HISTORY MIDTERM

Mikhail Glinka

(1804-57) = Father of Russian Music A Life for the Czar (1836) Russian an Lyudmila (1842)

Ruggiero Leoncavallo:

(1857-1919) Composer of -I Pagliacci (1892)

Images for orchestra, Jeux

(1913) (about a tennis game, overshadowed by Diaghilev's Rite of Spring!!!)

Also sprach Zarathustra, Op. 30

(Thus Spoke Zarathustra or Thus Spake Zarathustra)[1] is a tone poem by Richard Strauss, composed in 1896 and inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical novel of the same name.[2] The composer conducted its first performance on 27 November 1896 in Frankfurt. A typical performance lasts half an hour. The work has been part of the classical repertoire since its first performance in 1896. The initial fanfare - titled "Sunrise" in the composer's program notes[3] - became particularly well-known after its use in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.[4]

Schola Cantorum

-Schola Cantorum - founded 1894 -Vincent d'Indy, Charles Bordes, Alexandre Guimant = founders -Albert Roussel = student - Promoted sacred music

Puccini: La Bohème, Turandot

2 operas composed by Puccini La Boheme: 1896 composed by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, based on Scènes de la vie de bohème by Henri Murger Turandot: (1926) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, completed by Franco Alfano, and set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. The original story is based on the story of Turan-Dokht (daughter of Turan) from the epic Haft Peykar (The Seven Beauties), work of 12th-century Persian poet Nizami.[1] The opera's story is set in China and involves Prince Calaf, who falls in love with the cold Princess Turandot. To obtain permission to marry her, a suitor has to solve three riddles; any wrong answer results in death. Calaf passes the test, but Turandot still refuses to marry him. He offers her a way out: if she is able to learn his name before dawn the next day, then at daybreak he will die.

Pantomime

A dramatic entertainment, originating in Roman mime, in which performers express meaning through gestures accompanied by music.

Pedal chord

A pedal bass simply means that while chords are changing, the bass note stays the same.

Pentatonic scale

A pentatonic scale is a musical scale or mode with five notes per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven-note) scale such as the major scale and minor scale.

Nationalism

A political term, means to unify people under a common knowledge (shared language, values, rituals (MUSIC was part of this)) Could support a variety of goals In unified states (France, Britain, Russia) nationalism maintained the status quo Un-unified states (Germany, Italy) nationalism provided unification (Verdi very much involved with this!) Germany celebrated Bach as their own Mendelssohn (nationalism = merging of music and politics, politics bored him) Heterogenous countries (nationalism within Austrian empire) was a call for independence Chopin able to compose with a sense of nationalism to Poland (he was composing these Odes to Polish folksongs while in Paris) Nationalism in art: evocation and glorification of the homeland and of national things Musical manifestations of nationalism Folksong collection & publication Use of folksongs in original compositions National subjects: history, legend, scenery Native language in opera, song, choral music Simple, naive, and technically uncomplicated music is valued over music that is complex and technically sophisticated

Octatonic scale

An octatonic scale is any eight-note musical scale. The scale most often meant by this term is one in which the notes ascend in alternating intervals of a whole step and a half step, creating a symmetric scale.

Ravel: Boléro

Boléro is a one-movement orchestral piece by the French composer Maurice Ravel (1875-1937). Originally composed as a ballet commissioned by Russian actress and dancer Ida Rubinstein, the piece, which premiered in 1928, is Ravel's most famous musical composition

Cubism

Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century.[1][2] The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris.[3] A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne

Das Lied von der Erde

Das Lied von der Erde ("The Song of the Earth") is a composition for two voices and orchestra by the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler between 1908 and 1909. Described as a symphony when published, it comprises six songs for two singers who take turns singing the songs. Mahler specified the two singers should be a tenor and an alto, or else a tenor and a baritone if an alto is not available.[1] Mahler composed this work following the most painful period in his life, and the songs address themes such as those of living, parting and salvation. On the centenary of Mahler's birth, the composer, conductor, and known Mahler conductor Leonard Bernstein described Das Lied von der Erde as Mahler's "Greatest symphony".

Strauss: Death and Transfiguration,

Death and Transfiguration (Tod und Verklärung), Op. 24, is a tone poem for large orchestra by Richard Strauss. Strauss began composition in the late summer of 1888 and completed the work on 18 November 1889. The work is dedicated to the composer's friend Friedrich Rosch. The music depicts the death of an artist. At Strauss's request, this was described in a poem by the composer's friend Alexander Ritter as an interpretation of Death and Transfiguration, after it was composed.[1] As the man lies dying, thoughts of his life pass through his head: his childhood innocence, the struggles of his manhood, the attainment of his worldly goals; and at the end, he receives the longed-for transfiguration "from the infinite reaches of heaven".

