History Exam 2

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

· Identify the Central Powers in World War I.

Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

Informal Empire

The growing presence of Europeans in Africa during the first decades of the nineteenth century

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Romanticism Characteristics

-interest in the common man and childhood -strong senses, emotions, and feelings -awe of nature -celebration of the individual -importance of imagination

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Boers

Afrikaner frontier farmers in South Africa

· Describe the circumstances which led to the Boxer Rebellion. How did the international community respond to these circumstances? What happened to China following the end of this conflict?

Began as a rebellion against the regime of Empress Cixi She turned into a movement to drive Westerners out of China Chinese forces were poorly organized and were eventually defeated by an international military force that included European nations and the U.S.

German Unification

Bismark used 3 wars between 1864 and 1871 to unite the various German populations.

Gin & Tonic

British nationals that needed to take daily doses to prevent malaria.

Lustitania

British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in May 1915; the deaths of 128 Americans on board contributed to U.S. entry into World War I.

· By 1800 to which port were British traders restricted in China?

Canton

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.

Allies of World War I

Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917.

Liberalism (19th century)

Concerned with individual's rights and freedom from state power

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

· Identify and explain three factors discussed in class which contributed to the Taiping Rebellion.

Discontent with government officials Problems of overpopulation Appeal of Taiping economic reforms Ineffectiveness of Qing military

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Klemmens von Metternich

Headed the Congress of Vienna

· Briefly discuss the emerging political powers of the middle class in Great Britain. (Pay particular attention to the changes in the House of Commons)

In Great Britain voting reform greatly increased the power of the working classes in the House of Commons Reform gave the middle classes more of a voice in national affairs Later voting rights extended to those without property

Caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Indian National Congress

Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Open Door Notes

Message sent by John Hay to other countries to protect U.S. trading rights in China

· Identify and briefly explain the so-called "remote" causes of World War I.

Nationalism Militarism International imperialism Suspicion among the major powers

Peninsulares

People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain.

Dual Revolution Theory

Political revolutions resulted in democratic states devoted to freedom and equality Economic revolution occurred too, tearing down the old privileged classes of Europe

Marxist Theory

Predicted a class between the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) Believed the proletariat would win

Peace without victory

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

Consequences of 1848 Revolutions

Prussia-German liberals were defeated, conservative governments stayed in power Austria-under Franz Joseph (r. 1848-1916) Austria became an absolutist state o The revolts in Italy established nine states.

Outcome of Crimean War

Russia lost

Congress of Vienna

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain

· Based on our discussions in class, what is the historical significance of the First Opium War?

Some historians see the Opium War as the beginning of modern Chinese history Chinese still refused to consider adopting Western technology Still viewed foreigners as barbarians

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Czar Alexander II

The Czar who was defeated in the Crimean War in 1856, made serious reforms in Russia to try and catch up with Europe including "freeing" serfs o local government reforms, the judicial reform, the abolition of corporal punishment, the reform of the military, public education, censorship and others

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Empress Cixi (China)

The dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion; helped to modernize China

· How did members of this group attempt to distinguish themselves from members of the working class?

o With education

Great Mutiny/Great Revolt

The terms used by the British and the Indians to describe the last armed resistance to British rule in India, which occurred in 1857

· What was the goal of the Meiji Restoration? Was the movement successful? Explain your answer.

This was designed to restore power to the emperor, who was known as the Meiji emperor The emperor was only a young boy and real political power remained in the hands of the men who restored him

Sphere of Influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

Camillo di Cavour

known for leading Italian unification, he was named prime minister of Sardinia in 1852. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858

Open Door Policy

o Allowed the expansion of markets

· Which event that led to a dispute between Austria-Hungry and Serbia in 1914 is considered to be the so-called "proximate" cause of World War I?

o Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie of Austria-Hungry

Which nations were created as a result of World War I?

o Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

· Which two European powers joined forces in the Second Opium War? Identify and explain three major outcomes of the treaties of Tajin.

o British and French. o Tajin allowed nations to maintain envoys in Beijing, travel to Chinese interior, legalized opium, and allowed Christian missionaries to operate in China

Social Darwinism in Africa

o By extending their arguments to address entire nations, some social Darwinists justified imperialism on the basis that the imperial powers were naturally superior and their control over other nations was in the best interest of human evolution.

