History

In 1886, the railroads adopted a standard national gauge

(the distance separating the two rails), making it possible for the first time for trains of one company to travel on any other company's track. By the 1890s, five transcontinental lines transported the products of western mines, farms, ranches, and forests to eastern markets and carried manufactured goods to the West. The railroads reorganized time itself. In 1883, the major companies divided the nation into the four time zones still in use today. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 607). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

novelist Edith Wharton in The House of Mirth (1905)

"Passion for money," dominated society. Wharton's book traced the difficulties of Lily Bart, a young woman of modest means pressured by her mother and New York high society to "barter" her beauty for marriage to a rich husband in a world where "to be poor... amounted to disgrace."

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"We have gone through one of the most remarkable changes in our relations to each other," declared a white South Carolina lawyer in 1871, "that has been known, perhaps, in the history of the world." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 594). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

"robber barons,"

"captains of industry," whose energy and vision pushed the economy forward, or "robber barons," Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 611). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

- book by Jacob Riis exposing the problems of urban poverty in the U.S. ---- offered a shocking account of living conditions among the urban poor, complete with photographs of apartments in dark, airless, overcrowded tenement houses. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 613). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Reconstruction

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AMERICA'S GILDED AGE FOCUS QUESTIONS • What factors combined to make the United States a mature industrial society after the Civil War?

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13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13. abolished slavery, 14. Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws, 15. citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

A Scottish-American businessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history, later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities worldwide. Carnegie first invested in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, as well as bridges and oil derricks. But steel was where he found his fortune. H is book, The Gospel of Wealth, argued that the wealthy had an obligation to give something back to society.

Lucretia Mott (1803-1880)

An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the Underground Railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

Bargain of 1877

Deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction. (Contrary to legend, Hayes did not remove the last soldiers from the South—he simply ordered them to return to their barracks.) the Texas and Pacific never did get its land grant. the triumphant southern Democrats failed to live up to their pledge to recognize blacks as equal citizens.

Letter by Saum Song Bo, American Missionary (October 1885)

During the 1880s, Chinese-Americans were subjected to discrimination in every phase of their lives. In 1882, Congress temporarily barred further immigration from China. In 1885, when funds were being raised to build a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty, Saum Song Bo, a Chinese-American writer, contrasted the celebration of liberty with the treatment of the Chinese. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 623). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history began with "horizontal expansion"—buying out competing oil refineries. But like Carnegie, he soon established a vertically integrated monopoly, which controlled the drilling, refining, storage, and distribution of oil. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 610). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

By 1870, all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union

Their new state constitutions, drafted in 1868 and 1869 by the first public bodies in American history with substantial black representation, The constitutions greatly expanded public responsibilities. They established the region's first state-funded systems of free public education, and they created new penitentiaries, orphan asylums, and homes for the insane. The constitutions guaranteed equality of civil and political rights and abolished practices of the antebellum era such as whipping as a punishment for crime, property qualifications for officeholding, and imprisonment for debt. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 591). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The Prostrate State 1874

Journalist James S. Pike, a leading Greeley supporter, in 1874 published __________________, an influential account of a visit to South Carolina. The book depicted a state engulfed by political corruption, drained by governmental extravagance, and under the control of "a mass of black barbarism." The South's problems, Pike insisted, arose from "Negro government." The solution was to restore leading whites to political power. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 598). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

"Sunshine and Shadow in New York"

Matthew Smith's 1868 bestseller , opened with an engraving that contrasted department store magnate Alexander T. Stewart's two-million-dollar mansion with housing in the city's slums. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 613). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. Among other things, he invented the phonograph, first practical light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph, and the moving picture. Menlo Park was his laboratory. Invented incandescent electric light bulb, 1880; phonograph, 1878 He opened the first electric generating station in Manhattan in 1882 to provide power to streetcars, factories, and private homes, and he established, among other companies, the forerunner of General Electric to market electrical equipment.

Burlingame Treaty (1868)

Opened the US to unlimited Chinese immigration in order to meet the demand for laborers in the construction of the transcontinental railroads. ------- The Burlingame Treaty reaffirmed China's national sovereignty, and provided reciprocal protection for religious freedom and against discrimination for citizens of each country emigrating or visiting the other. When Burlingame died, Mark Twain wrote a eulogy that praised him for "outgrow[ing] the narrow citizenship of a state [to] become a citizen of the world." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 587). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Ruling by the Supreme Court —reversed by the 14th Amendment in 1868 No black person, free or slave, the Supreme Court had declared could be a citizen of the United States. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 586). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Morrill Landgrant Act

United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in U.S. states using the proceeds of federal land sales.