Paris Conservatoire

Debussy and Ravel attended, as well as Faure.

Der Rosenkavalier

Der Rosenkavalier (The Knight of the Rose or The Rose-Bearer[1]), Op. 59, is a comic opera in three acts by Richard Strauss to an original German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.[2] It is loosely adapted from the novel Les amours du chevalier de Faublas by Louvet de Couvrai and Molière's comedy Monsieur de Pourceaugnac.[3] It was first performed at the Königliches Opernhaus in Dresden on 26 January 1911 under the direction of Max Reinhardt,[4] Ernst von Schuch conducting. Until the premiere the working title was Ochs von Lerchenau.[5] (The choice of the name Ochs is not accidental, for in German Ochs means ox, which depicts the character of the Baron throughout the opera.)

Don Juan

Don Juan, Op. 20, is a tone poem in E major for large orchestra written by the German composer Richard Strauss in 1888. It is singled out by Carl Dahlhaus as a "musical symbol of fin-de-siècle modernism", particularly for the "breakaway mood" of its opening bars.[1] The premiere of Don Juan took place on 11 November 1889 in Weimar, where Strauss served as Court Kapellmeister; he conducted the orchestra of the Weimar Opera. The work, composed when Strauss was only twenty-four years old, became an international success and established his reputation.

Paul Dukas:"The Sorcerer's Apprentice"

Dukas' "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" was featured as part of the musical score of Fantasia, a 1940 animated film in which Mickey Mouse was portrayed as a sorcerer's apprentice.

Monsieur Croche

During the latter part of his life Debussy created an alter ego, "Monsieur Croche," with whom he carried on imaginary conversations on the nature of art and music. "What is the use of your almost incomprehensible art?" Monsieur Croche asks. "Is it not more profitable to see the sun rise than to listen to the Pastoral Symphony of Beethoven?" Elsewhere Monsieur Croche supports the cause of the musical explorer: "I am less interested in what I possess than in what I shall need tomorrow." In the spring of 1901 Debussy became the music critic for La revue blanche, a lead- ing Parisian literary and artistic journal. His articles appearing there are far from mere descriptions of the concerts that he had attended, instead highly imaginative and opinionated speculations upon contemporary music. In his article for July 1, 1901, translated here, he puts down his ideas in the form of a conversation with an imaginary visitor whom he calls "M. Croche" (croche is the French word for an eighth-note, although the word also suggests "crossed" or "hooked" in a variety of French idioms). M. Croche is an argumentative character whose ideas about music are filled with ambiguity. In his words we hear the arch side of Debussy's own personality.

Elgar: Enigma Variations, Pomp and Circumstance Marches

Edward Elgar composed his Variations, Op. 36, popularly known as the Enigma Variations,[1] between October 1898 and February 1899. It is an orchestral work comprising fourteen variations on an original theme. The Pomp and Circumstance Marches (full title Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches), Op. 39, are a series of marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar.

Elektra

Elektra, Op. 58, is a one-act opera by Richard Strauss, to a German-language libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal,[1] which he adapted from his 1903 drama Elektra. The opera was the first of many collaborations between Strauss and Hofmannsthal. It was first performed at the Dresden State Opera on 25 January 1909. Elektra is a difficult, musically complex work which requires great stamina to perform. The role of Elektra, in particular, is one of the most demanding in the dramatic soprano repertoire.

Má vlast: The Moldau

Example of Czech music/nationalism is a set of six symphonic poems composed between 1874 and 1879 by the Czech composer Bedřich Smetana - Ma vlast is also known as (My Homeland) and Vlatava (The Moldau) (disciple of Liszt) In these works Smetana combined the symphonic poem form pioneered by Franz Liszt with the ideals of nationalistic music which were current in the late nineteenth century. Each poem depicts some aspect of the countryside, history, or legends of Bohemia.

Jean Sibelius: Finlandia, Tapiola

Finlandia, Op. 26, is a tone poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. It was written in 1899 and revised in 1900. The piece was composed for the Press Celebrations of 1899, a covert protest against increasing censorship from the Russian Empire, and was the last of seven pieces performed as an accompaniment to a tableau depicting episodes from Finnish history. Tapiola (literally, "Realm of Tapio"), Op. 112, is a tone poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, written in 1926 on a commission from Walter Damrosch for the New York Philharmonic Society. Tapiola portrays Tapio, the animating forest spirit mentioned throughout the Kalevala. It was premiered by Damrosch on 26 December 1926.

