of Chinese women. c. led to the deportation of the 105,000 Chinese people living in the United States in 1882. d. led to a decrease in discrimination and violence against the Chinese. e. was the first time race was used to exclude an entire group of people from entering the United States.

E

The Industrial Workers of the World: a. represented skilled workers only. b. was led by Eugene Debs. c. organized only women workers. d. was a union within the American Federation of Labor. e. advocated a workers' revolution.

E

The Ludlow Massacre was a tragic confrontation between: a. Plains Indians and the U.S. army. b. North Carolina textile workers and the police. c. the IWW and the Massachusetts police. d. New Orleans dockworkers and militia. e. Colorado mine workers and militia.

E

The New South as promoted by Henry Grady: a. signified the widespread economic prosperity in the region. b. promised racial equality between blacks and whites. c. appealed to eastern European immigrants. d. meant higher wages for unskilled workers, regardless of race. e. promised prosperity based on industrial expansion.

E

The severe depression of 1893: a. was quickly over, and the economy was soon booming. b. caused little, if any, hardship. c. affected only factory workers. d. was a period in which labor and capital looked for compromise. e. led to increased conflict between capital and labor.

E

The term "Fordism": a. refers to Henry Ford's invention of the automobile. b. was used by labor unions, who hailed Ford's innovative approach. c. describes an economic system based on limited production of high-end goods. d. refers to Henry Ford's effort to organize workers into a union. e. describes an economic system based on mass production and mass consumption.

E

What brought about a new wave of sympathy for the plight of women in the garment industry in Lawrence, Massachusetts? a. The city had extended maximum working hours for garment workers. b. The police of Lawrence had severely beaten striking women. c. The AFL had negotiated a sham contract for Lawrence's garment factories. d. The police had forced the children of Lawrence to leave town. e. The appearance of malnourished children who had been evacuated from Lawrence shocked the public

E

What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1892)? a. Rockefeller's oil corporation was excessively competitive. b. Standard Oil was overcharging end-consumers of their products. c. Standard Oil was employing more foreigners than Americans. d. Rockefeller's corporation was violating regulations at the New York stock market. e. Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

E

Which statement about the 1896 election is FALSE? a. William McKinley's victory ended the political stalemate that had persisted since 1876. b. The Populist Party declined after the election. c. The election is considered the first modern presidential campaign. d. McKinley's campaign raised millions of dollars compared to Bryan's. e. William Jennings Bryan lost because he supported the gold standard.

E

Which statement about the disenfranchisement of blacks in the South is FALSE? a. White leaders presented disenfranchisement as a "good government" measure. b. Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions meant to eliminate the black vote. c. In passing various laws to restrict blacks from voting, numerous poor and illiterate whites also lost the right to vote in the South. d. The elimination of black and many white voters could not have been accomplished without the approval of the North. e. The Supreme Court upheld the grandfather clause.

E

Why did millions of American farm families migrate westward from 1900 to 1910? a. The demand for skilled labor declined in twenty-one of the nation's largest cities. b. Irrigation technology was successfully implemented in the American Southwest. c. The availability of free land meant more opportunities for commercial farming in the West. d. Population growth on the Atlantic Seaboard made eastern farmland increasingly scarce. e. B and C

E

Why did the Populist movement energize thousands of American women? a. Populist leaders argued for the election of an equal proportion of men and women to political office. b. Talented, reform-minded women organized and strategized for Populism. c. Western Populists supported woman's suffrage. d. A and C e. B and C

E

Blacks owned more land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstruction.

FALSE

Booker T. Washington urged blacks to try to combat segregation and become active in political affairs.

FALSE

By the turn of the century, most Americans still worked for themselves as small-business owners or as farmers.

FALSE

Male farmers experienced the most hardship on the Great Plains, because farm women did not experience long days in the fields.

FALSE

New sexual attitudes during the Progressive age were limited to the radical bohemia of New York's Greenwich Village.

FALSE

The American Federation of Labor was very much like the Knights of Labor.

FALSE

The Chinese in the late-nineteenth-century West rarely resisted exclusion laws for fear of mob violence against them.

