History finally exam chapters 9-15
By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from A. coal. B. gasoline. C. water. D. wood. E. kerosene.
A
By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly ________ of the total export trade of the United States. A. two-thirds B. one-fourth C. one-third D. half E. one-tenth
A
In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to A. renominate him for the presidency. B. shore up Jackson's shaky support among voters in the Northeast. C. force the opposition to make their case in public. D. bring more public attention to their candidate. E. have greater control of the nominating process
A
In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne's arguments to be an attack on A. the integrity of the Union. B. President Jackson's leadership. C..the institution of slavery. D. free states. E. the nation's tariff policies.
A
Most "plain folk" of the Old South A. were never able to move into the planter class. B. owned at least one slave. C. were passionately antislavery. D. were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery. E. were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave.
A
Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their A. perception of white racial superiority. B. intense national pride. C. contempt of northern capitalism. D. fear of federal authority. E.kinship relationships.
A
Prior to 1860, affluent southern white women A. centered their lives in the home. B. typically played an important role in public activities. C. commonly held income-producing jobs. D. played a significantly different role from that of their northern counterparts. E. had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South.
A
Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that they A. were expected to be more subordinate to men. B. tended to have more formal education. C. generally were less engaged with the economic life of the family. D. were more likely to take a role in public activities. E. had fewer children.
A
The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape was the A. Fugitive Slave Act. B. Second Middle Passage. C. underground railroad. D. Cumberland passage. E. Frederick Douglass road.
C.
The "Know-Nothing" movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of A. Catholics. B. free blacks. C. abolitionists. D. Jews. E. Democrats.
A
The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championed A. southern economic independence from the North. B. southern commercial and agricultural growth. C. closer economic ties with the North. D. southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. E. closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth.
A
The Whig Party was LEAST successful at A. uniting behind a strong national leader. B. competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races. C. attracting a loyal constituency of voters. D. defining its political position. E. connecting with evangelical Protestants.
A
The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in A. None of these answers is correct. B. increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. C. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. D. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans. E. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans.
A
The slave codes of the American South A. defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black. B. banned blacks from attending church. C. legalized slave marriages. D. considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave. E. were rigidly enforced.
A
Though the trade and sale of slaves continued to be legal inside the U.S. until the Civil War, the "slave trade"—that is, the importation of slaves from Africa or any other foreign locale—was made illegal in A. 1808. B. None of these answers is correct. C. 1809. D. 1812. E. 1815.
A
Today, the oldest political party in the United States is the A. Democratic Party. B. Green Party. C. Socialist Party. D. Libertarian Party. E. Republican Party.
A
Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE? A. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development. B. Chicago was the railroad center of the West. C. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South. D. Long-distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River. E. More rail lines were located in the Northeast than in any other part of the country.
A
Within the American South, the institution of slavery A. created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. B. isolated blacks and whites from each other. C. encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. D. None of these answers is correct. E. created a unique bond between masters and slaves.
A
"Copperheads" were A. sometimes arrested on the order of President Lincoln. B. largely members of the Republican Party. C. Northerners who secretly spied for the Confederacy. D. intent on using the Civil War to rapidly end slavery. E. strong Lincoln supporters who often suppressed dissent violently.
A.
A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was A. highly unlikely. B. impossible. C. unlikely. D. highly likely. E. likely.
A.
At the conclusion of President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial, A. Johnson was acquitted by a margin of one vote. B. Johnson was convicted and then pardoned by the Senate. C. every Senate Republican voted to convict. D. a majority of senators voted to acquit. E. Johnson resigned from office just prior to the vote.
A.
Black sharecropping A. was a very common occupation of former slaves. B. involved close white supervision, which recalled the days of slavery. C. differed sharply from the tenant system. D. usually led to economic independence. E. represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system.
A.
By the 1890s, voting percentages in the South had A. decreased for both whites and blacks. B. increased for whites only. C. increased for blacks only. D. increased for whites and declined for blacks. E. declined for blacks only.
A.
During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked A. significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery. B. significantly more hours than the white labor force. C. more hours than had been the case during slavery. D. significantly less hours than the white labor force. E. approximately the same number of hours as during slavery.
A.
During the Mexican War, A. American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy. B. President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives. C. President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico. D. the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico. E. victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated.
A.
In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California A. as a free state. B. as two separate states, one slave and one free. C. with no determination on the issue of slavery. D. as a slave state. E. as a territory.