Vincent d'Indy

Founder of Schola Cantorum

Maurice Maeterlinck

He was a Belgian playwright, poet, and essayist who was a Fleming, but wrote in French. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911 "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations". The main themes in his work are death and the meaning of life. His plays form an important part of the Symbolist movement.

Leoš Janáček

He was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian and other Slavic folk music to create an original, modern musical style. Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research and his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera Jenůfa, which was premiered in 1904 in Brno. The success of Jenůfa (often called the "Moravian national opera") at Prague in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include operas such as Káťa Kabanová and The Cunning Little Vixen, the Sinfonietta, the Glagolitic Mass, the rhapsody Taras Bulba, two string quartets, and other chamber works. Along with Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana, he is considered one of the most important Czech composers.

Camille Saint-Saëns

He was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic era. His best-known works include Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (1863), the Second Piano Concerto (1868), the First Cello Concerto (1872), Danse macabre (1874), the opera Samson and Delilah (1877), the Third Violin Concerto (1880), the Third ("Organ") Symphony (1886) and The Carnival of the Animals (1886).

Stéphane Mallarmé

He was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism. Mallarmé's poetry has been the inspiration for several musical pieces, notably Claude Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894), a free interpretation of Mallarmé's poem L'après-midi d'un faune (1876), which creates powerful impressions by the use of striking but isolated phrases.

Paul Verlaine

He was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de siècle in international and French poetry..Gabriel Fauré composed many mélodies, such as the song cycles Cinq mélodies "de Venise" and La bonne chanson, which were settings of Verlaine's poems Claude Debussy set to music Clair de lune and six of the Fêtes galantes poems, and Reynaldo Hahn also frequently set Verlaine's poems.

Alexander Borodin

He was a Russian Romantic composer of Georgian origin, as well as a doctor and chemist. He was one of the prominent 19th century composers known as The Mighty Handful, a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models.[2][3][4] Borodin is best known for his symphonies, his two string quartets, In the Steppes of Central Asia and his opera Prince Igor. Music from Prince Igor and his string quartets was later adapted for the US musical Kismet.

César Cui

He was a Russian composer and music critic. His profession was as an army officer and a teacher of fortifications, and his avocational life has particular significance in the history of music. In this sideline he is known as a member of The Five, a group of Russian composers under the leadership of Mily Balakirev dedicated to the production of a specifically Russian type of music.

Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov

He was a Russian composer, and a member of the group of composers known as The Five.[a 2] He was a master of orchestration. His best-known orchestral compositions—Capriccio Espagnol, the Russian Easter Festival Overture, and the symphonic suite Scheherazade—are staples of the classical music repertoire, along with suites and excerpts from some of his 15 operas. Scheherazade is an example of his frequent use of fairy tale and folk subjects.

Mily Balakirev

He was a Russian pianist, conductor and composer known today primarily for his work promoting musical nationalism and his encouragement of more famous Russian composers, notably Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. He began his career as a pivotal figure, extending the fusion of traditional folk music and experimental classical music practices begun by composer Mikhail Glinka. In the process, Balakirev developed musical patterns that could express overt nationalistic feeling.

Edgar Allan Poe

He was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. Widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story.

Cavalleria Rusticana

Huge example of Verismo, opera :) one of my faves duh

Hugo von Hofmannsthal

Hugo Laurenz August Hofmann von Hofmannsthal (German:February 1, 1874 - July 15, 1929) was an Austrian prodigy, a novelist, librettist, poet, dramatist, narrator, and essayist. STRAUSS'S LIBRETTIST FOR: Elektra (1909) Der Rosenkavalier (1911) Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, rev. 1916) Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919) Die ägyptische Helena (1927) Arabella (1933)

Additive rhythm

In music, additive and divisive are terms used to distinguish two types of both rhythm and meter. A divisive (or, more commonly, multiplicative) rhythm is a rhythm in which a larger period of time is divided into smaller rhythmic units or, conversely, some integer unit is regularly multiplied into larger, equal units; this can be contrasted with additive rhythm, in which larger periods of time are constructed by concatenating (joining end to end) a series of units into larger units of unequal length,

Mystic chord

In music, the mystic chord or Prometheus chord is a six-note synthetic chord and its associated scale, or pitch collection; which loosely serves as the harmonic and melodic basis for some of the later pieces by Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. Scriabin, however, did not use the chord directly but rather derived material from its transpositions.

