history final final
(Q021) The Homestead Act
took effect on January 1, 1863, and offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West.
Which of the following defines republican motherhood?
training sons to be future citizens
Between 1848 and 1860, American trade with China
tripled
(Q037) The prevalence of plantation slavery kept the South from matching northern rates of immigration, industrial development, and urban growth.
true
(Q041) Although denied the ballot, women found a voice in the public sphere during the 1820s and 1830s.
true
(Q044) The Bill of Rights was a concession offered by the Federalists to overcome widespread fears of a despotic national government.
true
(Q046) By 1860, the economic investment represented by the slave population exceeded the value of the nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined. Group of answer choices
true
(Q063) During the market revolution, the emergence of organized political parties spurred newspaper publication.
true
(Q069) The same American leaders of democracy who hailed the French Revolution as a step in the universal progress of liberty reacted in horror against the Haitian Revolution.
true
In the Compromise of 1850,
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
What does this image reveal about social and economic changes that occurred during the Civil War?
-Both men and women worked in the factories of the North, performing essential war work
Abraham Lincoln's path to emancipation was gradual and incremental. Place the following initiatives in order, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation.
1. Lincoln rescinded General Fremont's proclamation freeing slaves in Missouri 2. Congress prohibited the army from returning fugitive slaves 3. Lincoln championed colonization. 4. Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
Place the following battles in chronological order to show the progression of the Civil War.
1.the Battle of Bull Run 2.the Seven Days' Campaign 3.the second Battle of Bull run 4.the Battle of Antietam
In 1776, the slave population of the United States was
20 percent
Population in the North was 22 million in 1860, while the white population of the South in 1860 was
5.5 million.
(Q024) Which of the following was part of women's changing role in the first half of nineteenth-century America?
A woman's role was to shelter her husband from a competitive marketplace.
(Q011) Most of the labor in building the public buildings of the national government in Washington, D.C., was done by
African-American slaves.
(Q008) Which of the following was a mounting source of concern over the effects of the market revolution
America's failure to attract many newcomers from Europe
(Q003) Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
American System program; "Tariff of Abominations"; veto of Second Bank recharter
(Q053) Government involvement in the economy decreased during the Civil War.
False
The Constitution embodies three basic political principles: federalism, anti-federalism, and the system of checks and balances.
False
(Q019) America's first black newspaper was called
Freedom's Journal.
(Q018) In the XYZ affair of 1797,
French officials presented American diplomats with a demand for bribes.
The ruler of Great Britain during the time of the American Revolution was
George III.
The leading promoter of the Great Awakening was
George Whitefield
(Q033) Between 1840 and 1860, most immigrants entering the United States were from what two countries?
Germany and Ireland
(Q015) Which of the following is a true statement about Jackson's political beliefs?
He felt African-Americans should either remain as slaves or be freed and sent abroad.
As the Civil War progressed, it heightened existing social tensions and created new ones. Complete the following statement about a series of riots in the summer of 1863.
In July 1863, an angry mob in New York City, many of whom were Irish immigrants, rioted for five days. The riots, originally launched as an attempt to obstruct the draft, eventually escalated into an assault on the city's black population. By the time the uprising was quelled, more than 100 people had died.
Analyze the following sketch from a Richmond, Virginia, cartoonist, done in April 1861, and then complete the following statement.
In this cartoon, the cat, depicted as Abraham Lincoln, seeks to catch the mice, representing the seceded states, whereas the rat, symbolizing the Union lies dead, underscoring the futile effort to hold the nation together.
(Q031) In Johnson v. M'Intosh, the Supreme Court proclaimed that
Indians were not in fact owners of their land, but merely had a "right of occupancy."
Which of the following groups was a major target of the New York City draft riots?
Irish immigrants
(Q038) To prevent them from being seized by British vessels and "impressed" into the British Navy, Congress in 1790 granted citizenship to
black sailors.
(Q034) Pet banks were created when
both houses of Congress approved the president's appointment for a new pet bank, which handled more gold and silver than paper money.
(Q018) The idea of "perfectionism" was the view that
both individuals and society at large can be capable of indefinite improvement.
The U.S. Constitution provides that the president is to be elected
by an electoral college.
(Q030) The Tariff of 1816 protected goods produced in the United States, especially
cheap cotton textiles.
Thomas Jefferson wrote that he hoped to erect a "wall of separation" between
church and state
Select on the map the areas where Union forces gained success in 1863.
click on the blue cross-marks
(Q030) The largest effort at educational institution building before the Civil War came in the movement to establish
common schools.
(Q008) Robert Owen's utopian society promoted this idea to allow workers to receive the full value of their labor.
communitarianism
(Q004) Which of the following groups was a major target of the New York City draft riots?
conscription officers
Northern Republicans labeled those opposed to the war Diamondbacks. Copperheads. Blacklegs .Cottonmouths.
copperheads
(Q012) What 1793 invention spurred the rise of the Cotton Kingdom and fueled demand for slaves?
cotton gin
(Q030) The linchpin of southern development and the South's most important export was
cotton.
(Q033) According to Pauline Davis in 1853, to emancipate women from "bondage," women must
go to work outside the home.
What was one outcome of France's military assistance to the United States during the American Revolutionary War?
inclusion of Catholics in the nation after the war
(Q029) The government-sponsored construction of roads and canals in the early 1800s later deemed unconstitutional was called
internal improvements.
(Q027) The U.S. Constitution
is a purely secular document that contains no reference to God and bars tests for federal officeholders
The U.S. Constitution
is a purely secular document that contains no reference to God and bars tests for federal officeholders.
Following the Proclamation of 1763,
its ordinances were ignored and officials covered their involvement in land grabs
(Q012) "Impressment" as practiced by the British was
kidnapping sailors
Which of the following was a course adopted by African-Americans to advance the cause of emancipation during the revolutionary era?
lawsuits challenging the legality of slavery
(Q030) Nat Turner
led an 1831 slave uprising in Virginia, killing about sixty whites.
(Q016) The Second Confiscation Act
liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines.