· Identify and explain three major outcomes of the Taiping Rebellion

o Captured city of Nanjing o Attempted to create a utopian society o Held Nanjing for over 10 years before being overthrown by military forces organized by China

· Identify and explain two ways that most historians today believe imperialism impacted China.

o Caused distortions in local economy o Thwarting the rise of a local industrial and commercial sector in order to maintain colonies as markets for Western manufactured goods and sources of cheap labor and materials.

· Identify and explain the major outcomes of the Treaty of Nanjing which ended the First Opium War.

o China forced to open five ports o China lost control of Hong Kong o China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain o Granted extraterritoriality to British citizens

· Examine the goals of European imperialism before 1800.

o Christianization o Trade for goods : spices, silk, porcelain.

The 1848 revolution in France resulted in

o Created Second Republic The reforms put in place by the French government included the overthrow of the monarchy. There would then be a provisional government, and a new constitution would be established. With the Second Republic being established, there would be a single legislature elected to a three year terms by universal male suffrage. There would also be a president, who would also be elected by universal male suffrage for a four-year term.

Mexico in the 19th Century

o Dominated by landed elites o Land owners controlled courts and governments o Controlled massive estates used for export crops like coffee o Overwhelming majority of the population lived in grinding poverty.

Identify and explain the agricultural changes discussed in class which were essential to industrial development.

o Enclosure private land owners were allowed to work their fields independently o Imposed by a series of Enclosure Acts passed by Parliament between 1750 and 1860 o Enclosure led to increased agricultural production

Which two nations surpassed Great Britain to take the lead in the Second Industrial Revolution?

o Germany o United States

· According to the Treaty of Versailles which nation was solely responsible for World War I? Identify the important consequences of this treaty.

o Germany. They have to pay reparations for the war, Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 men, cut back its navy, and eliminate its air force.

· Identify and explain two major reforms introduced by Muhammad Ali in Egypt.

o He modernized the army, set up a public education system, and sponsored the created of a small industrial sector producing refines sugar, textiles, munitions, and ships.

· Identify and explain at least two factors which contributed to increased economic success in the late nineteenth century.

o Increase in economy, creating the middle class, urbanization and industrialization, formed trade unions, people called for voice in the government

· Which side was victorious in the Sino-Japanese War? How did the outcome of this conflict reflect the changing relations between China and Japan?

o Japan won. o Showed that Qing dynasty failed to modernize its military

· List and explain three reasons which initially limited European exploration of the interior of Africa.

o Lack of necessities, tropical diseases, and geographic barriers

· How did the British government respond to Chinese efforts to limit the opium trade?

o Launched a naval campaign against the Qing gov. and ultimately started the Opium war

Porfirio Diaz

o Led significant economic reforms o Led country as a dictator, despite claiming Mexico was a republic o Administration known for its corruption and allowing foreigner powers to exploit Mexico

· Why was the China trade challenging for the British? Which trade good did the British rely on to even out the trade imbalance with China?

o Limited to one port, disliked restrictions, trade imbalance over tea, they relied on opium

mental consequences of World War I?

o Loss of faith in political leaders o Skepticism toward authority o End of "religion of science and progress"

How did the development of the railroads impact the Industrial Revolution?

o Made transportation of good cheaper o Made travel easier and less expensive

· Describe the state of women's rights in Canada at the beginning of the nineteenth century. As the century progressed, what kind of gains did women make in terms of economic, social, and political rights?

o Mainly economically dependent, largely defined by family and household roles. Marriage was viewed as the only honorable career for a woman. They gained the right to divorce, the right to vote, and the right to education

· What social groups came to make up the industrial middle class in the late nineteenth century?