Pictures at an Exhibition

It is a suite in ten movements (plus a recurring, varied Promenade) composed for piano by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky in 1874. After the painter Viktor Hartmann died (who was a friend of Mussorgsky), the influential art critic Stasov helped organize an exhibition of over 400 Hartmann works in the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg, Russia in February and March 1874. Mussorgsky lent works from his personal collection to the exhibition and viewed the show in person. Fired by the experience, he composed Pictures at an Exhibition during 2-22 June 1874. The music depicts an imaginary tour of an art collection. Titles of individual movements allude to works by Hartmann; Mussorgsky used Hartmann as a working title during the work's composition.

Cyclical method, cyclic form

It is a technique of musical construction, involving multiple sections or movements, in which a theme, melody, or thematic material occurs in more than one movement as a unifying device. Associated with Cesar Franck in: -Piano Quintet in F Minor, (1886) -Violin Sonata in A (1886) -Symphony in D Minor (1888) -String Quartet in D (1889)

Nutcracker,

It is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (op. 71). The libretto is adapted from E.T.A. Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King. Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s, and is now performed by countless ballet companies, primarily during the Christmas season, especially in North America

Javanese gamelan

It is an Indonesian orchestra consisting of bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and a great variety of percussion instruments.

Boris Godunov

It is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky. The work was composed between 1868 and 1873 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is Mussorgsky's only completed opera and is considered his masterpiece. Based on a play by Alexander Pushkin Plot is about a tsar in the late 1500s, early 1600s, Boris Godunov, and his nemesis, who pretends to be the man he murdered to gain status as the tsar of Russia- focuses on the tyranny of the Russian government, and how Russia had a horrible fate during this time due to its crazy selfish leaders.

Verismo

Italian Opera: Verismo (1890s) French were very much influenced by Wagner While Verdi was taken with Wagner's orchestras in his later career, the Italians had a new movement happening in the late 1800s - it was a - Movement called verismo emerged 2 biggest examples: Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945) - Cavalleria Rusticana (Rustic Chivalry) Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857-1919) -I Pagliacci (1892) This movement burned out quickly - this is the style Puccini came out of - the one he transformed that made him immensely successful This is where we moved from bel canto singing to a new kind of opera Pronounced vibrato Musical "sobs" Adelina Patti (1843-1919) (represented bel canto) Enrico Caruso, tenor (1873-1921) (represented verismo technique) (known for starring in Pagliacci)

Histoire du soldat,

L'Histoire du soldat (The Soldier's Tale) is a theatrical work "to be read, played, and danced" ("lue, jouée et dansée") by three actors and one or several dancers, accompanied by a septet of instruments. The piece was conceived by Igor Stravinsky and Swiss writer C. F. Ramuz based on a Russian folk tale (The Runaway Soldier and the Devil) drawn from the collection of Alexander Afanasyev.[1]

Debussy: La Mer,

La mer, trois esquisses symphoniques pour orchestre (French for The sea, three symphonic sketches for orchestra), or simply La mer (i.e. The Sea), is an orchestral composition (L 109) by the French composer Claude Debussy. Composed between 1903 and 1905, the piece was initially not well received, but soon became one of Debussy's most admired and frequently performed orchestral works.

La Valse,

La valse, poème chorégraphique pour orchestre (a choreographic poem for orchestra), is a work written by Maurice Ravel between February 1919 and 1920 (premiered in Paris on 12 December 1920). It was conceived as a ballet but is now more often heard as a concert work. The work has been described as a tribute to the waltz

Les noces

Les noces (French; English: The Wedding;) is a ballet and orchestral concert work composed by Igor Stravinsky for percussion, pianists, chorus, and vocal soloists. The composer gave it the descriptive title: "Choreographed Scenes with Music and Voices." Though initially intended to serve as a ballet score, it is often performed without dance. It premiered under the musical direction of Ernest Ansermet at the Ballets Russes with choreography by Bronislava Nijinska on June 13, 1923, in Paris. Several versions of the score have been performed, either substituting orchestra for the percussion and pianos or using pianolas in accordance with a version of the piece that Stravinsky abandoned without completing.