FALSE

The Dawes Act was an extension of the treaty system practiced by the American government since the Revolutionary War.

FALSE

The Morrill Land-Grant Act, passed during the Civil War, prohibited mining and railroad companies from continued use of public lands.

FALSE

The Women's Christian Temperance Union was a small but effective organization that won the vote for women in many of the Midwestern states.

FALSE

The ability to buy consumer goods had nothing to do with the Progressive-era union fight for higher wages.

FALSE

The coming of the railroad to the Far West had little to do with the rapid expansion of corporate timber production.

FALSE

The doors were locked at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on the day of the fire because the manager tragically forgot to unlock them when he arrived in the morning.

FALSE

The economy surged forward between 1870 and 1890, bringing prosperity and growth with only minor disruptions.

FALSE

William McKinley championed a government that would help ordinary Americans.

FALSE

The word "Progressivism" came into common use around 1910: a. as a way of describing a loosely defined political movement. b. as an anti-business term. c. denoting a group that appealed only to women. d. as another term for socialism. e. and represented those who advocated revolution.

A

American workers received higher pay than their European counterparts, but their working conditions were more dangerous.

TRUE

Before the Civil War, most Chinese arrivals in the American West were single men, but by the 1870s, Chinese families had begun to arrive.

TRUE

By 1880, a majority of Americans worked in non-farm activities.

TRUE

By 1914, socialism had made such inroads in popularity that the U.S. Congress had a Socialist representative.

TRUE

Chinese demands for equal rights forced the Supreme Court to define the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment.

TRUE

During the Progressive era, the working woman became a symbol of female emancipation.

TRUE

Elk v. Wilkins (1884) agreed with lower court rulings that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not apply to Indians.

TRUE

Like the abolitionist movement before it, the labor movement, in the name of freedom, demanded the right to assemble, organize, and spread its views.

TRUE

Margaret Sanger was sentenced to a month in jail for opening a clinic in Brooklyn that distributed birth-control devices to poor immigrant women.

TRUE

Progressive-era immigration formed part of a larger process of worldwide migration that was set in motion by industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture.

TRUE

Socialism flourished in cities such as Milwaukee and New York during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

TRUE

Some view L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a commentary on the election of 1896 and its aftermath.

TRUE

The Homestead Strike demonstrated that neither a powerful union nor public opinion could influence the conduct of the largest corporations.

TRUE

The Populists made remarkable efforts to unite black and white small farmers on a common political and economic program.

TRUE

The idea for the Statue of Liberty originated as a response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

TRUE

The spread of electricity was essential to industrial and urban growth.

TRUE

Through a network of women's clubs, temperance associations, and social reform organizations, women exerted a growing influence on public affairs.

TRUE

Which of the following statements about mass consumption in the early twentieth century is NOT true? a. Southerners fully participated in the mass-consumption society. b. The promise of mass consumption became the foundation for a new understanding of freedom. c. Urban dwellers purchased goods in department stores and chain stores. d. Rural people purchased goods through mail-order catalogs. e. The new advertising industry often linked goods with the idea of freedom.

A

"New immigrants": a. defined mostly those from China and Japan. b. arrived in large numbers from the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian empires. c. in contrast to "old immigrants," did not arouse the ire of nativists, who saw these newcomers as more willing to work. d. in Boston helped form an "Immigration Restriction League" as a response to Mexican immigrants. e. were welcomed by older immigrants.

B

Asian and Mexican immigrants in the early twentieth century: a. clustered in the South as agricultural workers. b. clustered in the West as agricultural workers. c. were much more welcome than European immigrants. d. were prohibited from entering the United States. e. outnumbered southern and eastern European immigrants.

B

By 1900, in both the North and South: a. history textbooks emphasized Reconstruction's merits. b. the role of black soldiers in ensuring Union victory in the Civil War was all but forgotten. c. history texts portrayed African-Americans as happy in slavery. d. African-Americans had largely solidified the political and economic gains made in Reconstruction. e. B and D

B

By the end of the nineteenth century, African-American men in the South: a. were limited to holding local offices. b. were forced out of politics and passed leadership to female African-American activists. c. continued to hold elective office with no restrictions. d. joined the Democratic Party. e. supported the redrawing of congressional district lines.

