History Exam Semester 3
What did the courts create?
A body of common law, or law that was the same throughout the whole kingdom. Common law helped unite England by replacing laws that differed from palace to place.
What was Parliament?
A group of lords, church leaders, knights, and townspeople became known as Parliament. It was divided into two groups, an upper house and lower house.
What happened in 1066?
A noble named Harold Godwinson claimed the English throne. In France, a relative of the Anglo-Saxon kings, William, Duke of Normany, said that he, not Harold was the rightful king of England. William defeated Harold in the Battle of Hastings and was crowned king of England and became known as William the Conqueror.
What type of land is Europe?
A peninsula.
What is feudalism?
A political, economic and social system based on loyalty and military service.
How did a vassal help his lord and a lord help his vassal?
A vassal would help his lord in battle, in exchange, a lord gave his vassal land or fief.
What happened during the First Crusade?
Christian armies took control of Jerusalem and the surrounding lands in 1099
Where did the Angles and Saxons settle?
England and Germany.
What caused feudalism?
Fall of Charlemagne's empire, invaders sweeping through Europe, and people turning to nobles for protection.
What was the Estates General?
Formed by Philip IV-had representatives from all 3 groups of people: clergy, nobles and townspeople.
Where did they settle?
France and western Germany.
What did William do to decide taxes?
He carried out the first census since Roman times. Every person, and farm animal in England was counted and recorded in the Domesday Book.
What were Charlemagne's accomplishments?
He encouraged a revival of learning within his empire, he reunited large areas of the Western Roman Empire.
What did Charles Martel do in order to restore order and strengthen Catholic Christianity in the lands of the old Western Roman Empire?
He halted the spread of Islam. In 732, he defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Islam which ensured that Christianity would remain Western Europe's major religion.
Who was King Henry II and what did he do?
He ruled England, most of Wales, and Ireland from 1154 to 1189. He set up a central royal court with lawyers and judges. Circuit judges, who traveled across the country to hear cases brought the king's law to all parts of England.
What did William do to stop the Anglo-Saxon revolts?
He seized the land of Anglo-Saxon nobles and divided it among his Norman knights.
What else did Henry set up?
He set up juries of citizens to settle disputes. Traveling circuit judges with a grand jury (a group of citizens that meets to decide whether people should be accused of a crime). Next came a trial jury (a group of citizens that decides whether an accused person is innocent or guilty) to decide whether a person was innocent or guilty.
Who was King John?
He was a horrible king who ruled in 1199. He increased taxes in England and punished his enemies without trial
Who was Edward I and what did he do?
He was the king of England in the late 1200s. He increased the authority of his council.
How and when did the Roman empire end?
In 467 A.D., Germanic groups overthrew the last emperor in Rome and brought the Empire to an end.
What was the relationship between the pope and Charlemagne?
In 800, Charlemagne came to Rome and defended the pope against unruly Roman nobles. On Christmas day, Charlemagne was worshipping at the church of St. Peter in Rome. After the service, the pope placed a crown on Charlemagne's head and declared him the new Roman emperor.
How were the Magyars defeated?
In 936, Duke Otto of Saxony was elected king of Germany Otto became a powerful ruler. Germanic forces defeated the Magyars and freed the pope and from the control of Roman nobles.
Who drove the Mongols out of Moscow and Russian territory?
Ivan III in 1480.
How was Moscow important during Mongol rule?
Many Slavs moved north from Kiev and built settlements in that area that is now Russia. The rulers of Moscow learned to cooperate with the Mongols. In return, the Mongols gave them the right to collect taxes from other Slav territories. If a territory could not provide soldiers or tax money, Moscow's rulers took control of it. In this way, Moscow was able to gradually expand its territory.
What happened in 1240?
Mongal warriors from Central Asia conquered Kievan Rus. The Slavic city of Novgorod was the only major city to be spared attack by the Mongols. In 1240, Novgorod forced led by a prince named Alexander Nevsky defeated these invaders.