Madama Butterfly Tosca Puccini

Madama Butterfly -Tosca Puccini didn't save emotional themes for certain moments, he wanted them throughout Scarpia theme.. lots of chromaticism (added 6th chords, parallel chords, whole-tone scales) A-A prime Operas named after the heroine regularly Tosca has 50 identifiable leitmotivs Diatonic melodies, starting in slow hesitant manner Orchestra plays melodies first, then voice joins in for A prime -Floria Tosca -Mario Cavaradossi -Baron Scarpia Madama Butterfly Puccini saw the play in 1900, supposedly based on an actual event -Pinkerton -Sharpless -Suzuki -Butterfly -Kate Pinkerton

The Mighty Handful

Moguchaya Kuchka = The Mighty Handful = The Five refers to a group of prominent 19th century composers active in Saint Petersburg, Russia who strived to produce a specifically Russian kind of classical music, rather than one that imitated older European music or relied on European-style conservatory training. Mily Balakirev (1837-1910) "Islamey (Oriental Fantasy) Cesar Cui (1835-1918) Aleksander Borodin (1833-87) Nocturne Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) Scheherazade, Russian Easter Overture 5. Modest Mussorgsky (1839-81) Pictures at an Exhibition (piano, orch. Ravel) (inspired by paintings by Victor Heartlan) Boris Godnuv (realism)

Impressionism: Claude Monet

Monet was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting.[1][2] The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was exhibited in 1874 in the first of the independent exhibitions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon de Paris. Monet's ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, and began a vast landscaping project which included lily ponds that would become the subjects of his best-known works. In 1899 he began painting the water lilies, first in vertical views with a Japanese bridge as a central feature, and later in the series of large-scale paintings that was to occupy him continuously for the next 20 years of his life.

Scriabin: Mysterium ("Final Mystery")

Mysterium is an unfinished musical work by composer Alexander Scriabin. He started working on the composition in 1903, but left it incomplete when he died in 1915. Scriabin planned that the work would be synesthetic, exploiting the senses of smell and touch as well as hearing.

Nationalists vs. Westernizers

Nationalists vs. Westernizers Scandinavia Denmark: Niels Gade (1817-90) Carl Nielsen (1865-1931) Norway: Edvard Grieg (1843-1907) - W&T 350-1 Finland: Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) Spain: Isaac Albaniz (1860- 1909) Enrique Granados (1867-1916), Manuel de Falla (1876-1946) Czechoslovakia: Leos Janacek (1854-1928) England: Ralph Vaughn Williams (1872-1934) Gustav Hoist (1874-1934) Grieg-Peer Gynt (Solveig's song) Bohemia (now the Czech-Republic) Bedrich Smetana (1824-84) - W&T 331 The Bartered Bride (opera) with polka Ma Vlast (My Homeland) 2. Vlatava (The Moldau) (disciple of Liszt) Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) 9 Symphonies (#9 - "From the New World") & Symphonic Poems Piano, Violin, Cello Concetros Slavonic Dances (2 series of 8 dances each: Op. 46 in 1878, Op. 72 in 1886, for piano duet [4 hands] or orchestra) - Slavonic Dance #1: A-B-A + summarizing coda -Czech operas & songs Chamber music (dumka= slow movement, furiant = scherzo) Russia Mikhail Glinka (1804-57) = Father of Russian Music A Life for the Czar (1836) Russian an Lyudmila (1842)

I Pagliacci

Opera composed by Leoncavallo, example of verismo opera

Ostinatos, juxtaposed blocks

Ostinato: a continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm. juxtaposed blocks: associated with Stravinsky - his way of creating a type of musical collage in his compositions, blocks of music were used/pasted in

Primitivism, Neoprimitivism

Primitivism is a Western art movement that borrows visual forms from non-Western or prehistoric peoples, such as Paul Gauguin's inclusion of Tahitian motifs in paintings and ceramics. Borrowings from primitive art has been important to the development of modern art. Neo-primitivism was a Russian art movement which took its name from the 31-page pamphlet Neo-primitivizm, by Aleksandr Shevchenko (1913). In the pamphlet Shevchenko proposes a new style of modern painting which fuses elements of Cézanne, Cubism and Futurism with traditional Russian 'folk art' conventions and motifs, notably the russian icon and the lubok.

, Pulcinella,

Pulcinella is a ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on an 18th-century play—Pulcinella is a character originating from Commedia dell'arte. The ballet premiered at the Paris Opera on 15 May 1920 under the baton of Ernest Ansermet. The dancer Léonide Massine created both the libretto and choreography, and Pablo Picasso designed the original costumes and sets. It was commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev.

Daphnis et Chloé

Ravel began work on the score in 1909 after a commission from Sergei Diaghilev. It was premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris by his Ballets Russes on 8 June 1912.Daphnis et Chloé is a ballet in one act and three scenes by Maurice Ravel described as a "symphonie chorégraphique" (choreographic symphony). The story concerns the love between the goatherd Daphnis and the shepherdess Chloé.