B

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America? a. The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time. b. Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods. c. Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns. d. The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available. e. The expansion of trains increased the efficiency of small businesses.

B

How were federal troops used in the Pullman Strike of 1894? a. As moderators between the employees and employers. b. To help suppress the strikers on behalf of the owners. c. They were not used at all. d. As workers themselves, to replace the striking workers. e. As spies, such as an early Federal Bureau of Investigation.

B

Nineteenth-century Americans imagined the "Wild West" as all of the following EXCEPT: a. a distant, timeless place, uncorrupted by civilization. b. isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains. c. a violent frontier recounted through dime novels and prolific newspaper stories. d. a spectacle of adventure as portrayed by vaudeville shows featuring famous battle reenactments and real Indian warriors. e. an uncivilized space that ended at the Rocky mountains.

B

On what grounds did Justice David J. Brewer dissent from the majority opinion in the case of Fong Yue Ting (1893) that authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law? a. He argued that the Chinese were mostly decent and honorable and worthy of Americans' respect. b. Brewer worried that a similar rationale could be used in the future to subvert the rights to due process of other people. c. He explained that Chinese immigrants should be expelled on grounds of the Naturalization Act, not the Fourteenth Amendment. d. He reasoned that the Constitution of the United States had never applied to any group of immigrants. e. He argued that the United States would suffer serious disadvantages in foreign trade and diplomacy under this precedent.

B

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was: a. a more stable economy. b. frequent and prolonged economic depressions. c. higher prices. d. a more equitable distribution of wealth. e. the introduction of socialism.

B

Plessy v. Ferguson: a. was a unanimous decision. b. sanctioned racial segregation. c. voided the Thirteenth Amendment. d. limited the hours that women could legally work. e. was fully supported by Booker T. Washington.

B

The 1894 Pullman Strike: a. ended with the arrival of Coxey's Army, a private security agency hired by George Pullman. b. crippled national rail service and triggered the arrest of union president Eugene V. Debs. c. despite significant violence, resulted in a rare compromise between the American Railway Union and Pullman Sleeping Cars. d. received unexpected support from Attorney General Richard Olney, who believed in the rights of railroad workers to a fair wage. e. led to public disapproval of union president Eugene V. Debs.

B

The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn: a. was typical at the time. b. only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement. c. brought an end to the hostilities. d. came after an unprovoked attack by Indians. e. resulted in no U.S. army casualties.

B

The Triangle Shirtwaist fire: a. was the worst fire in U.S. history. b. brought in its wake much-needed safety legislation. c. destroyed the business, but there were no casualties. d. occurred during the Uprising of the 20,000. e. resulted in laws that banned all manufacturing in New York.

B

The battle for free speech among workers in the early twentieth century: a. was led by the American Federation of Labor. b. was led by the Industrial Workers of the World. c. was not an issue of concern to most workers. d. was insignificant because the courts consistently supported workers' rights to assemble, organize, and spread their views. e. was never successful on the local level.

B

Which institution was hardest hit by the Redeemers once they assumed power in the South? a. Churches. b. Public schools. c. Mental health facilities. d. Jails. e. Sharecropping.

B

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age? a. They wanted to cut each other out from the market. b. They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors. c. They hoped to gather enough capital in a pool in order to buy out their largest and most dangerous competitor. d. They wanted to share their assets in order to maintain liquidity in times of financial panic. e. They were sharing patents for new technologies in the railroad industry.

B

Why did the Socialist Party gain significant political influence during the Progressive era? a. Popular politicians, such as Theodore Roosevelt, spoke about socialism's merits. b. Jewish and other immigrant laborers across the country supported its fight against economic exploitation of workers. c. Party leaders promised working-class Irish voters that the party would not supplant machine politics. d. Socialist Party candidates promised to run exclusively for state and local offices. e. Socialist Party politicians successfully manipulated machine politics.