A.
In 1865, Southern whites defined "freedom" as A. controlling their future without Northern interference. B. the removal of freed blacks from their states. C. the right of Southern states to remain outside of the Union. D. monetary compensation for lost slaves. E. the right to use federal assistance to recover from the Civil War.
A.
In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico A. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas. B. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas. C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas. D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas. E. consistently favored American immigration into Texas.
A.
In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United States A. linked alcohol to crime and poverty. B. grew largely out of immigrant communities. C. remained a minor social movement. D. was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans. E. spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants.
A.
In the 1850s, the "Young America" movement A. supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world. B. was promoted by Whigs. C. called for a constitutional ban on slavery. D. believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion. E. called for a national resolution of the slave controversy.
A.
In the 1860s, Black Codes were A. designed to give whites control over freedmen. B. vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. C. enacted by the Freedmen's Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights. D. holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by Southern state governments. E. passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states.
A.
In the 1890s, the black journalist Ida B. Wells devoted her writing to attacking A. the crime of lynching. B. the arguments of Booker T. Washington. C. the legality of segregation. D. restrictions on black education. E. the loss of black voting rights.
A.
In the mid-1840s, the "Oregon country" in the Pacific Northwest A. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease. B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain. C. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire. D. contained many more English settlers than Americans. E. was of little interest to the American government.
A.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature A. was that American artists had little to offer Europe. B. was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism. C. was one of growing respect and admiration. D. included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues. E. included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism.
A.
Jim Crow laws A. imposed a system of state-supported segregation. B. did not apply to public parks, beaches, or picnic areas. C. challenged white Redeemer rule in the South. D. led immediately to a dramatic black exodus from the South. E. attacked the problem of lynching.
A.
Regarding religion, American slaves A. often incorporated African features into their Christianity. B. were usually not allowed to attend a church at all. C. were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites. D. had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century. E. shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa.
A.
Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that A. black codes protected slaves from abuse. B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves. C. the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world. D. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully. E. southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers.
A.
The 1862 Morrill Act was designed to help A. education. B. banks. C. railroads. D. free blacks. E. industry.
A.
The Confederacy financed its war effort primarily through A. printing money. B. foreign loans. C. an income tax. D. selling bonds. E. seizure of Northern assets.
A.
The Confiscation Act of 1861 A. declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free. B. gave Union troops the authority to seize Confederate property. C. saw the Confederate government claim the right to seize free blacks in the South. D. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and the western territories. E. empowered banks in the Union to freeze the financial assets of all slaveholders.
A.
The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the A. Republican Party. B. Jayhawk Party. C. Know-Nothings. D. Abolitionist Party. E. Populist Party.
A.
Which of the following is true of American slave families in the antebellum South? A. Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members. B. A child of a slave could not be sold after he or she had reached three years of age. C. Blacks typically had weaker family ties than did whites, due to the uncertainties of their lives. D. Most slaves who ran away did so to avoid punishment. E. Newly arrived slaves to a plantation were often shunned by the black community.
A.
Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE? A. It was sponsored by Henry Clay. B. It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise. C. It created two new territories. D. It divided and destroyed the Whig Party. E. It led to the creation of the Republican Party.
A.
William Henry Harrison A. was a renowned soldier and popular national figure. B. Was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency. C. died before he took office D. Was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name. E. was a republican
A.
As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal government A. should be reduced. B. should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states. C. should be expanded and was supreme over individual states. D. was supreme over individual states. E. should be expanded.
B
Early American Victorian homes were characterized by A. all members of a family sharing one bedroom. B. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture. C. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space. D. a lack of parlors and dining rooms. E. spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light.
B
In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued that A. all laws related to a state's economic development should come from that state. B.states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws. C. there should not be a federal court system. D. states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution. E. a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state.
B
In most parts of the North before the Civil War, free blacks could A. vote. B. compete for menial jobs. C. attend public schools. D. use public services available to whites. E. All these answers are correct.
B
In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the A. reaper. B. plow. C. cotton gin. D. thresher. E. tractor.
B
Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South A. remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South. B. shifted from the upper South to the lower South. C. was in Charleston, South Carolina D. remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South. E. shifted from the lower South to the upper South.