Alexander Scriabin

Russian Symbolist composer, really influenced by Chopin. Vers la flame (1914) is on the listening Scriabin was influenced by synesthesia, and associated colours with the various harmonic tones of his atonal scale

Modest Mussorgsky:

Russian composer, He was an innovator of Russian music in the romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other nationalist themes. Such works include the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on Bald Mountain and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition.

Nadia Boulanger

She was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. Among her students were many of the leading composers and musicians of the 20th century as well as celebrated living composers and musicians. She also performed as a pianist and organist. Students included: Aaron Copland, Roy Harris, Quincy Jones, John Eliot Gardiner, Elliott Carter, Dinu Lipatti, Igor Markevitch, Virgil Thomson, David Diamond, Idil Biret, Daniel Barenboim, Philip Glass and Ástor Piazzolla. Taught in the US and Europe - Paris, NYC

Nadezhda von Meck

She was a Russian business woman who became an influential patron of the arts, especially music. She is best known today for her artistic relationship with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, supporting him financially for thirteen years, so that he could devote himself full-time to composition, while stipulating that they were never to meet. Tchaikovsky dedicated his Symphony No. 4 in F minor to her. She also gave financial support to several other musicians, including Nikolai Rubinstein and Claude Debussy.

Symbolism

Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the style originates with the 1857 publication of Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence and the source of many stock tropes and images. The aesthetic was developed by Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine during the 1860s and 1870s. In the 1880s, the aesthetic was articulated by a series of manifestos and attracted a generation of writers. The name "symbolist" itself was first applied by the critic Jean Moréas, who invented the term to distinguish the symbolists from the related decadents of literature and of art. Distinct from, but related to, the style of literature, symbolism of art is related to the gothic component of Romanticism. Symbolism was both an artistic and a literary movement that suggested ideas through symbols and emphasized the meaning behind the forms, lines, shapes, and colors. The works of some its proponents exemplify the ending of the tradition of representational art coming from Classical times. Symbolism can also be seen as being at the forefront of modernism, in that it developed new and often abstract means to express psychological truth and the idea that behind the physical world lay a spiritual reality. Symbolists could take the ineffable, such as dreams and visions, and give it form.

Ballets russes

The Ballets Russes was an itinerant ballet company based in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 throughout Europe and on tours to North and South America. The company never performed in Russia, where the Revolution disrupted society. After its initial Paris season, the company had no formal ties there

Paris World Exposition, 1889

The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The fair included a reconstruction of the Bastille and its surrounding neighborhood, but with the interior courtyard covered with a blue ceiling decorated with fleur-de-lys and used as a ball room and gathering place

Four Last Songs

The Four Last Songs (German: Vier letzte Lieder), Op. posth., for soprano and orchestra are, with the exception of the song "Malven" (Mallows) composed later the same year, the final completed works of Richard Strauss, composed in 1948 when the composer was 84. The songs are "Frühling" (Spring), "September", "Beim Schlafengehen" (When Falling Asleep) and "Im Abendrot" (At Sunset). The title Four Last Songs was provided posthumously by Strauss's friend Ernst Roth, who published the four songs as a single unit in 1950 after Strauss's death.

Moscow Conservatory

The Moscow Conservatory is a higher musical education institution in Moscow, and the second oldest conservatory in Russia after St. Petersburg Conservatory. Famous alum: Rachmaninoff, Scriabin

Octuor (Octet)

The Octet for wind instruments is a chamber-music composition by Igor Stravinsky, completed in 1923. It has been generally regarded as the beginning of neoclassicism in Stravinsky's music

Petrushka chord

The Petrushka chord is a recurring polytonic device used in Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka and in later music. These two major triads, C major and F♯ major - a tritone apart - clash, "horribly with each other", when sounded together and create a dissonant chord.[2]

Rachmaninov: Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini

The Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 43, (Russian: Рапсодия на тему Паганини, Rapsodiya na temu Paganini) is a concertante work written by Sergei Rachmaninoff. It is written for solo piano and symphony orchestra, closely resembling a piano concerto. The work was written at his Villa, the Villa Senar, in Switzerland, according to the score, from July 3 to August 18, 1934. Rachmaninoff himself, a noted interpreter of his own works, played the solo piano part at the piece's premiere at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 7, 1934 with the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski. Rachmaninoff, Stokowski, and the Philadelphia Orchestra made the first recording, on December 24, 1934, at RCA Victor's Trinity Church Studio in Camden, New Jersey.