B

Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality? a. Railroad expansion before the Civil War had eliminated the need for "cattle drives" from Texas. b. Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages. c. By the time of the Civil War, most open-range longhorns had been decimated by disease and harsh winters. d. Clothing such as wide-brimmed hats and boots were twentieth-century inventions of writers and movie producers. e. Many worked as cowboys for a short time before moving on to other employment.

B

William Cody: a. invented a form of public entertainment called vaudeville. b. created a "Wild West" show that toured the United States and Europe. c. was defeated at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. d. never traveled west of the Mississippi River. e. was a colonel in the U.S. army.

B

William Jennings Bryan: a. called for the unrestricted mining of silver. b. angered Populists after giving a fiery convention speech denouncing the "free coinage" of silver. c. failed to win enough support from the Democratic Party as the nominee for president in 1896. d. entered politics late in life, after a successful career as a Methodist minister. e. had a weak presidential campaign after he refused numerous speaking engagements.

B

According to the authors of the Dawes Severalty Act, what constituted a civilized life for Native Americans in the later nineteenth century? a. Skilled work and tenement life in industrial cities. b. A hunting and gathering economy and nomadic lifestyle. c. Individual property ownership and farming on family plots. d. Tribal life and autonomy on the nation's reservations. e. Employment in the tourism industry and public land management.

C

An all-encompassing system of white domination in the South was achieved through: a. barring blacks from ever entering "whites only" railroad cars. b. the mass exodus of over 90 percent of African-Americans to northern cities for work in factories. c. businesses serving whites before blacks. d. A and B e. refusing business to black customers.

C

Bonanza farms: a. were small, self-sufficient farms. b. were the sharecropping farms found in the South. c. typically had thousands of acres of land or more. d. were free homesteads in California. e. were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific.

C

By 1912, the Socialist Party: a. appealed only to immigrants. b. appealed only to industrial workers. c. had elected scores of local officials. d. was concentrated in New York City. e. had yet to elect a member to Congress.

C

Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that the road to woman's freedom lay through: a. higher education. b. holding political office. c. the workplace. d. access to birth control. e. being a wife and mother.

C

How did Populists hope to guarantee farmers inexpensive access to markets for their crops? a. They called on local governments to invest in a better road network. b. They appealed to local banks for affordable loans. c. They called for public ownership of the railroads. d. They tried to train farmers in more efficient farming methods. e. They hoped that technological innovations could speed up road transport.

C

How did black women challenge the racial ideology of the Jim Crow South? a. They formed their own secret militant organization. b. They used their positions in domestic service for sabotage, pilfering, and revenge. c. They insisted on the equal respectability of black women by working for "racial uplift." d. They stressed the supremacy of their men to counter claims that black families lacked patriarchal order. e. African-American women's organizations established gun clubs and shooting ranges to improve their skills at self-defense.

C

How did economic development in Brazil during and after the American Civil War affect the lives of southern cotton farmers? a. Brazilian demand for American cotton created new opportunities for southern cotton growers. b. Poverty and crime in South America triggered a mass migration of cheap farm workers into the American South where they replaced former slaves. c. The expansion of Brazilian cotton cultivation lowered global prices for the crop and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers. d. The expansion of slavery in Brazil in the wake of American emancipation prompted southern farmers to give up cotton cultivation for good. e. Cheap Egyptian cotton allowed southerners to become the consumers of imported textiles.

C

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities? a. Increasing output in the countryside created a new prosperity that allowed rural populations to travel. b. Since the growing agricultural output attracted ever-larger numbers of immigrants to the countryside, the older generations of rural settlers left for the cities. c. Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet. d. New production methods that were at the heart of growing farm productivity alienated many rural folks familiar with traditional farming practices. e. Peasants made such tidy profits in agriculture that they could afford to move to cities.

C

How did nickelodeons reflect a mass-consumption society in the Progressive era? a. Amusement parks and dance halls had lost considerable popularity by this time. b. Nickelodeons offered elite theatergoers a highbrow alternative to vaudeville shows. c. Nickelodeons offered a popular and less expensive leisure activity for urban residents. d. Nickelodeon shows quickly became widely available, thus providing entertainment to small-town residents. e. Nickelodeons were popular in rural communities where people could not attend vaudeville shows.

