History Midterm

What is the Hostage System? Why did the Shogun require this?

"Hostage System" in this system the daimyo were required to maintain 2 residences. One in their lands & one in Edo, where the Shoguns court was located. When the daimyo was absent from his residence in Edo, his family was forced to stay home there as a kind of loyalty to the shogun.

What is a 'courtier'?

A person who is often in attendance at the court as an advisor to the king or queen.

What are indulgences?

A piece of paper that was paid for to get rid of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death.

How is a revolution different from a war?

A revolution takes place within a country and can involve lasting changes to society. A war usually occurs between two countries and may not result in major changes.

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

A select group of 12 individuals who were supposed to "protect the Revolution" but instead created a "Reign of Terror".

What is absolutism?

A system in which a ruler has total power.

What, or who, was a zamindar? What was their function?

A zamindar was a lower ranking official, often Hindu, who was given plots of land for peasants to farm. Zamindars were able to keep a portion of their taxes in lieu of a salary.They forwarded the remainder of taxes of the land under their control to the central government. Because of their role in managing land and taxes, they exercised authority in their districts.

What was the impact of Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars on Europe?

After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers moved to restore the old order. This was the goal of the victors—Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia—when they met at the Congress of Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement.

How does an agricultural revolution, like the Champa Rice in China, lead to a Commercial Revolution?

Agricultural Revolution = Population Boom = growth of cities which leads to the specialization of labor.Specialization of labor leads to the development of better manufacturing processesPorcelain Paper & Silk production - Western nations Chinese Tea - popular in Europe.Trade led China to become one of the leading manufacturing economies in the world.

What is humanism?

An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.

What conclusion can you draw about religion and politics in sixteenth-century France?

Answers may vary, but students may suggest that politics and religion were intertwined or inseparable forces.

How were the Moguls able to bring almost all of India under one rule?

Beginnings with Babur, the Moguls had elite militaries and weapons. Babur and Akbar ruled justly and made further expansion possible.

What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

Both Spain's navy and its prestige as a world power were greatly damaged by the defeat, and political power shifted to England and France.

Why do you think it was important for Britain to have many major ports, and for these ports to be located throughout the nation?

Britain needed many ports because it produced half of the world's coal and manufactured goods and needed many ports from which to send these products. Having major ports located throughout the nation might have enabled Britain to send these products out in many different directions, to different parts of the world.

What was the economic impact of railroads during the revolution?

Building railroads created new jobs and lowered the price of goods creating larger markets, which led to the need for more factories and machinery, which factory owners had to buy.

How did Suleyman create problems for the Ottoman Empire?

By executing his most able sons, he ensured that the next ruler would be an incompetent one.

What does Adam Smith mean by the "invisible hand"? What makes it invisible?

By pursuing his own best interest, the business owner benefits society without knowing it, so the cause of the benefits to society goes unnoticed.

How did economic freedom improve the human condition during the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalists and investors were free to establish factories as they saw fit, choose what they produced and how they produced it, and set the prices on the basis of supply and demand, which allowed them to be successful and profitable.

How do you think classical learning and an emphasis on the individual might have led people to become critical of the Roman Catholic Church?

Classical learning taught the use of reason to guide responsible behavior, the church taught obedience to church leaders and religious learning.

What prompted the Catholic Reformation during the sixteenth century?

Corruption in the church and the papacy, the church also needed to regain the ground that it had lost to the protestant reformation

What political goal did nationalism embrace?

Each nationality should have its own government.

What are some examples of natural rights?

Equality before the law; freedom of worship; free speech; freedom of the press; the rights to assemble, hold property, and pursue happiness.

What is a favorable balance of trade?

Exports outweigh imports

How did Italy's vibrant trade that developed during the Middle Ages, impact the Renaissance?

Exposed new ideas, gained wealth, and gave out ideas.

What might have caused the people of Paris to take to the streets, attack bakeries, and steal bread? (Think about the Bread Riots political cartoon)

Food shortages and rising food prices.

How did Galileo use the telescope to spur advancements in thought?

Galileo used the telescope to discover that the earth was not the center of the universe.

What were the motivations behind European exploration of distant lands? Explain each of them.

Gold, Glory, God.

What was Voltaire's belief about God?

He believed in deism, a philosophy that God created the universe but does not interfere with day-to-day events.

Why was Francesco Petrarch called the 'Father of Humanism'?

He compiled old books, that he allowed others to read, which led to information and ideas being spread.

What was Newton's contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

He developed the universal law of gravitation.

What does Machiavelli say about what it takes to be a successful ruler?

He said that sometimes it is better to be feared than loved. And that ends always justify the means. Political activity should not be restrictive by moral principles. A leader must be good when possible but be ready to do evil when necessary.

Explain why England's King Henry the VIII needed the Pope to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon.

He wanted a male heir, and he needed the pope's permission to get his marriage annul.

What did Charles V hope to accomplish at the Council of Worms?

He wanted to give Luther a fair hearing, and to give up his ideas about Christianity.