Tchaikovsky: Sleeping Beauty,

The Sleeping Beauty (Russian: Спящая красавица / Spyashchaya krasavitsa) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts, first performed in 1890. The music was composed by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (his opus 66). The score was completed in 1889, and is the second of his three ballets. The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, and is based on Charles Perrault's La Belle au bois dormant. The choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa.

Société nationale de musique

The Société Nationale de Musique was founded on February 25, 1871 to promote French music and to allow young composers to present their music in public. The motto was "Ars gallica". It was founded by Romain Bussine and Camille Saint-Saëns, who shared the presidency, and early members included César Franck, Ernest Guiraud, Jules Massenet, Jules Garcin, Gabriel Fauré, Alexis de Castillon, Henri Duparc, Théodore Dubois, and Paul Taffanel. It was conceived in reaction to the tendency in French music to favor vocal and operatic music over orchestral music, and to further the cause of French music in contrast to the Germanic tradition. "They were determined to unite in their efforts to spread the gospel of French music and to make known the works of living French composers. . . . According to their statutes . . . their intention was to act 'in brotherly unity, with an absolute forgetfulness of self'".[1]

Rückert Lieder, "Symphony of a Thousand" (Symphony No. 8),

The Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major by Gustav Mahler is one of the largest-scale choral works in the classical concert repertoire. Because it requires huge instrumental and vocal forces it is frequently called the "Symphony of a Thousand", although the work is normally presented with far fewer than a thousand performers and the composer did not sanction that name.

Choreography, choreographer

The act of designing dance.

Pietro Mascagni:

The father of verismo (1863-1945) - Cavalleria Rusticana (Rustic Chivalry)

Orchestral song cycle

The orchestral song (German Orchesterlied) is a late romantic genre of classical music for solo voices and orchestra. The form was brought to fruition by Mahler, to the extent that it is difficult to say where Mahler's symphonies end and where his symphonic songs begin.

(Kuchka, The Five)

The other name for the Mighty Handful

Mahler: Des Knaben Wunderhorn,

The settings of Des Knaben Wunderhorn by Gustav Mahler are orchestral songs and voice and piano settings of poems from Des Knaben Wunderhorn ('The Youth's Magic Horn') a collection of anonymous German folk poems assembled by Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano and published by them, in heavily redacted form, between 1805 and 1808. 10 songs set for soprano or baritone and orchestra were first published by Mahler as a cycle in 1905.[1] but in total 12 orchestral songs exist,[2] and a similar number of songs for voice and piano.

Bedrich Smetana: The Bartered Bride

The work is generally regarded as a major contribution towards the development of Czech music. It was composed during the period 1863-66

Modal scales

There are 7 modes (moods) to the major scale, in order they are: Ionian (the major scale) Dorian (minor bluesy sounding mode, characteristic note is the maj 6th) Phrygian (minor spanish sounding mode, characteristic note is the flat 2nd) Lydian (major sounding mode, characteristic note is the augmented 4th) Mixylodian (major bluesy sounding mode, characteristic note is the flat 7th) Aeolian (the (natural) minor scale - flat 3rd, flat 6th, flat 7th) Locrian (very unstable sounding mode, it's characteristic notes are the flat 2nd and flat 5th)

Whole-tone scale

This effect is especially emphasized by the fact that triads built on such scale tones are augmented. Indeed, one can play all six tones of a whole tone scale simply with two augmented triads whose roots are a major second apart.

Prix de Rome

This was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. Winners included Bizet, Massenet, Debussy Debussy won it in 1884

Musical Characteristics of Russian Nationalism

Use of folk songs (or popular songs mistaken for folksongs) Beautiful melodies or simple recitation patterns Motivic repetition, formulas fall to cadence 2. Modal scales 3. Rhythmic variety, irregular meter, follow rhythmic inflections of speech 4. Transparent, colorful orchestration 5. Unusual key schemes 6. Anti-intellectual, intuitive, experimental 1. Pan-slavic ideology 7. Subjects from Russian history & legend 8. Realism

Reminiscence motive

Verdi- repeating themes for emotional intensity EXAMPLE: (Traviata love theme)

Gabriel Fauré: Requiem,

We are singing this in choir :) Gabriel Fauré composed his Requiem in D minor, Op. 48, between 1887 and 1890. The choral-orchestral setting of the shortened Catholic Mass for the Dead in Latin, is the best known of his large works. Its focus is on eternal rest and consolation (a happy rest!). He composed the work in the late 1880s and revised it in the 1890s, finishing it in 1900.