B
Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of A. New York B. South Carolina C. Pennsylvania D. Virginia E. Ohio
B
Southern whites who did not own slaves A. were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood. B. were largely dependent on the plantation economy. C. rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations. D. generally opposed the institution of slavery. E. openly opposed the planter elite.
B
The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute over A. the value of the two-party system. B. the sale of public land. C. slavery. D. trade with England. E. relations with Indian tribes.
B
The Erie Canal was A. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia. B. a tremendous financial success. C. built without either locks or gates. D. limited to flat land. E. built entirely by private investors.
B
The South may have failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT A. the profitability of cotton. B. a shortage of labor. C. the humid climate. D. little access to liquid capital. E. cultural values.
B
The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s were A. southern slaveholders. B. radical Democrats. C. defenders of monopolies. D. western farmers. E. radical abolitionists.
B
Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true? A. The right to vote was restricted to property owners. B. The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males. C. Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office. D. Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements. E. Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west.
B
Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair? A. Francis Blair B. Martin Van Buren C. DeWitt Clinton D. Isaac Hill E. John C. Calhoun
B
As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, A. Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve. B. California's population had become even more diverse. C. California had a population larger than any state in the Union. D. California had a large surplus of labor. E. California became virulently antislavery.
B.
Between 1861 and 1864, the cost of goods in the Confederacy rose by A. 1,000 percent. B. 9,000 percent. C. 600 percent. D. 200 percent. E. 3,000 percent.
B.
Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871 A. gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan. B. was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South. C. was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant. D. allowed white Southerners to maintain a police state. E. was designed to support the Black Codes.
B.
During Reconstruction, regarding land ownership in the South, A. the Freedmen's Bureau distributed millions of acres of land to freedmen. B. ownership by whites declined, while ownership by blacks increased. C. most plantations abandoned during the Civil War remained vacant. D. ownership by both whites and blacks increased. E. the federal government vigorously acted to confiscate land owned by former Confederates.
B.
During Reconstruction, the Southern school system A. initially were not segregated. B. reached 40 percent of all black children by 1876. C. did not allow blacks to be teachers. D. only offered primary instruction. E. barely reached any children of former slaves.
B.
During the Civil War, "greenbacks" issued by the federal government A. were backed by gold and silver. B. fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the Northern armies. C. were backed by silver. D. steadily gained in value as the war progressed. E. were backed by gold.
B.
Frederick Douglass A. was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth. B. spent two years lecturing in England against slavery. C. wrote for William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper. D. argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality. E. was an ordained minister.
B.
In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant A. won a huge victory. B. entered the White House with no political experience. C. relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration. D. was nominated by both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. E. ran against Republican Reconstruction policies.
B.
In the 1830s, abolitionists in the United States constituted A. approximately one-third of the national population. B. a small percentage of the national population. C. approximately one-quarter of the national population. D. the largest reform movement in the nation. E. the majority of the population in the North.
B.
In the 1840s in the United States, an initial understanding of germ theory was developed by A. Ignaz Semmelweis. B. Oliver Wendell Holmes. C. William Morton. D. James Warren. E. Edward Jenner.
B.
In the Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln declared freedom for slaves A. that joined the Union military. B. in the parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion. C. in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union. D. in the parts of the Confederacy already under Union control. E. throughout all states that existed as part of the United States prior to the Civil War.
B.
In the South in 1865, as a result of the Civil War, A. the traditional roles of women were reinforced and maintained. B. there were more women than men in some states. C. few women could find employment. D. large numbers of widowed Southern women married Union soldiers. E. women were granted the right to vote for their wartime service.
B.
In the election of 1852, A. the Whigs were united. B. the Free-Soil Party gained strength. C. neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. D. the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate. E. the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850.
B.
James Buchanan A. opposed the admission of Kansas as a slave state. B. pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. C. None of these answers is correct. D. weakly opposed the Dred Scott decision. E. refused to enforce the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision.
B.
The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate A. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given. B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives. C. resulted in Sumner's death from his injuries weeks later. D. was strongly condemned in the South. E. All these answers are correct.
B.
The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to A. the Caribbean. B. Liberia. C. England. D. Canada. E. Angola.
B.
The Crittenden Compromise found its greatest support in A. abolitionists. B. Southern senators. C. the western territories. D. President Abraham Lincoln. E. Republican senators.
B.