Hiram Revels

born free in North Carolina, was educated in Illinois, and served as a chaplain in the wartime Union army, in 1870 became Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 591). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Bill of Rights (1689)

defined all persons born in the United States as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race. Equality before the law was central to the measure—no longer could states enact laws like the Black Codes discriminating between white and black citizens. So were free labor values. According to the law, no state could deprive any citizen of the right to make contracts, bring lawsuits, or enjoy equal protection of one's person and property. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 582). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

1871, President Grant

dispatched federal marshals, backed up by troops in some areas, to arrest hundreds of accused Klansmen. Many Klan leaders fled the South. After a series of well-publicized trials, the Klan went out of existence. In 1872, for the first time since before the Civil War, peace reigned in most of the former Confederacy. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 596). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Abby Kelley

effective public speaker in the American Anti-Slavery Society; her election to an all-male committee caused the final break between William Garrison and his abolitionist critics in 1840 that split the organization.

S E C O N D I N D U S T R I A L REVOLUTION

end of the Civil War and the early twentieth century, abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods, and the availability of capital for investment. The railroad made possible what is sometimes called the "second industrial revolution." Spurred by private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal, state, and local governments, the number of miles of railroad track in the United States tripled between 1860 and 1880 and tripled again

Robert Smalls

enslaved African American who, during and after the American Civil War, became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician; freed himself, his crew and their families from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor, and sailing it to freedom beyond the blockade; helped convince Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army

In 1888, the Chicago Times articles by reporter Nell Cusack under the title "City Slave Girls,"

exposing wretched conditions among the growing number of women working for wages in the city's homes, factories, and sweatshops. The articles unleashed a flood of letters to the editor from women workers. One woman singled out domestic service—still the largest employment category for women—as "a slave's life," with "long hours, late and early, seven days in the week, bossed and ordered about as before the war." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 612). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

James K. Green

former slave in Hale County, Alabama, and a League organizer, went on to serve eight years in the Alabama legislature. In the 1880s, Green looked back on his political career. Before the war, he declared, "I was entirely ignorant; I knew nothing more than to obey my master; and there were thousands of us in the same attitude.... But the tocsin [warning bell] of freedom sounded and knocked at the door and we walked out like free men and shouldered the responsibilities." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 590). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The Bill of Rights

had linked civil liberties to the autonomy of the states. Its language—"Congress shall make no law"— reflected the belief that concentrated national power posed the greatest threat to freedom. The authors of the Reconstruction amendments assumed that rights required national power to enforce them. Rather than a threat to liberty, the federal government, in Charles Sumner's words, had become "the custodian of freedom." The Reconstruction amendments transformed the Constitution from a document primarily concerned with federal-state relations and the rights of property into a vehicle through which members of vulnerable minorities could stake a claim to freedom and seek protection against misconduct by all levels of government. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 586). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The railroad made possible what is sometimes called the

made possible what is sometimes called the "second industrial revolution." Spurred by private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal, state, and local governments, the number of miles of railroad track in the United States tripled between 1860 and 1880 and tripled again

James D. Lynch

member of the group that met w/ General Sherman in 1865 who organized republican meetings- known as a great orator, fluid and graceful, who stirred emotions as no other man could

Whig/Republican

noun 1. a member of the British reforming and constitutional party that sought the supremacy of Parliament and was eventually succeeded in the 19th century by the Liberal Party. 2. an American colonist who supported the American Revolution. 3. a member of an American political party in the 19th century, succeeded by the Republicans. 4. a 17th-century Scottish Presbyterian. 5. [as modifier] — denoting a historian who interprets history as the continuing and inevitable victory of progress over reaction. The New Oxford American Dictionary (Kindle Locations 600135-600143). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.

Pinckney B. S. Pinchback

of Louisiana, the Georgia-born son of a white planter and a free black woman, served briefly during the winter of 1872-1873 as America's first black governor. More than a century would pass before L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia, elected in 1989, became the second. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 592). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did nothing to enfranchise women. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 588). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 598). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

1954 Brown ruling

outlawed school segregation Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 586). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

"One can hardly believe there has been a revolution in history so rapid, so extensive, so complete."

philosopher John Dewey Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 605). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

15th Amendment (1870)

prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 585). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. opened the door to suffrage restrictions not explicitly based on race—literacy tests, property qualifications, and poll taxes—and did not extend the right to vote to women, it marked the culmination of four decades of abolitionist agitation. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 585). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. -------- outlawed discrimination in voting based on race but not gender. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 588). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The economic focus of California's economy

San Francisco was major manufacturing center and one of the world's great trading ports. explosive growth of southern California began in the 1880s, first with tourism, heavily promoted by railroad companies, followed by the discovery of oil in Los Angeles in 1892. lumber industry, dominated by small-scale producers in 1860, came under the control of corporations that acquired large tracts of forest and employed armies of loggers. coastal forests were decimated, Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 618). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 617). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Mrs. Bradley Martin

She spent $360,000 on a ball and created such furor that she and her husband fled to England to escape public abuse.