The Second Confiscation Act
liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines.
The expansionist spirit of the early nineteenth century that God intended the American nation to reach all the way to the Pacific Ocean was called
manifest destiny.
(Q034) To what degree did new arriving immigrants contribute to U.S. population growth between 1790 and 1830?
marginally
The tactics of American resistance to British colonial policy from the mid-1760s through the mid-1770s included
mass demonstrations in the port towns.
(Q010) "Gentlemen of property and standing" were
merchants with close commercial ties to the South.
(Q016) In the aftermath of the War of 1812, Americans tended to view Canadians as
monarchial and lacking in an understanding of liberty.
(Q027) Dorothea Dix, a Massachusetts school teacher, was the leading proponent of
more humane treatment of the insane.
(Q036) This religion started after its leader claimed to have been led by an angel to a set of golden plates covered with strange writing, which he translated and later published.
mormonism
As a result of the Seven Years' War, a large number of French residents in Nova Scotia
moved to Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns
According to the video, how were the outcomes of the gold rushes in California and Australia similar?
not an outcome of the gold rushPress Space to open Correct label:Immigrant populations were able to improve their social standing because of the wealth acquired quickly during these gold rushes. outcome of the gold rushPress Space to open Correct label:The diverse populations of gold rush towns resulted in racial tensions. Correct label:They led to the massive influx of people from all over the world to Australia and California.
The Homestead Act
offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West.
(Q012) By the eve of the Civil War, free blacks in the South were allowed to own
property.
When Texas declared itself independent of Mexico, its new constitution
protected slavery even though Mexico had earlier abolished slavery.
(Q023) In James Madison's view in The Federalist, the "first object of government" is
protection of property rights.
(Q007) Which of the following was an area of public activism open to women during the 1830s and 1840s?
public meetings
(Q010) In the mid-1800s, this concept had replaced class as the boundary between those American men who were entitled to enjoy political freedom and those who were not.
race
(Q040) The Alien Act of 1798 reflected fear of immigrants possessing
radical political views.
The Civil War is sometimes called "the first modern war" because it used weapons and other technological advances of the industrial revolution. Which of the following was one of these advances?
radios
(Q014) Chicago's spectacular growth between 1830 and 1860 was principally due to
railroads
Abigail Adams wrote in a famous letter to her husband to
"remember the ladies."
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Boston Tea Party; Olive Branch Petition; publication of Common Sense; Declaration of Independence
Confiscated property of Loyalists was returned to them following the Treaty of Paris.
False
During the Great Awakening, most preachers explicitly condemned slavery.
False
Life in the colonies did not provide opportunities to own property for women
False
The 1764 Sugar Act provoked the colonists by increasing the tax on molasses imported into North America.
False
The eighteenth century was the height of the Atlantic slave trade, a commerce increasingly dominated by Spanish merchants and ships.
False
The financial strains of the Seven Years' War would later help to spark the
French Revolution
The foremost center of political radicalism during the revolutionary era was
Pennsylvania
In no more than two sentences, summarize the social and economic makeup of the pro-Leisler and anti-Leisler parties formed in Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Use your own words.
Pro-leiser was people who wanted to go against the British powers. they were against the catholic regiment that was still holding up in New York and opposed rich merchants who had monopolies. They didn't want the colonies to be reduced only to slavery. The anti-leisler parties was people who believed the opposite and believed in the British government
During the 1760s, backcountry protesters in the Carolinas were known as
Regulators.
Which of the following was absent from the Quaker Pennsylvania colony?
Religious uniformity
How did Rhode Island differ from other New England colonies?
Rhode Island had no established church and allowed Dissenters and Jews to settle there.
The first mainland colony to achieve a black majority population was
South Carolina
(Q005) A major hindrance during the outbreak of war included this railroad situation.
There was no national railroad gauge so trains built for one line could not run on another.
(Q042) Lincoln was initially not concerned with the issue of slavery as his paramount concerns were to keep the border slave states in the Union and to build the broadest base of support in the North for the war effort.
True
An increase in European immigrants to the colonial backcountry had a negative effect on colonial relationships with native people.
True
Britons and colonists tended to regard themselves as the freest people in the world.
True
By late 1774, colonial Committees of Safety had begun transferring effective power from established colonial governments (under British control) to grassroots bodies.
True
Every European empire in the New World utilized slave labor and battled for control of the slave trade
True
Slaves who seldom interacted with whites, as on rice plantations, enjoyed more autonomy than elsewhere in the colonies
True
(Q030) During the first two years of the Civil War, most of the fighting took place in
Virginia and Maryland
In Jonathan Edwards's view, what was a sinner's only hope in life?
a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians
Phillis Wheatley is celebrated in American history as
a published poet and slave of African origins.
(Q025) The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in December 1865,
abolished slavery throughout the Union.
During the eighteenth century, more than half the Africans shipped to the New World as slaves were
carried on British vessels
Shays's Rebellion in late 1786 and early 1787 was a rebellion of
debt-ridden farmers who closed the courts in western Massachusetts.
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to
declare war.
(Q031) What did Frederick Douglass encourage African-Americans in the North to do as part of the war effort after 1863?
enlist in the United Sates Army
For most free Americans in the new republic, equality meant
equal opportunity rather than equality of condition.
(Q045) Over the course of the war, Confederate troops were better supplied than Union troops.
false
While some 5,000 slaves fought for American independence, far more gained liberty by
obtaining sanctuary from the British.
Three months after independence was declared in 1776, Pennsylvania adopted a new state constitution with only a
one-house legislature.
Thomas Jefferson helped pass laws in the state of Virginia that abolished "primogeniture," which is defined as
passing the entirety of a family's land to the oldest son.
(Q017) Abraham Lincoln's January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation freed
some slaves, but exempted those in areas under Union control
British success in the Seven Years' War contributed to the making of the American Revolution because
the British government raised taxes to pay for the debt it incurred during the war.