The Wade-Davis Bill A. was criticized by Conservative Republicans for being too mild. B. sought to bring about the disenfranchisement of leading Confederates. C. quickly became the law of the land. D. essentially followed President Lincoln's Reconstruction plans. E. denied reentry into the Union by former Confederate states for 10 years.
B.
The first Republican candidate for president was A. James Buchanan. B. John C. Frémont. C. Stephen Douglas. D. Abraham Lincoln. E. Millard Fillmore.
B.
The most important and popular American paintings of the first half of the nineteenth century set out to A. make realistic depictions of rural white American life. B. evoke the wonder of the nation's landscape. C. depict the Founding Fathers hard at work. D. celebrate the achievements of the American military. E. show scenes of American aristocracy at play.
B.
Which of the following federally-chartered corporations did the Union create to build the transcontinental railroad? A. Union Pacific B. Union Pacific and Central Pacific C. Western Pacific D. Central Pacific E. Western Pacific and Central Pacific
B.
Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails? A. Cedar Rapids, Iowa B. Independence, Missouri C. St. Louis, Missouri D. Ames, Iowa E. Kansas City, Missouri
B.
Who among the following was NOT a participant in American communal living? A. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Walt Whitman C. John Humphrey Noyes D. Robert Owen E. George Ripley
B.
Between 1840 and 1860, the American South's slave population A. became concentrated in the upper South. B. could not meet the South's labor needs. C. dramatically shifted into the Southwest. D. declined in overall numbers. E. changed little.
C
By 1860, factories in the United States A. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation's manufacturing labor force. B. None of these answers is correct. C. were concentrated in the Northeast. D. employed one-third of the nation's manufacturing labor force. E. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation's agricultural output.
C
By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as A. an aberration. B. unnecessary to the political process. C. a desired and essential part of the democratic process. D. being in the control of special interest factions. E. a dangerous threat to the democratic process.
C
During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT A. creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization. B. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press. C. the technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint. D. the dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers. E. the introduction of the telegraph system.
C
In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because A. he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned. B. he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier. C. the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce. D. the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed. E. he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection.
C
In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500 people or more) or cities was A. 39 percent. B. 7 percent. C. 26 percent. D. 13 percent. E. 42 percent.
C
In an attempt to end the nullification crisis, President Andrew Jackson in 1833 A. acceded to John C. Calhoun's demands. B. raised the "tariff of abominations." C. authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed. D. threatened to arrest supporters of nullification. E. agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states.
C
In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his A. plow. B. thresher. C. reaper. D. tractor. E. mower.
C
In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to support A. est. wealth B. federally supported internal improvements C. Territorial expansion D. The abolition of slavery E. the chartering of banks and corpoeations
C
Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 because A. federal spending had supported an economic boom. B. land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson. C.the political opposition offered multiple candidates. D. his opponent openly advocated ending removal of the Indians. E. he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson.
C
Short-staple cotton A. was less coarse than long-staple cotton. B. was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton. C. helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region. D. was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South. E. was easier to process than long-staple cotton.
C
The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without A. marrying. B. producing a product or service. C. owning land. D. capital. E. a professional education.
C
The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the A. yeoman farmer. B. industrial entrepreneur. C. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer. D. skilled artisan. E. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur.
C
The rise of the American factory system A. complemented the nation's traditional republican ideals. B. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers. C. led to the creation of national craft unions. D. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition. E. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans.
C
When the Lowell factory system began, A. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement. B. craftsmen were part of the production system. C. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories. D. the workday ended when production quotas were met. E. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale.
C
All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River school EXCEPT A. Thomas Cole. B. Albert Bierstadt. C. James Whistler. D. Frederic Church. E. Asher Durand.
C.
As president, Andrew Johnson A. long delayed presenting his own plans for Reconstruction. B. proposed delaying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. C. offered some form of amnesty to Southerners who pledged their loyalty to the United States. D. argued the South should be readmitted to the Union without conditions. E. quickly sided with the Radical Republicans.
C.
In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was A. a "necessary evil." B. the "American way of life." C. a "positive good." D. likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years. E. likely to end in the United States within fifty years.
C.
In his 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Booker T. Washington A. criticized the federal government for abandoning southern blacks. B. called for political and civil rights for black Americans. C. called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation. D. argued that blacks should honor their African forebears. E. stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites.
C.
In the Civil War, the number of deaths for every 100,000 of the population was A. 1,000. B. 4,000. C. 2,000. D. 500. E. 5,000.