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association. Suffragette, advocate for Women's Rights. Refused to pay taxes on the basis of "taxation without representation"

Mountain Meadows Massacre, 1857

An attack by a group of Mormons on a wagon train of non-Morman settlers, killing over 100 adults and older children. The event came out of a period of tension between the federal government and the Mormans, who had been led by Brigham Young to the Great Salt Lake Valley of Utah in the 1840s, and whose practice of polygamy and close connection between church and state, put them at odds with the political and cultural practices of the United States. --------- Only a handful of young children survived. Nearly twenty years later, one leader of the assault was convicted of murder and executed. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 620). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. the aim of preventing blacks from voting and destroying the organization of the Republican Party by assassinating local leaders and public officials. which in effect served as a military arm of the Democratic Party in the South. From its founding in 1866 in Tennessee, the Klan was a terrorist organization. Led by planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians, men who liked to style themselves the South's "respectable citizens," it launched what one victim called a "reign of terror" against Republican leaders, black and white. Victims included white Republicans, among them wartime Unionists and local officeholders, teachers, and party organizers. William Luke, an Irish-born teacher in a black school, was lynched in 1870. violence escalated from assaults on individuals to mass terrorism and even local insurrections. In York County, South Carolina, where nearly the entire white male population joined the Klan (and women participated by sewing the robes and hoods Klansmen wore as disguises), the organization committed eleven murders and hundreds of whippings.

Workers' Freedom in an Industrial Age

A worker's economic independence now rested on technical skill rather than ownership of one's own shop and tools as in earlier times. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 611). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879)

All men were made by the same Great Spirit Chief. They are all brothers. The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it. You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases.... Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 622). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)

Born free in Maryland in the 1820's. Raised by an uncle who ran a black academy. Wrote a book of poetry. Taught sewing at Union Seminary. She lectured for abolition and women's suffrage. Married in 1860. In 1870's, she wrote about reconstruction in the South. She wrote the novel Iola Leroy. -------- a black veteran of the abolitionist movement, embarked on a two-year tour, lecturing on "Literacy, Land, and Liberation." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 590). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Tweed Ring Scandal

Boss Tweed led a scandal in defrauding the city with a group of corrupt politicians. Political scandal involving William Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City

Andrew Carnegie

Carnegie set out to establish a steel company that incorporated "vertical integration"—that is, one that controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 609). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

National Woman Suffrage Association, led by Stanton, and the American Woman Suffrage Association, with Lucy Stone as president

Carrie Chapman Catt, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (created in 1890 to reunite the rival suffrage organizations formed after the Civil War). Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 677). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Composite Nation speech of 1869

Frederick Douglass condemned prejudice against immigrants from China. America's destiny, he declared, was to transcend race by serving as an asylum for people "gathered here from all corners of the globe by a common aspiration for national liberty." A year later, Charles Sumner moved to strike the word "white" from naturalization requirements. Senators from the western states objected. At their insistence, the naturalization law was amended to make Africans eligible to obtain citizenship when migrating from abroad. But Asians remained ineligible. The racial boundaries of nationality had been redrawn, but not eliminated. The juxtaposition of the amended naturalization law and the Fourteenth Amendment created a significant division in the Asian-American community. Well into the twentieth century, Asian immigrants could not become citizens, but their native-born children automatically did. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 587). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

Whiskey Ring Scandal /Fraud

Grant's administration; a corruption case involving uncollected taxes and bribes among whiskey distillers. Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.