What were the contributions of monks and nuns?
Monks and monasteries provided schools and hospitals. They taught carpentry and weaving, and they developed improvements in farming. Many monks copied Christian writings as well. They also made illuminations, which are manuscripts decorated with beautiful lettering and miniature religious paintings. Monks lived in communities headed by abbots.
Which country got influenced by Roman ways and which countries weren't that influenced?
Most people in Italy and Spain were influenced, while in Britain it was very weak.
What happened in 1302?
Phillip IV wanted to raise taxes to pay for his wars. He gained approval for this plan from representatives of the three estates, or classes, of French society.
What conflict happened in 1073?
Pope Gregory VII declared that only the pope had the power to appoint high-ranking Church officials. Pope Gregory's order angered Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor. For many years, the Holy Roman emperor had chosen bishops in Germany. Gregory then declared that Henry was no longer emperor and excommunicated him. When the German nobles supported the pope, Henry changed his mind. He traveled to Italy and begged the pope for forgiveness. Gregory forgave Henry, but the German nobles chose a new emperor. When Gregory accepted the new emperor seized Rome and named a new pope.
Name 3 mountains and 4 rivers in Europe.
Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians. Rhine, Danube, Seine, and Po.
Why did the Vikings dependent on raiding and the sea?
Scandinavia had little farmland.
Where did the Visigoths settle?
Spain, Italy, France, Byzantine, near Constantinople.
Who was the strongest Germanic group?
The Franks
What was the Magna Carta?
The Magna Carta placed limits on the king's power: The king could collect taxes only if a group of nobles called the Great Council agreed. It also forced the king to uphold the rights of freemen, including the right to fair trials by jury. It relied on the feudal idea that the king and his noble vassals both had certain rights and duties.
Who invaded Europe after the fall of Charlemagne's empire and where did they invade?
The Muslims (raided France and Italy), the Magyars (from Hungary raided eastern parts of France and Italy), and the Vikings (launched rads from their homeland in Scandinavia).
What happened during the Second Crusade?
The Muslims easily defeated the Europeans.
What happened during the Third Crusade?
The crusade was a failure. But, they made a few gains. By the end of the century, the Muslims had- regained all the land conquered by the crusaders.
What happened in the 800s?
The eastern Slavs began to expand the city of Kiev. The medieval state of Kievan Rus grew wealthy from its river trade with Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire.
How was this conflict solved?
The struggle continued until 1122 when a new German king and a new pope agreed that only the pope could choose bishops, but only the king or emperor could give them government posts. This agreement, called the Concordat of Worms, was signed in the German city of Worms.
How did rivers play an important role in Europe's growth?
These rivers are navigable, or wide and deep enough for ships to use. People and goods can sail easily from inland areas to the open sea and, from there, to other parts of the world.
What did the nobles do about King John?
They forced him to put his seal on a document called the Magna Carta (or Great Charter).
How were castles in the Middle Ages built?
They had two parts. The first was a motte (steep sided hill) the second part was the bailey, an open space next to the motte.
Why did Western Europeans go on crusades?
To free the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks
Why did Clovis become a Christian?
To gain the support of the church in Rome
What conflict happened in 1100s that kept going until the 1800s.
Two important emperors named Frederick I and Frederick II, tried to bring Germany and Italy under a strong central government. The popes did not want the emperor to control them so they joined with Italy's cities to resist the emperors' forces.
What happened in the late 800s?
Vikings from Scandinavia attacked Britain, where the Anglo-Saxons had founded many small kingdoms. King Alfred of Wessex, later known as Alfred the Great, united the Anglo-Saxons and halted the Viking advance.
What was the code of chivalry?
a moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of Chivalrous conduct - qualities idealized by the Medieval knights such as bravery, courtesy, honor and great gallantry toward women.
How did knights train for war?
fighting each other in tournaments