Chord streaming/planing

Whereas most 19th-century harmony deals with tonic-dominant-tonic motion (and its many alternate paths), 20th-century harmony is a completely different animal altogether. Composers like Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky, Olivier Messiaen, and many others threw the theory and voice leading concepts of previous generations out the window and basically said, "If it sounds good, it is good!" Jazz harmony, which of course has undeniable roots in 19th-century European music (in addition to African rhythm, blues, and spirituals), made great use of 20th-century harmonic concepts. When you consider that Charlie Parker cited Igor Stravinsky as an influence—and that Stravinsky was influenced by ragtime and jazz—you come to understand the cross-pollination that has occurred between musical genres over the years. In planing, instead of chord motion being based on voice leading and root movements, voices move according to the key or scale (as in diatonic planing), or the same voicing may move around chromatically (as in chromatic planing)

Kalevala

is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology.[2] It is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland and is one of the most significant works of Finnish literature. The Kalevala played an instrumental role in the development of the Finnish national identity, the intensification of Finland's language strife and the growing sense of nationality that ultimately led to Finland's independence from Russia in 1917

Stravinsky: The Firebird,

is a ballet by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, with choreography by Michel Fokine. The scenario by Alexandre Benois and Michel Fokine is based on Russian fairy tales of the magical glowing bird that can be both a blessing and a curse to its owner. At the premiere on 25 June 1910 in Paris, the work was an instant success with both audience and critics. The ballet has historic significance not only as Stravinsky's breakthrough piece, but also as the beginning of the collaboration between Diaghilev and Stravinsky that would also produce Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, Pulcinella and others.

Swan Lake,

is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875-76. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular of all ballets. The scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian folk tales and tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse. The choreographer of the original production was Julius Reisinger. The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on 4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1877[1][2] at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Although it is presented in many different versions, most ballet companies base their stagings both choreographically and musically on the 1895 revival of Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, first staged for the Imperial Ballet on 15 January 1895, at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg.

Dumka, furiant

is a musical term introduced from the Ukrainian language, with cognates in other Slavic languages. The word "dumka" literally means "thought". A natural part of the process of transferring the traditional folk form to a formal classical milieu was the appropriation of the Dumka form by Slavic composers, most especially by Antonín Dvořák.Thus, in classical music, it came to mean "a type of instrumental music involving sudden changes from melancholy to exuberance".Though generally characterized by a gently plodding, dreamy duple rhythm, many examples are in triple meter, including the popular Op. 72 No. 2 by Dvořák. Dvořák's last and best-known piano trio, No. 4 in E minor, Op. 90, has six movements, each of which is a Dumka; the piece is sometimes called the Dumky-Trio. EXAMPLE: Slavic Dance

Collage technique

is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. PICASSO guitar stuff

Polytonality

is the musical use of more than one key simultaneously

Charles Baudelaire

was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in modern, industrializing Paris during the 19th century. Baudelaire's highly original style of prose-poetry influenced a whole generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé among many others. He is credited with coining the term "modernity" (modernité) to designate the fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility art has to capture that experience.[2]

Edvard Grieg

was a Norwegian composer and pianist. He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers, and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide. His use and development of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions put the music of Norway in the international spectrum, as well as helping to develop a national identity, much as Jean Sibelius and Antonín Dvořák did in Finland and Bohemia, respectively.[1] Grieg is regarded as simultaneously nationalistic and cosmopolitan in his orientation, for although born in Bergen and buried there, he traveled widely throughout Europe, and considered his music to express both the beauty of Norwegian rural life and the culture of Europe as a whole. Famous works: Peer Gynt

Serge Diaghilev

was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.

Vaslav Nijinsky

was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer of Polish descent, cited as the greatest male dancer of the early 20th century In 1909 he joined the Ballets Russes, a new ballet company started by Sergei Diaghilev. The impresario took the Russian Ballets to Paris, where high-quality productions such as those of the Imperial Ballet were not known. Nijinsky became the company's star male dancer, causing an enormous stir amongst audiences whenever he performed.

Michel Fokine

was a groundbreaking Russian choreographer and dancer, associated with the Ballet Russes. In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the resident choreographer of the first season of the Ballets Russes in Paris. (Petrushka, The Firebird, etc.)

Niedermeyer School

École Niedermeyer, a school for the study and practice of church music, where several eminent French musicians studied including Gabriel Fauré and André Messager. Fauré's father to send him to a new music school being formed in Paris under the direction of Louis Niedermeyer—the École de Musique Classique et Religieuse (School of Classical and Religious Music).