1886

Haymarket affair Wabash v. Illinois Standard national railroad gauge Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 604). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

Henry Demarest Lloyd Book that attacked Standard Oil

political and economic incorporation of the American West

In many parts of the world, indigenous inhabitants—the Mapuche in Chile, the Zulu in South Africa, Aboriginal peoples in Australia, American Indians—were pushed aside (often after fierce resistance) as centralizing governments brought large interior regions under their control. In the United States, the incorporation of the West required the active intervention of the federal government, which acquired Indian land by war and treaty, administered land sales, regulated territorial politics, and distributed land and money to farmers, railroads, and mining companies. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 614). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

QUESTIONS 1. What are Chief Joseph's complaints about the treatment of his people? 2. Why does Saum Song Bo believe that the Chinese do not enjoy liberty in the United States? 3. What are the similarities and differences in the definition of freedom in the two documents? Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 623). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The Indian idea of freedom, however, which centered on preserving their cultural and political autonomy and control of ancestral lands, conflicted with the interests and values of most white Americans. Nearly all officials believed that the federal government should persuade or force the Plains Indians to surrender most of their land and to exchange their religion, communal property, nomadic way of life, and gender relations for Christian worship, private ownership, and small farming on reservations with men tilling the fields and women working in the home. In 1871, Congress eliminated the treaty system that dated back to the revolutionary era, by which the federal government negotiated agreements This step was supported by railroad companies that found tribal sovereignty an obstacle to construction and by Republicans who believed that it contradicted the national unity born of the Civil War. The federal government pressed forward with its assault on Indian culture. The Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools where Indian children, removed from the "negative" influences of their parents and tribes, were dressed in non-Indian clothes, given new names, and educated in white ways. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 625). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

14th Amendment

The amendment prohibited the states from abridging the "privileges or immunities" of citizens or denying any person of the "equal protection of the laws." This broad language opened the door for future Congresses and the federal courts to breathe meaning into the guarantee of legal equality. In a compromise between the radical and moderate positions on black suffrage, the amendment did not grant blacks the right to vote. But it did provide that if a state denied the vote to any group of men, that state's representation in Congress would be reduced. (This provision did not apply when states barred women from voting.) The Fourteenth Amendment offered the leaders of the white South a choice—allow black men to vote and keep their state's full representation in the House of Representatives, or limit the vote to whites and sacrifice part of their political power. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 583). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. -------- the first time introduced the word "male" into the Constitution, in its clause penalizing a state for denying any group of men the right to vote. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 588). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

aka Second Reconstruction

The civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s would sometimes be called the ______________________________. policy of granting black men the vote while denying them the benefits of land ownership strengthened the idea that the free citizen could be a poor, dependent laborer.

The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)

a book, first published in 1899, by the Norwegian-American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen while he was a professor at the University of Chicago. In the book's introduction he explains that much of the material discussed can be traced back to the proper sources by any well-read person. The Theory of the Leisure Class is considered one of the first detailed critiques of consumerism. ------ devastating critique of an upper-class culture focused on "conspicuous consumption"—that is, spending money not on needed or even desired goods, but simply to demonstrate the possession of wealth. 1897 by Mrs. Bradley Martin, Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 612). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 612). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Blanche K. Bruce

a former slave, was elected in 1875. the 2nd black senator in American history Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 591). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Dignitaries noun

a person of high position or honor

Mary Livermore

a teacher and abolitionist who served as a volunteer nurse. Director of the northwestern branch of the U.S. Sanitary commission, she directed the distribution of food and medical supplies to military hospitals.

The Agitator

a women's rights journal, edited by Mary Livermore, who had led fund-raising efforts for aid to Union soldiers during the war, carried stories complaining of the limited job opportunities and unequal pay for females who entered the labor market. feminists debated how to achieve "liberty for married women." Demands for liberalizing divorce laws (which generally required evidence of adultery, desertion, or extreme abuse to terminate a marriage) and for recognizing "woman's control over her own body" (including protection against domestic violence and access to what later generations would call birth control) moved to the center of many feminists' concerns. "Our rotten marriage institution," one Ohio woman wrote, "is the main obstacle in the way of woman's freedom." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 588). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

an ethnic Serb born in modern-day Croatia who emigrated to the United States at the age of twenty-eight, who developed an electric motor using the system of alternating current that overcame many of the challenges of using electricity for commercial and industrial purposes. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 608). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

he argued that on the western frontier the distinctive qualities of American culture were forged: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility. The West, he added, acted as a "safety valve," drawing off those dissatisfied with their situation in the East and therefore counteracting the threat of social unrest. Turner's was one of the most influential interpretations of American history ever developed. But his lecture summarized attitudes toward the West that had been widely shared among Americans long before 1893. But Turner seemed to portray the West as an empty space before the coming of white settlers. In fact, of course, it was already inhabited by Native Americans, whose dispossession was essential to the opening of land for settlement by others.