The effect of the Enlightenment on religion resulted in
the adoption of the concept of deism
Following the Seven Years' War, what factor led to a loss of power for Native American tribes in eastern North America?
the departure of the French
In the eighteenth century, the British Constitution--the unwritten groundwork of British freedom--celebrated
the right to a jury trial.
(Q038) What was General Grant's strategy in 1864 that became a turning point in the war for ultimate Union victory?
to use as many Union troops on the battlefield as possible in a war of attrition
By the mid-eighteenth century, distinct slave systems were entrenched in the New World. The oldest and largest was the
tobacco plantation system
As a result of British victory in the Seven Years' War, Britain not only won control of Canada but also gained control of India
true
When colonists insisted that because they were not represented in Parliament they could not be taxed by the British government, the British replied that they were represented by
virtual representation.
The Daughters of Liberty were
women who spun and wove cloth during the Townshend Duties boycott.
Approximately what percentage of slaves carried to the New World were destined for mainland North America?
5 percent
(Q013) Population in the North was 22 million in 1860, while the white population of the South in 1860 was
5.5 million
In one or two sentences, explain the difference between a proprietary and a royal colony.
A royal colony was owned by the king while a proprietary colony was granted to someone by the king and allowed free rights to govern as they wish.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates?
Anti-Federalists criticized the Constitution for lacking a Bill of Rights; Federalists did not see a need for a Bill of Rights.
Before the Revolution, most colonies supported religious institutions with public funds and discriminated in voting and officeholding against which of the following groups?
Catholics
The "shot heard 'round the world" began the American War of Independence, and took place in what city?
Concord
(Q001) Northern Republicans labeled those opposed to the war
Copperheads
The Glorious Revolution weakened colonial belief in the concept of English liberties.
False
Which of the following was a part of the balance of power between British and American forces during the Revolution?
In the end, aid from Britain's rivals--especially France--was essential to American victory.
Which of the following most accurately defines the Puritans' understanding of liberty?
Liberty meant that the elect had the freedom to establish churches and govern society. Liberty did not mean that individuals could challenge authority or act without restraint.
Which of the following was one outcome of the dissolution of the Dominion of New England?
Massachusetts became a royal colony, and property ownership, rather than church membership, became the base requirement for voting in elections.
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Shays's Rebellion; Philadelphia Convention; ratification of Constitution
Which of the following is true regarding the Middle Passage?
Ship captains sometimes threw slaves overboard, especially when they were sick.
(Q011) As Lincoln withdrew forces in the West to protect areas in the East, tensions flared between the Indians and settlers, leading to
Sioux Indians killing hundreds of white farmers.
(Q049) During the Civil War, the North instituted a draft, but the South never did.
false
Which of the following was a key principle embedded in the Bill of Rights?
freedom of speech
(Q014) The Civil War is sometimes called "the first modern war" because it used weapons and other technological advances of the industrial revolution. Which of the following was one of these advances?
railroads
What did the 1766 Declaratory Act declare?
that Parliament had the power to pass laws for all of the colonies "in all cases whatever"
George Washington had gained considerable military experience fighting in
the Seven Years' War.
Which of the following was a feature of the 1774 Intolerable Acts?
the suppression of town meetings and local elections
As a result of the three-fifths clause,
the white South gained greater power in national affairs than its free population warranted
George Washington, a British soldier, was forced to surrender at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania after he lost a third of his men in an ill-conceived effort to fight a larger French and Indian force
true
(Q035) The Constitution mandates that the President of the United States must be a(n) Group of answer choices
"natural born citizen.
The Constitution mandates that the President of the United States must be a(n)
"natural born citizen."
(Q026) Democracy in America was written by
Alexis de Tocqueville.
Identify the statements that describe the results of the election of 1860.
Correct Answer(s) The Constitutional Union Party, which was quickly organized prior to the election, managed to come in third in the electoral college vote. Stephen Douglas, running as a northern Democrat, won the second-largest share of the popular vote. Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge carried most of the South with 18 percent of the popular vote. Incorrect Answer(s) Abraham Lincoln won more than 50 percent of the popular vote.
(Q031) Southern planters felt a community of interest with
Cuban and British slaveowners.
(Q009) Andrew Jackson was the standard-bearer for which political party?
Democrats
American industrialization first took off in
New England.
Match the following significant events of the Civil War in Indian territory to their correct description.
November 1864 assault by Union troops of approximately 700 Cheyennes and Arapahos in ColoradoCorrect label: Sand Creek Massacre More than 300 indigenous people were sentenced to death for killing white farmers.Correct label:Sioux Massacre Confederate defeat in New Mexico in March 1862Correct label:Glorieta Pas
(Q011) Which of the following was an element in the 1841 Dorr War?
Supporters of democratic reform organized a People's Convention, which drafted a new constitution for the state of Rhode Island.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution?
They declare that rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution are "retained by the people."
Why do Republicans believe that only war, not diplomacy, can resolve the crisis?
They thought that they had already gave Britain enough though the agreement they made previously but Britain was still taking over and it had left them with no choice no diplomacy would work with them any more they wouldn't care they'd just keep taking their rights, they had no limits that they would stop at. They decided that a war was the only was to ensure that they could keep their individual rights and to become the Independent Nation they were suppose to be.
(Q032) Why did slave owners in the 1850s begin to sell their city slaves to the countryside?
They thought their slaves had too much independence, which negatively influenced the relation between master and slave.
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the Anti-Federalists?
They were often small country farmers.
(Q011) Which of the following was an element in the 1841 Dorr War?
Thomas Dorr, a wealthy lawyer, was inaugurated as governor of the state of Vermont under the constitution drawn by the People's Convention.
(Q039) More Americans died in the Civil War than in any other war in U.S. history.
True
(Q041) Although denied the ballot, women found a voice in the public sphere during the 1820s and 1830s.
True
(Q048) Free blacks were largely denied access to the new economic opportunities generated by the market revolution.
True
The plan at the Constitutional Convention that proposed creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in each house determined by each state's population was the
Virginia Plan.