o People who constructed the factories, purchased machines, and figured out where the markets were

· What impact did the introduction of opium have on the Chinese population? How did Chinese official try to limit the influence of this drug?

o Public health issues. o Appealed directly to Queen Victoria o Arrested dealers o Penalized smokers o Seized supplies from importers

putting-out system vs. factory system

o Putting out system - people produced items in their homes. Individual would provide materials and pick up the goods for sale. Workers received pay on a piecework basis o Factory system - workers were gathered under a single roof with managerial oversignt. Pay was set on a fixed scale. Workers lost much of the control they enjoyed in the other system

Identify and explain three social and/or economic problems emerged as populations became increasingly urbanized?

o Quickly spreading disease o Waste disposal and sanitation o Overcrowding

How was France treated following the Congress of Vienna and why did other nations choose this approach?

o Re-establishment of 1792 boundaries o No war reparations

· Identify and explain three major reforms enacted by Wilford Laurier as prime minister of Canada.

o Resolved issues of separate schools between English and French o Reconcile Canada's two major groups o Industrialization boomed, and many immigrants moved to Canada

· Examine the concepts of assimilation and association. How are these concepts different and where were they applied?

o The French British and US were all assimilation § Assimilation - effort to transform colonial societies in the Western image § Association - collaboration with local elites while leaving local traditions alone

· What was the United States initial reaction to World War I? How did the Bolshevik Revolution change America's policy regarding the war?

o The US was not initially involving themselves until Germany sunk one of their ships

· How did Britain respond to an Egyptian army revolt in 1881? What impact did this have on the political future of Egypt?

o They established an informal protectorate that would last until WWI. o The Turkish rule was weakened and ultimately only 2 states were under Turkish rule

· What societal factors caused Latin America to struggle with social reform?

o They lacked a strong middle class, homogenous population, experience in self-government.

· Identity two of the factors which account for the difference in Japan's response to the West when compared to China.

o Unlike China, Japan relied very little on foreign capital. o Japan did not fear cultural change in terms of its effect on their national identity.

· List and explain five reasons Europeans entered Africa during the nineteenth century.

o Until about 1800 Europeans had little interest in exploring Africa o Humanitarian o British banned the slave trade in 1808 o Colonies were established to enforce the ban o Religious o Missionaries wanted to convert Africans to Christianity o Curiosity o African interior remained one of the few unexplored areas in the world o Profit o Africa could provide raw materials and markets for finished goods o Nationalism

List and explain three prerequisites for industrial development.

o Upsurge in world trade o Rising population o Increased flow of money o Experienced managers and entrepreneurs

· What were the goals of the so-called New Imperialism? In what ways was the Industrial Revolution a driving force behind this movement?

o Wanted access to markets o Needed raw materials o Driven by Industrial Revolution o Seen as critical to national survival. o Colonialism as a force for good

· Briefly identify and explain the parts of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as described in the power point.

o Wilson wanted freedom of the seas, lowering trade barriers, abolition of secret treaties, freedom for oppressed minorities, and the League of Nations. o Europeans wanted revenge

Identify and briefly explain two reasons employers used child labor during the Industrial Revolution. Identify and describe two jobs in which children were employed.

o because they naturally smaller and could fit into tighter spaces. o they could be paid less o working on machines in factories, selling newspapers on street corners, breaking up coal at the coal mines, and as chimney sweeps.

Geographical Features that let Great Britain dominate 1st Industrial Revolution

o • The English climate was good for textile production. • There were plenty of natural resources, such as iron and coal. • The separation from the European continent kept England out of wars. o Government: • Internal trade was encouraged. • The population was allowed to relocate. • The government helped build canals, roads and railways. o Social Factors: • British society was less rigid than other European countries. • People could easily relocate to different areas in Britain.

Mestizos

people of Native American and European descent

Balance of Power Theory

the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

What was the purpose of the British Factory Acts of 1819 and 1833?

to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible. The basic act was as follows: No child workers under 9 years of age.