C

How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West? a. Aboriginals were gathered together into centralized areas set aside by the government. b. White diseases decimated Aboriginals. c. Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites. d. Aboriginals were subject to cultural reconstruction. e. Aboriginals were well compensated for their land.

C

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis: a. highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution. b. discussed the lives of wealthy Americans. c. focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums. d. provided a fictional account of life in 1890. e. wrote about captains of industry.

C

In the first decade of the twentieth century, American farm communities: a. did not experience the economic growth seen in cities. b. had not yet recovered from the effects of falling prices in the previous century. c. entered a "golden age" because of rising urban demand for farm goods. d. did not benefit from the new mass-consumer society. e. experienced limited economic growth.

C

Labor agents: a. negotiated on behalf of immigrants for fair labor contracts. b. recruited Chinese, Mexican, and Italian immigrants to work in Angel Island's fruit and vegetable fields. c. provided American employers with workers who signed long-term labor contracts. d. were seen as champions of free labor. e. focused on short-term labor contracts.

C

Republican presidential candidate William McKinley: a. was a stage actor of some renown. b. ran for president in 1896 on the free silver platform. c. argued in favor of the gold standard. d. lost to Bryan in 1896. e. was especially popular in the South.

C

The "Kansas Exodus" meant all of the following EXCEPT: a. hope for blacks to escape racial violence in the South. b. the migration of 40,000 to 60,000 African-Americans to Kansas. c. the eventual return of most black migrants to the South. d. the possibility of political equality, access to education, and economic opportunity was worth a long journey west for many African-Americans. e. many African-Americans stayed in Kansas because they did not have the means to travel farther.

C

The Progressive movement drew its strength from: a. big business. b. farmers. c. middle-class reformers. d. military leaders. e. socialists.

C

What did Native Americans have in common with the Zulu of South Africa and the aboriginal people in Australia? a. They belonged to some of the most ancient agricultural civilizations in the world. b. They all looked to central governments for protection and assistance in their struggle against white supremacist settlers. c. They found themselves pushed aside by centralizing government trying to control large interior regions. d. They all saw themselves pulled into the vicious debt cycle that accompanied cotton sharecropping. e. Both groups saw such little chance at advancing in civil rights that they resorted to emigration.

C

Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of corporations on the American West? a. Scientific mining techniques introduced by corporate engineers displaced independent prospectors. b. Lumber companies decimated coastal forests, inspiring the twentieth-century conservation movement. c. Urban populations in California declined as people moved to the centers of agricultural production. d. Communal landholdings in New Mexico were taken over by commercial farmers and ranchers. e. The necessary investments were beyond the means of the average farmer.

C

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the significance of the 1892 strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania? a. The strikers' defeat spelled the end of future union organization by skilled industrial workers. b. Press scrutiny of the strike sent stock prices up for Carnegie Steel Company, suggesting that "all press is good press" for corporate owners. c. It demonstrated the enormous power of large corporations and reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance. d. Public outcry over the involvement of the state militia in crushing the strike prompted the resignation of Pennsylvania's governor. e. The outcome made Americans look more violent than their British counterparts.

C

Which statement about the textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912 is FALSE? a. The strike demonstrated that workers sought the opportunity to enjoy the finer things in life. b. The strike was in response to a reduction in weekly wages. c. The strikers asked the American Federation of Labor for assistance. d. Children of the striking workers publicly marched up New York's Fifth Avenue. e. The strike was settled on the workers' terms.

C

Why did Samuel Gompers seek to forge closer ties with forward-looking corporate leaders? a. He wanted to establish employer-financed health care. b. He wanted to work his way into circles of political influence. c. He wanted to stabilize employer-employee relations. d. He hoped to win their support for the nationalization of large industries. e. He wanted to explore his own new personal business opportunities.