Olaudah Equiano was
a slave who purchased his freedom
(Q043) Horace Mann argued that it was not a school's responsibility to reinforce social stability by rescuing students from the influence of parents who failed to instill the proper discipline in their children.
false
(Q044) The Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa led the way in promoting Indian adoption of white customs.
false
(Q017) John C. Calhoun of South Carolina considered this idea "the most false and dangerous of all political errors." Group of answer choices
that all men are created equal and entitled to liberty
Grant's strategy of maintaining the initiative against Robert E. Lee, thus suffering high casualties in the Army of the Potomac, earned him a reputation of the "butcher of men."
true
In 1850, California applied to join the Union as a free state. This resulted in a crisis that led to the Compromise of 1850.
true
In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that African-Americans had no rights that whites were compelled to recognize. Group of answer choices
true
(Q032) Which of the following statements is true regarding the Trail of Tears?
At least one-quarter of the Indians perished during the winter of 1838-1839.
Identify the outcomes of the following Civil War battles.
Battle of Cold Harbor:-After this battle, Grant's army had suffered as many casualties as Lee had men at the beginning of the 1864 campaign. Battle of Atlanta:-culmination of Sherman's 1864 campaign Battle of the Wilderness-first battle in Grant's 1864 campaign
(Q035) What two southern cities witnessed relatively prosperous free black communities develop in the 1800s?
Charleston and New Orleans
Texas annexation was not at the forefront of American politics until President John Tyler used it as a rallying cry for his bid for reelection in 1844. Identify the statements that correctly describe the reactions to the annexation of Texas.
Correct Answer(s) A letter by Secretary of State John C. Calhoun to President Tyler linked the idea of absorbing Texas directly to the goal of strengthening slavery in the United States. Prospective presidential candidates, Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren, met and agreed to reject the immediate annexation of Texas on the grounds it might lead to war with Mexico. Incorrect Answer(s) Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren fought a duel over the issue of Texas. John C. Calhoun believed that Texas should not come into the Union as a slave state.
Q002) A significant theme of the Monroe Doctrine was that
European powers should refrain from further colonization in the Americas.
(Q039) Under the Articles of Confederation, national government consisted of a weak legislative branch and a strong judicial branch.
False
John Brown raided the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in the hopes of starting a slave revolt. Brown became a public figure and conducted himself with great courage and dignity, winning admiration even from those who opposed his violent deeds. Which of the following statements about John Brown are true?
Correct Answer(s) Brown's force that attacked Harper's Ferry on October 16, 1859, numbered only twenty-one men, five of whom were black. Brown was executed by the state of Virginia. During the Kansas civil war, Brown murdered five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek in revenge for the attack on free soil. Incorrect Answer(s) Brown apologized for the violent nature of his raid.
The Dred Scott decision challenged the very heart of the Republican Party platform. What events occurred as a result of the Dred Scott decision?
Correct Answer(s) Dred Scott was bought by a new master and immediately emancipated along with his family. Slavery, according to President Buchanan, henceforth existed in all the territories "by virtue of the Constitution." Incorrect Answer(s) James Buchanan became one of the most popular presidents in U.S. history because of his handling of the Dred Scott case. Stephen Douglas formed an alliance with congressional Republicans to admit Kansas as a slave state.
What does the map reveal about continental expansion through 1853? Correct Answer(s)
Correct Answer(s) Florida was purchased in 1819. It became a territory of the United States in 1822 and a state by 1845. The territory of Texas extended beyond the contemporary state boundaries into present-day New Mexico and Colorado when it was annexed in 1845. Northern Maine was acquired from Great Britain in 1842. Incorrect Answer(s) California was part of the Louisiana Purchase.
In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed a resolution that came to be known as the Wilmot Proviso. Identify the statements that correctly describe the Wilmot Proviso.
Correct Answer(s) It proposed that slavery be prohibited in the territories acquired from Mexico. The failure of the Wilmot Proviso led to the creation of the Free Soil Party, which opposed the expansion of slavery. Incorrect Answer(s) The success of the Wilmot Proviso in both houses of Congress showed that the antislavery movement was gaining ground among the Southern elite. The Wilmot Proviso destroyed the credibility of the Free Soil Party.
In June of 1858, Abraham Lincoln accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to run against Senator Stephen Douglas. The Senate race turned the unknown Lincoln into a national political figure as he challenged, arguably, the most powerful senator in the United States. Which of the following statements describe Lincoln and his platform?
Correct Answer(s) Lincoln began running for public office at the age of twenty-one and served four terms as a Whig in the state legislature and one term in Congress. While Lincoln did not think blacks were the equal of white men in all respects, he believed they deserved to enjoy the fruits of their labor. Lincoln hated slavery but was not an abolitionist. Incorrect Answer(s) Lincoln was an ardent abolitionist and sought the total destruction of the institution of slavery in the United States.
Initially, as Union forces moved into Confederate territory, escaped slaves were returned to their owners in a policy to show southerners that the federal government had no intention of interfering with slavery. Yet this policy changed as the war progressed. Eventually, escaped slaves were welcomed into Union lines. Identify the reasons for the change in escaped slaves' status by Union forces.
Correct Answer(s) Long before Lincoln called for emancipation, blacks in the North and South referred to the war as the "freedom war." This undermined the institution throughout the South and led to mass exoduses to Union lines. The Confederacy sent slaves to work as military laborers, and so increasingly more blacks were escaping to northern lines. Incorrect Answer(s) The Union army realized that it could resell escaped slaves to British and French slave companies at a profit to support the Union war effort. Abraham Lincoln believed that escaped slaves should be returned to slaveowners on promises of good behavior and loyalty toward the Union.
Identify the statements that describe the U.S. railroad system in the 1850s.
Correct Answer(s) Most of the new railroad construction in the 1850s occurred in Ohio, Illinois, and other states in the Old Northwest Territory. Between 1848 and 1860, railroad workers added thousands of miles of new tracks. The railroads completed the reorientation of the Northwest's trade from the South to the East. Incorrect Answer(s) By 1860, 60 million bushels of western wheat now passed through the South on the new railroads on its way to eastern and world markets.