Why did Napoleon decide to invade Russia?

He wanted to punish Russia because Russian leaders refused to remain in the Continental System. Napoleon hoped the invasion would send a message to other countries that were thinking of leaving the system.

How was Louis XIV's reign as king of France successful or unsuccessful?

He was successful because he built roads, encouraged new industry, and made France into a powerful nation.

How did Marco Polo's journeys inspire further European exploration?

He wrote about his experiences traveling from Venice to China, and his writings made many Europeans interested in Asia. This interest led to an increase in trade between Europe and Asia, and Europeans began to look for shorter routes from Europe to Asia. This would eventually lead to the discovery of the Americas by Europeans.

What new economic system was born from the Industrial Revolution?

Industrial capitalism, an economic system based on industrial production that produced a new middle class.

Why is it important for a military commander to ensure that his soldiers are well-paid and well-supplied?

It breeds loyalty and success.

How did the English Bill of Rights transform the monarchy?

It made Parliament supreme and limited the power of the monarchy.

Why did Europeans want a favorable balance of trade? Why did a large supply of bullion matter?

It would give them a larger supply of bullion, which is gold and silver. According to the theory of mercantilism, the amount of bullion a nation has determines its wealth and power.

Why did the Japanese expel Christians?

Jesuits destroyed local shrines leading to Hideyoshi issuing the Edict in 1587 prohibiting Christian activities.

How did John Locke's thinking differ from that of Hobbes?

Locke argued against the absolute rule of one person and believed that humans had lived in a condition of equality and freedom before forming societies.

Why did Martin Luther object to the selling of indulgences?

Martin believed that the selling of indulgences gave people false hope and material solutions to sin, instead of leading them to better their own faith.

Why didn't China develop the same attitude toward business that was emerging in Europe?

Merchants and manufacturers were not as independent as those in Europe. The government controlled commercial activity and saw business as inferior to farming. Merchants bought land rather than reinvesting in their businesses because of their Confucian ideals.

What was life like in Mogul society?

Mogul society blended Muslim and Hindu customs. Aristocratic women acted as political advisers, received salaries, and could own land. A new style of architecture was created.

What do you find in the philosophies that hint at the development of a democratic-republican form of government?

Montesquieu's concept of a system of checks and balances and the separation of powers are visible in the democratic system of the United States.

Who were the 3 powerful political figures whom were responsible for the unification process of Japan?

Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideeyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu

What led to the decline of the Mogul Empire?

One cause was the increasing British control of India. You should also realize that the rulers after Akbar were not fully capable of leading.

How did Philip II's attempts to strengthen his control over this region lead to the emergence of the Dutch state in the seventeenth century?

Philip's attempts to strengthen his control of the Spanish Netherlands led to resentment in the region, which eventually erupted in conflict in 1566. After this conflict ended in 1609, the northern provinces began to call themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands. These provinces became the core of the modern Dutch state that flourished in the seventeenth century.

How are the origins of the free enterprise system reflected in Enlightenment thought on economics?

Philosophers believed the natural economic laws showed that if the individual had the right to pursue their own economic self-interest, then all of society would benefit.

How was society characterized during the Renaissance?

Renaissance society had a firm social structure mostly based on wealth and fathers dominated family life.

Who were the Roundheads? Who were the Cavaliers?

Roundheads- parliament forces cavaliers- kings forces

What was a source of conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids?

Safavids = Shia Muslims Ottoman Empire = Sunni Muslims

What is one thing the Anabaptists wanted that is practiced here in the United States?

Separation between the church and the state.

What role did steam technology play in initiating the Industrial Revolution?

Steam engines replaced inefficient methods of production and were used to power flour mills, coal mines, textile factories, and other manufacturing businesses.

What actions did Parliament take to try to limit the power of the monarchy?

Students may mention documents such as the Apology of the Commons, the Petition of Rights, and the Bill of Rights, along with actions such as the Battle of Naseby and the beheading of Charles I in 1649, which dissolved the monarchy.

What effects might losing a generation of young people have on a country?

Students may say that the country could lose future leaders and families and, in the future, would experience a lower population and level of prosperity.

What role did English nobles play in the Glorious Revolution?

Students should acknowledge that a group of nobles wanted to remove James II from power, so they invited William of Orange to invade England.

What led to the increased demand for African slaves?

Sugar and other crops grown in the Caribbean and the Americas were very labor intensive, and European colonists were not willing to do this work. Native Americans had been killed by diseases, so the Europeans began to demand large numbers of African slaves.

Why do you think Europeans and Chinese had different attitudes toward trade?

The Chinese felt that Europeans were barbarians with little to offer. European economies were trade-based; European traders viewed China as a source of new profits.

What was the Church's view of Earth's place in the universe?

The Church believed that Earth was the center of the universe.

What made the English Reformation different from the Reformation in the rest of Europe?

The English reformation was mostly political, not religiously based.

What was the state of the Holy Roman Empire at the beginning of the war? At the end of the war?

The Holy Roman Empire was intact at the beginning, but by the end of the war, it ceased to exist.