C

Why did the South fail to attract significant economic development in the wake of Reconstruction? a. Northern investors stayed away, appalled by southern race relations. b. Northerners considered a South without African-Americans in chains too risky for investment. c. Investors came to the South for cheap labor and low taxes, so they made few capital investments in the region. d. Southern white supremacists tended to scare off northern capital industries. e. Southern Klansmen scared away many interested investors.

C

Why was William Tweed so popular with the city's immigrant poor? a. He was willing to speak truth to power. b. He fought hard for more liberal immigration laws. c. He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes. d. He uncovered much of the corruption in the city of New York and introduced crucial political reforms. e. He himself was a recent immigrant with roots in German proto-socialist movements.

C

The Plains Indians: a. were completely responsible for the near extinction of the buffalo. b. had lived in peace until the Civil War. c. encouraged the influx of white settlers. d. included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux. e. were treated fairly by the federal government.

D

By 1890, the majority of Americans: a. worked as farmers. b. worked as independent craftsmen. c. worked in the mining industry. d. were moving into the middle class. e. worked for wages.

E

Chief Joseph: a. advocated greater federal control of Indians. b. starred in a Wild West show. c. was at the Little Bighorn. d. supported the reservation system. e. wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

E

The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was: a. Henry George. b. Theodore Dreiser. c. Upton Sinclair. d. Ida Tarbell. e. Lincoln Steffens.

C

Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT: a. high freight rates charged by railroads. b. excessive interest rates for loans from bankers. c. the high tariff policies of the federal government. d. the fiscal policy that reduced the supply of money in the economy. e. the free and unlimited coinage of silver.

E

Thomas Edison: a. invented the typewriter. b. was a governor of New Jersey. c. pioneered the use of the telephone. d. was a railroad owner. e. invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

E

After the 1896 election, voter participation began a steady downhill trend that continues to this day.

TRUE

Both Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller amassed huge fortunes through vertical integration.

TRUE

In 1896, in the landmark decision of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court gave its approval of state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites.

TRUE

In 1912, the socialist weekly newspaper Appeal to Reason was the largest paper in the country.

TRUE

John Wesley Powell warned that the western region's arid land would require large-scale irrigation projects and cooperative, communal farming to prosper.

TRUE

One particularly influential muckraker was Ida Tarbell, whose book The History of the Standard Oil Company appeared in 1904.

TRUE

An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is: a. Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball. b. an immigrant's purchase of bread. c. the free services handed out by social reformers. d. John D. Rockefeller's purchase of a competing company. e. the social welfare services of European nations like Germany.

A

Artists captured the transformation of urban landscapes in the Progressive era through all of the following EXCEPT: a. photographs of theaters. b. paintings of crowded bars. c. photographs of electric lights and skyscrapers. d. the Hudson River school. e. paintings of street life.

A

Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate? a. Unlike Europeans, Chinese immigrants were too poor to send letters or money home to relatives. b. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, most Chinese immigrants were unable to find additional work and returned to China. c. Chinese immigrants rarely worked in western mines after the Civil War, thanks to Anglo resentment and the lack of demand for cheap labor. d. By 1880, three-fourths of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms. e. Most women migrated east via the transcontinental railroad to work as domestics.

D

Which statement about the American Federation of Labor in the early twentieth century is FALSE? a. The AFL represented skilled workers only. b. AFL membership tripled between 1900 and 1904. c. The AFL forged closer ties with corporate leaders to stabilize employee relations. d. The AFL established pension plans for long-term workers. e. The AFL proposed an overthrow of the capitalist system.

E

Charlotte Perkins Gilman argued that economic independence for women did not necessarily mean a change in the home and family relationships.

FALSE

Compared with the American Federation of Labor, the Industrial Workers of the World union was conservative for its day.

FALSE

Education flourished in the South, with approximately one black high school for each county by 1900.

FALSE

Henry Ford paid his employees five dollars a day because he wished to avoid strikes at his factory.

FALSE

Louis Brandeis was an enemy of the labor movement and led the Supreme Court in its many pro-business decisions.

FALSE

Most nineteenth-century Indians were willing to assimilate and give up their tribal identity for citizenship.

FALSE

New immigrants were welcomed and treated with respect because their labor was desperately needed in the cities.

FALSE