The Free Soil Party wanted to stop the expansion of slavery into the West. Identify the reasons people supported the Free Soil Party platform.
Correct Answer(s) Northerners saw moving West as a form of economic betterment, so if the Free Soil Party blocked slavery's expansion, ordinary Americans wouldn't have to compete with plantations to have access to the land. The Free Soil platform appealed to racist thinking in the North as it did not include emancipation or equal rights. The Free Soil Party would create more free states, which would break southern domination of the federal government. Incorrect Answer(s) The Free Soil Party expanded its platform to include immediate emancipation and black equality in 1848.
While he may have been able to wax elegant in the U.S. Senate, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, failed to communicate the reasons and meaning of the Confederate war effort. What other failures in the Confederate war effort can be attributed to Jefferson Davis and the political leadership of the Confederacy?
Correct Answer(s) Southern politicians saw political parties as threats to national unity, and they lacked an organized party to help mobilize support for Davis and the war. The Confederate government became far more centralized than the Old South had experienced before, but it failed to find an effective means of utilizing its major economic resource—cotton. The Confederate leadership lacked a unity of purpose as even governors openly opposed such measures as the draft. Incorrect Answer(s) Davis fired General Robert E. Lee after his failure at Gettysburg.
How did southerners view slavery and its expansion in the mid-nineteenth century?
Correct Answer(s) Southerners believed that slavery was like any other form of property and therefore could expand into newly acquired territory. Southerners argued that they fought in the Mexican War and therefore earned the right to take their slaves into the newly acquired territory. Incorrect Answer(s) Southerners believed that slavery degraded free labor and sought to contain it. Southerners accepted the power of the federal government and recognized its ability to ban slavery from newly acquired territories.
A seldom discussed aspect of the Civil War is the Union's continuing wars against the Native Americans in the West. Identify the statements that accurately describe Native Americans and the Union in the West during the Civil War.
Correct Answer(s) The Cherokee, forced to Oklahoma by the Indian Removal Act, still owned slaves and sided with the Confederacy at the time of the Civil War. The Navajo's Long Walk was the Navajo people's forced removal from their ancestral lands by the U.S. army. The U.S. army attacked the Kiowas and Comanches in the Southwest in retaliation for raids on settlements and ranches. Incorrect Answer(s) A large contingent of Colorado militia was massacred at the Battle of Sand Creek.
Identify the causes of economic hardship and disaffection among the population of the Confederate States of America that undermined the war effort.
Correct Answer(s) The Confederate Congress authorized the army to confiscate what it needed from farmers to supply itself. The government of the Confederacy was unwilling to tax the wealthy planting class that could pay for the war. Incorrect Answer(s) The Confederate reliance on the gold standard for its currency made it difficult for most small landowners to pay their bills. The high price of cotton made it difficult to sell to Britain and France.
The Wade-Davis Bill was an unsuccessful bill named after two leading Republican members of Congress unhappy with Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction. Which of the following were provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill?
Correct Answer(s) The bill required a majority, not 10 percent, of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction commenced. The Bill passed Congress but was dead when Lincoln refused to sign it. The Wade-Davis Bill called for equality for blacks before the law. Incorrect Answer(s) The Wade-Davis Bill called for 10 percent of blacks to swear a loyalty oath to the United States before any state government could be reconstructed.
How does this artist depict the presidential election of 1864?
Correct Answer(s) The war faction of the Democratic Party remained the most powerful. Incorrect Answer(s) The Republican Party remained divided over continuing the war. The Democratic Party was united in its views in negotiating peace with the Confederacy. Lincoln, positioned in the background, urged McClellan to unify the Democratic Party.
What arguments did southerners advocating secession from the Union put forth?
Correct Answer(s) They were concerned that Republicans would extend their party into the South by appealing to non-slaveholders. They were concerned about a Republican-dominated government and what it would mean for the South. Incorrect Answer(s) While they were willing to allow emancipation, they were concerned about the terms of emancipation that Republicans would demand.
In July 1863, Lee again invaded the North and clashed with federal forces at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Instead of defeating the federals on their own territory, Lee himself was defeated. Identify the statements that accurately describe the Battle of Gettysburg.
Correct Answer(s) With more than 165,000 men engaged in the battle, Gettysburg is the largest battle ever to have taken place in North America. Gettysburg was unusual for Lee in that he was on the strategic offensive in northern territory as opposed to being on the strategic defensive on southern ground. Gettysburg was a crushing defeat for Lee, and his army would never again return to northern soil. Incorrect Answer(s) Lee believed that he outnumbered the Union army at Gettysburg two to one.
Slavery had a disruptive impact on the traditional political parties and immediately caused political transformation in the mid-1850s. Identify the economic and social changes that led to the rise of the Republican Party.
Correct Answer(s) completion of the market revolution and industrialization mass immigration from Europe industrial economy
The Free Soil Party opposed the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired territories from Mexico. Previous attempts had been made to limit slavery. Which of these efforts provided the Free Soil Party with a strong basis to argue for congressional action?
Correct Answer(s) the Northwest Ordinance the Missouri Compromise Incorrect Answer(s) the Mississippi Compromise the New York Compromise
Analyze the presidential election of 1856 map, and then match each political party to its correct description(s). Please note that some labels or targets may not be used.
DEMOCRAT -Captured the recently admitted state of California -Gained 174 electoral college votes -Captured support in both northern and southern states AMERICAN - Gained only one state
(Q011) This first martyr of the antislavery movement was killed by a mob in Illinois while defending his press.
Elijah P. Lovejoy
(Q002) A significant theme of the Monroe Doctrine was that
European powers should refrain from further colonization in the Americas.
(Q025) How did the Panic of 1819 shape American views of banks?
It fostered a major backlash of anti-bank sentiment.
What did the Sugar Act of 1764 do that escalated colonial American anger regarding an existing tax on molasses imported from the French West Indies?
It strengthened courts where accused molasses smugglers could be tried without a jury.
Why did the founding fathers create the initial House of Representatives with a relatively small number of members?