How was this focus on education during the Renaissance, different from the focus on education in the Middle Ages?

The Middle Ages most of the culture and the education was focused on religion.

During the Renaissance, on what did education and culture focus?

The Renaissance period focused on the individual and educating the whole person. "Humanities"

What advantages did the Spanish have over the native populations they conquered?

The Spanish had horses, guns, steel swords, and immunity from certain diseases, none of which the native populations had.

Who was the National Assembly? (Who broke off from the Estates-General?)

The Third Estate

How was the Constitution of 1795 different from the Constitution of 1791?

The governments they established were structured differently. The Constitution of 1791 set up a limited monarchy with a Legislative Assembly that made laws. The Constitution of 1795 set up a government of the Directory, the Council of 500, and the Council of Elders. The Directory was the executive branch, while the Council of 500 and the Council of Elders made up the legislative branch.

After the Napoleonic Wars, What was the idea behind the "balance of power" concept in European diplomacy?

The great powers sought to prevent any one nation from dominating the other nations, thus ensuring stability in Europe by preserving the status quo.

Why did the Ottoman guilds have problems with competing with European goods?

The guilds had strict price regulations and could not compete with inexpensive manufactured goods from Europe.

How did political ideas influence political revolutions?

The ideas of liberalism and nationalism began to challenge the conservative domination of Europe.

Why was the invention of the printing press was so significant?

The invention of the printing press allowed mass printing and it increased education and increased scholarly research and preserved documents and led to a rapid spread in new ideas.

Why was the execution of King Louis XVI shocking to the rest of Europe?

The other countries in Europe were also Monarchies, the monarchs were fearful that their citizens would revolt and demand change or demand the lives of the monarchs themselves.

How did Enlightenment philosophers help cause the French Revolution?

The philosophers argued for a system of limited government in which the will of the majority would be represented. The French nobility and the monarch opposed this idea. The monarch also opposed the separation of powers proposed by the philosophers. The Enlightenment's emphasis on religious toleration was not supported by the clergy—the First Estate.

Why might Enlightenment ideas have led to conflict among the French social classes?

The philosophers argued for equality and democracy while the nobility and monarchy supported social stratification and rule by the elite.

Why do you think some Sultans tried to stop the introduction of Western Ideas and customs?

The sultans may have felt threated by Western ideas and were potentially trying to preserve their own culture.

What dress code did the Qing Dynasty require?

Their "dress code" of shaving ones forehead & braiding their hair in a specific way, those that refused were considered to be rebels.

How do you think Akbar and the Moguls benefited from being successful negotiators?

Their skill as negotiators might have helped them convince native rulers to submit without the need for warfare.

What advantage did Bābur and his grandson, Akbar, have over the native Indian forces that helped them in establishing Mogul rule?

They both used artillery, with which they were able to overpower their enemies.

Interestingly, though, how did the Manchus try to make others like themselves, blurring these lines of distinction?

They censored literature to eliminate criticism; they forced Chinese males to dress as Manchus.

What was the goal of philosophers during the Enlightenment?

They hoped to find natural laws that would help them understand the world and make it a better place.

How did the Manchus preserve their identity?

They legally defined themselves as distinct.

How did the works of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Descartes affect Isaac Newton?

They provided the foundational discoveries that Newton built upon to formulate his own discoveries.

How did the Catholic Church defend the selling of indulgences?

They said that Earthly punishment was needed for sins to be forgiven.

How did some Catholic Church officials use their positions? How were ordinary people affected by this?

They used their positions to advance their careers and make money. Ordinary people were left without spiritual experiences, that they desired because church officials failed to meet their spiritual needs.

Louis XVI was ultimately forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General, what was the goal of most representatives from the Third Estate?

They wanted a constitutional government that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the clergy and nobility.

How did the Ming Dynasty choose their government officials?

They were required to take the Civil Service Exam. This led to the government being effective.

What are the political and legal ideas contained in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

This charter of basic liberties begins with "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Reflecting Enlightenment thought, the declaration proclaims that all men are free and equal before the law, that appointment to public office should be based on talent, and that no group should be exempt from taxation. Freedom of speech and of the press are affirmed.

How did the expansion of Napoleon's empire lead to a spread of ideas in Europe?

Within his empire, Napoleon sought to spread some of the principles of the French Revolution, including legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom. Perhaps inadvertently, Napoleon also aroused the spirit of nationalism throughout Europe, as the peoples he had conquered united in hatred of the French occupiers.

What are some mathematical inventions that played a major role in the Scientific Revolution?

decimal fractions, logarithms, and algebra

What were three ideas, discoveries, or inventions that led up to the Scientific Revolution?

the invention of instruments such as the telescope and microscope, the invention of the printing press

What do you think some of the tensions might have been between the upper class and the lower class in France?

the lower class would have resented having to work hard while the monarchs and nobility were enjoying lives of luxury.

What was the Enlightenment's impact on the French Revolution?

the separation of power; religious equality; and democracy.