C.
In the South during the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, A. the average income reached 80 percent of that in the North. B. southerners became more dependent on agriculture than ever. C. the southern share of national manufacturing doubled. D. most industrial growth came from coal mining. E. per capita income fell sharply.
C.
Kansas entered the United States A. during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. B. well after the Civil War ended. C. as a free state. D. as a slave state. E. at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union.
C.
Mormonism A. always rejected polygamy. B. was founded by Brigham Young. C. believed in human perfectibility. D. emphasized individual liberty. E. began in the Midwest.
C.
One actual slave revolt that resulted in numerous white deaths in the nineteenth-century South was led by A. Harriet Tubman. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Nat Turner. D. Denmark Vesey. E. Gabriel Prosser.
C.
President James K. Polk A. entered office with very few concrete plans about what he wanted to achieve. B. was generally a pacifist, but was ultimately pushed into faster occupation of the West. C. helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas. D. had not held any significant electoral office before becoming president. E. opposed the occupation of Oregon.
C.
Prior to 1860, public education in the United States A. did not exist. B. was funded by the federal government. C. gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world. D. emphasized independence and creativity. E. was legally denied for all non-whites.
C.
Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party A. supported the rights of slave owners. B. opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850. C. promoted "Free Soil." D. focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws. E. campaigned for outright abolition.
C.
Shaker societies A. first began in the United States in the 1840s. B. asserted that God was female. C. saw women exercise more power than men. D. were eventually forced to move to Utah. E. established most of their communities in the South.
C.
The Alabama claims A. marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority. B. were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction. C. involved complaints by the United States against England. D. ended an experiment in black landownership. E. saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War.
C.
The Peninsular campaign in 1862 A. All these answers are correct. B. saw General George McClellan plan an ambitious assault on Charleston, South Carolina. C. was an example of General McClellan's conservative approach to battle. D. saw the first Confederate siege of Washington, D.C. E. ultimately ended in a major Union victory and signaled a turning point in the war.
C.
The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote A. racial equality. B. Christianity. C. democracy. D. capitalism. E. economic equality.
C.
When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored A. the Wilmot Proviso. B. abolitionism. C. an extension of the Missouri Compromise. D. popular sovereignty. E. Free Soil.
C.
Which of the following statements about George B. McClellan is FALSE? A. He was found to have, in Lincoln's opinion, a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy, acting too slow for Lincoln's tastes. B. He served briefly as chief of staff but returned to the field in March 1862. C. He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. D. He ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. E. He was eventually replaced by General Henry W. Halleck.
C.
Which of the following technologies was used, but did not play a major part in, the Civil War? A. repeating rifles B. railroads C. the telegraph D. cannons C. submarines
C.
Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the A. universal milling machine. B. turret lathe. C. None of these answers is correct. D. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder. E. precision grinder.
D
By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the "cult of domesticity," A. women were increasingly seen as contributors to the family economy. B. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized. C. unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities. D. women became increasingly isolated from the public world. E. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family.
D
In 1830, what political figure said, "Our Federal Union—It must be preserved"? A. Robert Hayne B. Daniel webster C. henry Clay D. Andrew Jackson E John C. Calhoun
D
In 1830, what political figure said, "The Union, next to our liberty most dear"? A. Andrew Jackson B. Daniel Webster C. Henry Clay D. John C. Calhoun E. Robert Hayne
D
In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullification A. to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North. B.to support trade tariffs. C. as a means to end the national bank. D. as an alternative to possible secession. E. to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson.
D
In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York showcased A. American artists. B. European artists. C. nature and natural history. D. human oddities. E. past American leaders and heroes.
D
In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest in A. Rhode Island. B. Pennsylvania. C. New Jersey. D. New York. E. Virginia.
D
Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by A. the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture. B. the ability of immigrants to command high wages. C. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves. D. fears of political radicalism. E. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.
D
The "peculiar institution" was a southern reference to A. manufacturing. B. the plantation. C. democracy. D. slavery. E. capitalism.
D
The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that A. unions must admit working women as members. B. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade. C. labor strikes were illegal. D. labor unions were lawful organizations. E. child labor laws were unconstitutional.
D
Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE? A. The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election. B. Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. C. The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836. D. President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter. E. President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who would help him weaken the bank.