It was thought that only prominent individuals could win elections in large districts.
Q018) Why did the founding fathers create the initial House of Representatives with a relatively small number of members?
It was thought that slaveholders from the South might dominate the election process in the House
One of the leading Federalist thinkers, known as the "father of the Constitution," was
James Madison.
(Q036) What territory did the United States acquire from France in 1803?
Louisiana
(Q025) With the Louisiana Purchase,
Louisiana entered the Union as the eighteenth state.
(Q024) The case that established judicial review was
Marbury v. Madison.
(Q032) In her 1845 work Woman in the Nineteenth Century, this writer sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development.
Margaret Fuller
(Q015) Which of the following was a characteristic of Robert Owen's early-nineteenth-century utopian communities?
Owen promoted communitarianism as a way of making sure workers received the full value of their labor.
Which of the following is in the correct time sequence?
Phillis Wheatley was bought as a slave in Boston, Vermont's state constitution banned slavery, the French Revolution broke out in Europe.
In 1762, the Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule called
Pontiac's Rebellion
(Q019) Which of the following statements accurately reflects Fries's Rebellion of 1799?
President John Adams dispatched federal troops to the area.
(Q010) In the mid-1800s, this concept had replaced class as the boundary between those American men who were entitled to enjoy political freedom and those who were not.
Race
(Q014) Which is true of Martin Van Buren's campaign for president?
Rather than being dangerous and divisive, he believed political parties were a necessary and desirable element of political life.
(Q013) The two political parties of the mid-1790s were the
Republicans and Federalists.
(Q026) On their journey of exploration from Missouri to Oregon, Lewis and Clark were accompanied by the American Indian interpreter
Sacajawea.
(Q010) What was the result of the Missouri court case involving the "crime" of Celia?
She was sentenced to death.
As Lincoln withdrew forces in the West to protect areas in the East, tensions flared between the Indians and settlers, leading to
Sioux Indians killing hundreds of white farmers.
(Q020) Which of the following was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
Slavery was prohibited in the remaining Louisiana Territory north of 36°30'.
Read and analyze the "Voices of Freedom" primary source document in the chapter, titled "Letter of Thomas F. Drayton" (1861). Click here to review the full document excerpt from the textbook.Afterward, complete the following statement.
South Carolina plantation owner Thomas Drayton believed that the South was fighting for home and liberty, for the protection of states' rights, and for the establishment of law and order.
Analyze the Voices of Freedom document in the chapter, titled Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession (1860). Then, complete the following statement. Click here to review the reading.
South Carolina's Declaration of Secession argued that South Carolina seceded from the Union because northerners have encouraged runaway slaves, elected a president hostile to slavery and its expansion, and worked to minimize the power of slave-holding states.
(Q001) In the early decades of the 1800s, the population living in Texas who were non-Indian and of Spanish origin were called Group of answer choices
Tejanos.
What do the Federalists mean when they state, "we cannot discern the least reason for this discrimination in favor of France?"
The Federalists didn't understand why even after they agreed to be neutral and not favor either Biritan or France that still the government was still favoring France.
Why do the Boston Federalists oppose the war?
The Federalists opposed the war because many of them made their money from trade and that trade would be affected if we went to war. They thought the war would deeply impact their ability to trade overseas with Europe. They also wanted to build their bonds with Britain and fight France instead.
What do Federalists believe would be the best course when dealing with Britain?
The Federalists thought that they should strengthen their foreign policy bonds with Britain rather then with France.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the Know-Nothing Party's political stance on immigration.
The Know-Nothing Party seemed to be one of contradictions: it wanted to limit the rights of immigrants, while promoting an antislavery agenda. Ultimately, the Know-Nothings actually accomplished very little in this regard. All European immigrants benefited from being white. These groups had the advantage of being able to vote, whereas free blacks could not.
What was one impact of the Walking Purchase of 1737 in Pennsylvania?
The Lenni Lanape Indians felt that they had been abused by the Pennsylvania colony and relations between the two deteriorated.
Which of the following was not a feature of the Stamp Act crisis of 1765?
The Stamp Act was passed by the Stamp Act Congress as a way to subvert the power of Parliament to tax the colonies.
(Q007) Which of the following was a difference between the Democrats and the Whigs during the Jackson years?
The Whigs favored public measures and other policies to regulate personal morality; the Democrats did not.
(Q004) Which of the following was a trend in American democracy during the 1820s and 1830s?
The idea of a "common man" and "manliness" decreased in importance for candidates.
The agreement that ended the Seven Years' War was called
The peace of Paris
Which of the following was a Confederate advantage in fighting the Civil War?
The southern commander, General Lee, was a skilled tactician who hoped that a series of defeats would weaken the North's resolve.
What was the meaning of the Civil War for poet Bret Harte?
The war led to the sacrifice of individual soldiers.
A major hindrance during the outbreak of war included this railroad situation.
There was no national railroad gauge so trains built for one line could not run on another.
(Q057) Henry David Thoreau held the view that people were being stifled by modern society, and trapped in boring, dead-end jobs by their obsessive desire to earn money.
True
An irony of British victory in the Seven Years' War is that victory ultimately contributed to Britain's loss of its mainland American colonies, since, in seeking to pay for the Seven Years' War, the British government raised taxes on American colonists who protested taxation without representation
True
As originally written, the Constitution acknowledged and tacitly supported the institution of slavery.
True
Shays's Rebellion was inspired by a belief that the Massachusetts government was not doing enough to protect indebted farmers from losing their land
True
The Bill of Rights was a concession offered by the Federalists to overcome widespread fears of a despotic national government
True
Click on the areas of the map that were open to slavery by popular sovereignty in the 1850s.
Utah Territory, New Mexico Territory, Nebraska Territory, Kansas Territory
(Q029) Which of the following is part of the generally accepted account of the 1822 conspiracy led by Denmark Vesey?
Vesey had purchased his freedom after winning the lottery.
During the first two years of the Civil War, most of the fighting took place in
Virginia and Maryland.