D
African American soldiers in the Union A. were not paid for their military service. B. were allowed only to dig trenches and transport water. C. constituted a large segment of the initial volunteers who joined the war effort. D. experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers. E. died in combat in larger numbers than white soldiers.
D.
As a supporter of land operations, the Union naval presence was particularly important on the A. southern gulf. B. Chesapeake. C. Outer Banks. D. western rivers. E. Great Lakes.
D.
At the end of the Civil War, the number of slaves that emerged from bondage was A. about 800,000. B. about 6 million. C. about 1 million. D. about 3.5 million. E. about 2.5 million.
D.
At the start of the Civil War, the A. South had more combat-age males. B. South had more and better railroads. C. South had a massive reserve of cash. D. North had more advanced industrial and transportation systems. E. North was unified by a commitment to end slavery.
D.
At the start of the Civil War, the armed forces of the United States A. was largely made up of military draftees. B. did not include a navy. C. had almost entirely defected to the Confederate side. D. saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West. E. consisted of roughly 400,000 troops.
D.
In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln realized that volunteer state militias A. would operate as a drag on the more efficient and experienced United States army. B. could not be counted on to serve longer than three months. C. could not wage an effective military campaign. D. would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union. E. would provide all the military manpower the Union would require.
D.
In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against A. equality for women. B. ending the asylum system. C. northern disunion from the South. D. defensive wars. E. extreme pacifism.
D.
In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States A. enjoyed considerable political support. B. found their greatest support in the "penny press." C. warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes. D. warned it would increase the controversy over slavery. E. All these answers are correct.
D.
In the South, the crop-lien system along with the burdensome credit system A. nearly disappeared during Reconstruction. B. saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent. C. was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers. D. encouraged the planting of cash crops. E. led to crop diversification.
D.
Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists A. believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements. B. believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation. C. sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism. D. argued that personal salvation could be achieved by individual effort. E. took the lead in the cause to end slavery.
D.
Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South A. were concentrated in the Deep South. B. increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free "surplus" slaves. C. were required by law to leave the South. D. occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves. E. avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention.
D.
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House after A. President Jefferson Davis announced the Confederate government was defeated. B. President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces. C. President Lincoln met President Davis. D. Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting. E. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.
D.
The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush A. more often worked as merchants than miners. B. typically planned to remain permanently in the state. C. found themselves banned from working in the mines. D. had aspirations similar to those of American participants. E. usually came with their families.
D.
The Hudson River school of painters emphasized in their work the importance of A. realism. B. democratic ideals. C. the yeoman farmer. D. natural beauty. E. the founding fathers.
D.
The elections of 1876 saw A. Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term. B. the Supreme Court decide the presidential election. C. the governor of New York become president. D. the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected. E. a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War.
D.
The state admitted to the Union during the Civil War was A. Iowa. B. Wisconsin. C. Nevada. D. West Virginia. E. Minnesota.
D.
The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson A. remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life. B. asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society. C. was a leading critic of the American political system. D. asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment. E. believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals.
D.
Which of the following is true of canal and turnpike transportation? A. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction. B. Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation. C. Pennsylvania was the first to finance canal construction. D. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports. E. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation.
D.
In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed by A. Henry Clay. B. None of these answers is correct. C."soft-money" advocates. D. "hard-money" advocates. E. both "soft-money" advocates and "hard-money" advocates.
E
Jacksonian Democrats A. praised President Jackson as "King Andrew I," were strongest among the more substantial merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. B. praised President Jackson as "King Andrew I." C. faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. D. were strongest among the more substantial merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast. E. None of these answers is correct.
E
Of the "Five Civilized Tribes," the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal was the A.Cherokee B. Choctaw C. Creek D. Chickasaw E. Semiole
E
Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the A. schoolhouse. B. town hall. C. grocery store. D. tavern. E. church.
E
Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South A. never made a profit. B. was centered in the lower South. C. enjoyed a stable market. D. was easy on the soil. E. was gradually moving westward.
E
Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes? A. Chicago B. Buffalo C. Milwaukee D. Detroit E. Cincinnati
E
After Reconstruction, political power under southern "Redeemers" A. increased state services for the poor. B. ignored the interests of industrialists. C. helped consolidate the "Solid South" for the Republican Party. D. typically relied on raising taxes for its funding. E. was very often restricted and conservative.
E.
After the Civil War, most poor rural Southerners relied on credit from A. the federal government. B. local banks. C. Northern financial institutions. D. state governments. E. country stores.