(Q002) The American Colonization Society called for
a gradual end to slavery and the resettlement of blacks outside the United States.
(Q022) The Second Great Awakening was
a popular religious revival that swept the country in the early 1800s.
(Q025) Ralph Waldo Emerson was which of the following?
a transcendentalist
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in December 1865,
abolished slavery throughout the Union.
(Q006) The Hartford Convention Group of answer choices
affirmed the right of a state to interpose its authority if the federal government violated the Constitution.
The Fugitive Slave Act
allowed federal commissioners to determine the fate of fugitives without the benefit of a trial or testimony by the accused individual.
(Q005) The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 negotiated
an end to fighting between France and the United States.
(Q037) New York City and Philadelphia experienced what type of violent events in the 1840s and 1850s?
anti-immigrant riots
One of the leading Federalist thinkers was a. Sam Adams. b. James Madison. c. Patrick Henry. d. Daniel Shays.
b
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to a. impose tariffs. b. regulate interstate trade. c. abolish slavery. d. declare war.
d
(Q006) As a result of the three-fifths clause,
d. the white South gained greater power in national affairs than its free population warranted.
(Q014) Shays's Rebellion in late 1786 and early 1787 was a rebellion of
debt-ridden farmers who closed the courts in western Massachusetts
(Q005) William Henry Harrison's presidency ended as he
died from pneumonia a month after taking office.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848
ended the Mexican War.
What did Frederick Douglass encourage African-Americans in the North to do as part of the war effort after 1863?
enlist in the United States Army
(Q041) The American Temperance Society, founded in 1826, directed its efforts to redeeming habitual drunkards, not the occasional social drinker.
false
(Q046) The Supreme Court did little to promote the entrepreneurial agenda of the market revolution.
false
(Q053) Florida was victoriously delivered to American hands with the assistance of local Indians and Spain's suggestion to sell the area.
false
(Q053) Free blacks gained the right to vote in every state in the Union after 1800.
false
(Q053) Thomas Jefferson was one of the authors of the Federalist Papers.
false
(Q065) The nineteenth century's "cult of domesticity" applied to slave women as well as white women.
false
(Q066) In the Lower South, fugitive slaves tended to head for rural plantations to hide in plain sight. Group of answer choices
false
During the Civil War, the North instituted a draft, but the South never did.
false
Government involvement in the economy decreased during the Civil War.
false
Grant's strategy of attrition worked brilliantly, as by the end of 1864 he captured Petersburg, Virginia, and forced the surrender of Robert E. Lee.
false
Over the course of the war, Confederate troops were better supplied than Union troops.
false
The Know-Nothing Party was founded as a crusade against slavery.
false
(Q015) "Slave patrols" were
farmers who kept a lookout for runaway slaves.
(Q071) The Louisiana Purchase stalled Thomas Jefferson's plan to remove Indian tribes beyond the Mississippi River that refused to cooperate in "civilizing" themselves.
flase
In 1853-1854, President Millard Fillmore dispatched American warships to Japan under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry to
force a trade treaty with an outright demand that the Japanese deal with the United States.
(Q023) The advent of the Second Great Awakening involved
religious revivals aimed at increasing church attendance for men and women.
Identify the outcomes of the following major Civil War battles.
resulted in control of the Mississippi River for the Union in July 1863Battle of Vicksburg Correct label:Battle of Vicksburg stunning defeat of General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac in May 1863Battle of Chancellorsville Correct label:Battle of Chancellorsville the largest battle in the history of North America in July 1863Battle of Gettysburg Correct label:Battle of Gettysburg
The policy of leaving the colonists to govern themselves was called
salutary neglect
(Q004) Stretching from Maine to Kentucky, this was the most successful of the religious communities in the mid-1800s. Group of answer choices
shakers
The 1787 Northwest Ordinance prohibited
slavery
In 1860, the largest economic investment in the United States was in
slaves
(Q007) Compared to Brazil and the West Indies, involving hundreds or even thousands of slaves, revolts in the United States were
smaller and less frequent
Abraham Lincoln's January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation freed
some slaves, but exempted those in areas under Union control.
(Q038) Free blacks were regularly excluded from
steamships
(Q016) What effect did the Embargo of 1807 have on manufacturing in the United States?
stimulated its growth
(Q007) Which of the following was an innate characteristic of women, according to the "cult of domesticity"?
submissiveness
(Q028) The objective of Gabriel's rebellion of 1800 was to
take over the city of Richmond and hold whites as hostages.
(Q004) The device invented by Samuel Morse in the 1830s that sent messages over electrical wires was called the
telegraph
(Q016) President James Madison favored a system of national economic incentives for manufacturers, a protective tariff, a new national bank, and federal financing of roads and canals that came to be known as
the American System.
The first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil and the first in which American troops occupied a foreign capital was
the Mexican War.
(Q035) Free blacks drew upon what political office to justify "birthright citizenship"?
the President
Q037) In what era did the U.S. Congress pass into law "birthright citizenship"?
the Reconstruction era
(Q031) The War of 1812 was ended by what treaty?
the Treaty of Ghent
Q029) Jefferson's idea of the "empire of liberty" involved
the United States admitting the area's population as equal members of the political system
Jefferson's idea of the "empire of liberty" involved
the United States admitting the area's population as equal members of the political system.
(Q020) "Manifest destiny" was
the belief that the United States had a divinely appointed mission to expand westward.
(Q004) Thomas Jefferson brokered an agreement to assuage southerners to accept Alexander Hamilton's economic plans in exchange for
the building of a new and permanent national capital in the South.
The population rush into California in 1848 was a result of
the discovery of gold.
Of the possible uses for the western lands and its settlement, the Confederation government faced conflicting pressures, including
the economic health of the new republic as farmers obtained access to land in the West
There were calls by some expansionists for the United States to annex all of Mexico, yet the movement failed because
the fear that the nation could not assimilate the large non-white Catholic population.
The Free Soil Party's platform called for
the government to bar slavery from the western territories and provide land free in the territories to people who wanted to homestead there.