E.
All of the following were "Radical Republicans" EXCEPT A. None of these answers is correct. B. Benjamin Wade. C. Thaddeus Stevens. D. Charles Sumner. E. Abraham Lincoln.
E.
As Republicans planned for Reconstruction, A. moderates believed the South should be readmitted without any concessions on black rights. B. they were hampered by the fact that no thought had been given to the task until the end of the war. C. President Lincoln suggested that no conditions be put on the former Confederate states. D. Conservatives sought many conditions to readmit the former Confederate states. E. Radicals sought a range of punishments for white Southerners.
E.
Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally A. from the eastern seaboard states. B. domestic servants and prostitutes. C. over the age of thirty. D. wealthy. E. relatively young people who traveled in family groups.
E.
During Reconstruction, Southern African American officeholders A. rarely engaged in illegal political activities. B. did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate. C. were excluded from state constitutional conventions. D. filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate. E. underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South.
E.
In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto A. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops. B. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner. C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin. D. was a victory for General Santa Anna. E. led to independence for Texas.
E.
In 1840, one catalyst for an American feminist movement was a London convention that dealt with A. prostitution. B. temperance. C. woman suffrage. D. prison reform. E. the abolition of slavery.
E.
In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that women A. possessed as many rights as men. B. should be the manager of home affairs, while men managed business affairs. C. None of these answers is correct. D. had an obligation to speak their minds. E. were like children.
E.
In the Confederacy, a military draft A. forced all white males between the ages of 18 and 25 to serve for three years. B. compelled slaves to serve as soldiers. C. never allowed for the hiring of substitutes. D. was not considered necessary until the last months of the Civil War. E. aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy.
E.
In the election of 1860, A. disenchanted northern Democrats nominated John Bell for president. B. the Republican political platform called for an end to slavery. C. Abraham Lincoln's relative obscurity proved to be a drawback. D. Stephen Douglas narrowly lost in the electoral vote. E. Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote.
E.
Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was A. running away. B. arson. C. poisoning. D. group rebellions. E. subtle defiance.
E.
President Abraham Lincoln believed the main objective of the Union armies was to A. capture Richmond. B. occupy Confederate territory. C. control Confederate ports. D. free Southern slaves. E. destroy the Confederate armies' ability to fight.
E.
Schuyler Colfax, Grant's vice president, A. was fired by Grant for incompetence. B. opposed almost every one of Grant's policies. C. None of these answers is correct. D. was assassinated by a disgruntled former plantation owner. E. was involved in a stock-fixing scandal.
E.
Southern writers such as Augustus B. Longstreet, Joseph G. Baldwin, and Johnson J. Hooper A. focused on the lives of aristocrats. B. romanticized the institution of slavery. C. None of these answers is correct. D. felt there was no place for humor in American literature. E. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people.
E.
The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women's rights A. asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men. B. shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time. C. called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality. D. refused to allow men to attend. E. issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence.
E.
The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South. B. cost the United States government $25 million. C. was made with England. D. fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War. E. advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.
E.
The United States Sanitary Commission A. banned women from working in frontline field hospitals. B. was welcomed by male doctors. C. defied the traditional stereotype of women. D. was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. E. helped turn nursing into a female-dominated profession.
E.
The effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin on the nation was to A. help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers. B. offer the first written history of American slavery. C. reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America. D. ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union. E. spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience.
E.
The great majority of Irish immigrants settled in the A. rural North. B. western territories. C. southern cities. D. rural South. E. eastern cities.
E.
The transcendentalists A. understood the interconnectedness of species. B. understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. C. made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. D. None of these answers is correct. E. anticipated the environmental movement of the twentieth century.
E.
The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were A. acclaimed by many American writers in his time. B. largely focused on southern society. C. mostly ignored during his lifetime. D. completely ignored in Europe after his death. E. primarily sad and macabre.
E.
When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he A. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories. B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico. C. readily accepted the treaty. D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City. E. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions.
E.
Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River school? A. an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than Europe B. a sense of nostalgia for a kind of nature that might be disappearing C. canvases that tended to be very large in size D. portraits of some of the nation's most spectacular and undeveloped areas E. a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment
E.
Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE? A. Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers. B. Urban slaves in the South had little working competition from European immigrants. C. Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves. D. The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct. E. Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks.
E.