(Q001) The "peculiar institution" of the South was
the issue of slavery
(Q017) The Panic of 1819 was caused by
the land bubble burst and fallen prices.
(Q010) During the first half of the 1800s, the U.S. economy experienced explosive growth in output and trade, a trend in motion since the colonial era in what historians call
the market revolution.
(Q008) Paternalism meant
the master was the head of system, including providing his slaves with protection and the right of care and attention in their sicknesses
(Q021) The "Revolution of 1800" was Group of answer choices
the peaceful transfer of the office of the presidency between political parties.
Q020) Federalism refers to
the relationship between state and national governments.
Federalism refers to
the relationship between the national government and the states.
(Q005) The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 negotiated
the sale of parts of Texas from Spain to the United States
(Q009) The Second Middle Passage was
the slave trade from the older states to the Lower South.
(Q029) The "Second War of Independence" was
the war of 1812
(Q019) The Era of Good Feelings was so-called because
they were years of one-party government.
(Q029) Between 1800 and 1860, around 1 million slaves moved from older slave states to the Deep South, traveling
to the Deep South to work in cotton fields.
What was General Grant's strategy in 1864 that became a turning point in the war for ultimate Union victory?
to use as many Union troops on the battlefield as possible in a war of attrition
(Q046) In the absence of a strong national government, American social and political activity was organized through voluntary associations such as churches, fraternal societies, and political clubs.
true
(Q046) The 1790 Naturalization Act barred non-white foreigners from attaining American citizenship.
true
(Q049) During the 1820s and 1830s, an emergent labor movement began voicing concerns about harsh working conditions, economic insecurity, and growing inequalities of wealth.
true
(Q051) A small number of African-Americans owned slaves in the Old South.
true
(Q051) In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Women in response to Thomas Paine's Rights of Man.
true
(Q054) Abby Kelley was one of the foremost female abolitionist orators in the country during her time.
true
(Q056) Charles Willson Peale painted portraits of the founding fathers.
true
(Q056) Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their own freedom, particularly the temperance movement.
true
(Q056) The 1828 "tariff of abominations" led to the nullification crisis.
true
(Q056) The Barbary Wars were the United States' first contact with the Islamic World.
true
(Q059) The 1836 Specie Circular declared that the federal government would accept only specie (gold and silver) in payment for public land.
true
(Q059) The common nineteenth-century view was that men are naturally aggressive, rational, and domineering, while women are naturally nurturing, selfless, and ruled by emotions.
true
After winning its independence from Mexico, Texas joined the United States as a slave state in 1845.
true
By 1860, New York City had become the nation's financial, commercial, and manufacturing center.
true
By the 1840s, southern leaders were convinced that slavery must expand or die.
true
Lincoln shared many of the racial prejudices of his day, including opposing Illinois blacks the right to vote or serve on juries.
true
Lincoln was initially not concerned with the issue of slavery as his paramount concerns were to keep the border slave states in the Union and to build the broadest base of support in the North for the war effort.
true
More Americans died in the Civil War than in any other war in U.S. history.
true
Q043) One of America's earliest trade experiences was with China.
true
The Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 was a brilliant victory for Lee in central Virginia, as he was outnumbered by General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac two to one.
true
The Civil War brought significant social and economic change to the South. The Confederate government passed legislation allowing individuals who owned twenty or more slaves to be exempt from the draft.
true
In response to the nomination of Stephen Douglas's Democratic candidacy, seven of the southern delegates
walked out of the convention, causing it to recess in confusion.
The Republican Party, founded in 1854,
was a coalition of antislavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Know-Nothings, and Free Soilers.
(Q017) The "American system of manufactures"
was the mass production of interchangeable parts into rapidly built, standardized products.
Committees of Correspondence in the colonies during the 1760s
were a group of colonial elites who exchanged ideas and information about resistance to the Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts.
(Q018) Early U.S. textile mills relied largely on the labor of
women and children.
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
work begun on National Road; Fulton's steamboat, Clermont navigated the Hudson River; work begun on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
(Q021) In the mid-1800s, few plantations had dedicated buildings for slave worship so most slaves
worshipped in secret or in biracial churches with white ministers.
What was one major difference between the two 17th century Chesapeake colonies, Virginia and Maryland?
Virginia's leadership, and most of its settlers, were primarily Anglican. In Maryland, the colonial leadership was Catholic, as was its proprietor, Cecilius Calvert.
In one paragraph (5-7 sentences), explain why you think Bridget Bishop became a target for witchcraft accusations during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. You may use information from the book, video, or lecture to support your answer, but you must use your own words.
Bridget Bishop was accused because of multiple reasons there biggest reason was that she was a women who owned land and that was very uncommon in this era. Another reason is she was accused is that she was married three times while she lived in a puritan village, they were very against the idea of divorcing. Her second husband was mysteriously killed so they accused her of using witchcraft on him. Samuel Parris was a minister whose daughters accused their maid of witchcraft to get the suspicion off them. in order to make sure he and his family stayed save from accusation he put his maid on trial and kept trying to get her to admit guilty. When Bridget went through the biopsy they said she had a "witch" mark that vanished somehow.
According to the English minister George Whitefield, people were not predestined for damnation and could participate in their own salvation through the confession of sin.
True
(Q027) Which of the following was a Confederate advantage in fighting the Civil War?
The leading southern commander, General Robert E. Lee, was a brilliant battlefield tactician and served as head of the Confederate army throughout the entire war.
In no more than two sentences, explain in your own wordswhy the monarchy decided to merge the northern colonies into the Dominion of New England.
The monarchy decided to merge in order to tighten and strengthen the British power in the colonies. This was necessary in order to protect themselves against the natives attacks.
What factors led to the Uprising of 1622, in which Powhatan Indians led by Opechancanough launched a surprise attack that killed one quarter of the English settlers in Virginia.
The successful cultivation of tobacco meant that more English were arriving in Virginia, and the English settlements there were becoming larger and more permanent
(Q036) What was the meaning of the Civil War for poet Bret Harte?
The war led to the sacrifice of individual soldiers.