Henry Demarest Lloyd in Wealth against Commonwealth (1894)

inventive genius and business sense enabled Americans to seize opportunities for success. But their dictatorial attitudes, unscrupulous methods, repressive labor policies, and exercise of power without any democratic control led to fears that they were undermining political and economic freedom. Concentrated wealth degraded the political process, declared Henry Demarest Lloyd in Wealth against Commonwealth (1894), an exposé of how Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company made a mockery of economic competition and political democracy by manipulating the market and bribing legislators. "Liberty and monopoly," Lloyd concluded, "cannot live together." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 611). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Myra Bradwell

invoked the idea of free labor in challenging an Illinois statute limiting the practice of law to men, but the Supreme Court in 1873 rebuffed her claim. Free labor principles, the justices declared, did not apply to women, since "the law of the Creator" had assigned them to "the domestic sphere." Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 589). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Colfax Massacre (1873)

largest political massacre, blacks and whites joined together to select candidates and white vigilantes came and killed 100 people to overturn the election

American Woman Suffrage Association

led by (president) Lucy Stone

National Woman Suffrage Association

led by Stanton

opening of the Atlantic cable in 1866

made it possible to send electronic telegraph messages instantaneously between the United States and Europe. During the 1870s and 1880s, the telephone, typewriter, and handheld camera came into use. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 608). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Liberty Enlightening the World (Statue of Liberty)

statue originated in 1865 with Édouard de Laboulaye, a French educator and the author of several books on the United States, as a response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The statue, de Laboulaye hoped, would celebrate both the historic friendship between France and the United States and the triumph, through the Union's victory in the Civil War, of American freedom. Measuring more than 150 feet from torch to toe and standing atop a huge pedestal, the edifice was the tallest man-made structure in the Western Hemisphere. "huddled masses yearning to breathe free" celebrated in a poem by Emma Lazarus inscribed on its base in 1903. the statue's familiar image has been reproduced by folk artists in every conceivable medium and has been used by advertisers to promote everything from cigarettes and lawn mowers to war bonds. As its use by Chinese students demanding democracy in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 showed, it has become a powerful international symbol as well. year of the statue's dedication, 1886, also witnessed the "great upheaval," a wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation.

Olympia Brown

suffrage leader

Reconstruction Act of 1867

temporarily divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote. Thus began the period of Radical Reconstruction, which lasted until 1877. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 584). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Depredation

the act of preying upon or plundering; robbery; ravage

rank-and-file

the broad range of party members, more active than the average voter registered with a party the ordinary members of an organization as opposed to its leaders

The Cowboy and the Corporate West

two decades following the Civil War also witnessed the golden age of the cattle kingdom. The Kansas Pacific Railroad's stations at Abilene, Dodge City, and Wichita, Kansas, became destinations for the fabled drives of millions of cattle from Texas. cowboys became symbols of a life of freedom on the open range. there was nothing romantic about the life of the cowboys, most of whom were low-paid wage workers. (Texas cowboys even went on strike for higher pay in 1883.) The days of the long-distance cattle drive ended in the mid-1880s, as farmers enclosed more and more of the open range with barbed-wire fences, making it difficult to graze cattle on the grasslands of the Great Plains, and two terrible winters destroyed millions of cattle. When the industry recuperated, it was reorganized in large, enclosed ranches close to rail connections. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 617). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

The Triumph of the Redeemers mid-1870s (the violence of 1875 and 1876)

victorious Democrats called themselves Redeemers, since they claimed to have "redeemed" the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control. In those states where Reconstruction governments survived, violence again erupted. This time, the Grant administration showed no desire to intervene. In contrast to the Klan's activities—conducted at night by disguised men— the violence of 1875 and 1876 took place in broad daylight, as if to underscore Democrats' conviction that they had nothing to fear from Washington. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 598). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Queen Marie Antoinette

wife of King Louie XVI, Queen of France - very unpopular/uncaring of the people.

Feminists and Radicals during Reconstruction

women's political rights did expand during Reconstruction—not, in a bastion of radicalism such as Massachusetts, but in the Wyoming territory. This had less to do with the era's egalitarian impulse than with the desire to attract female emigrants to an area where men outnumbered women five to one. In 1869, Wyoming's diminutive legislature (it consisted of fewer than twenty men) extended the right to vote to women, and the bill was then signed by the governor, a federal appointee. Wyoming entered the Union in 1890, becoming the first state since New Jersey in the late eighteenth century to allow women to vote. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Seagull Fifth Edition) (Vol. 2) (Page 588). W. W. Norton & Company. Kindle Edition.

Industrial Economy 1860-1960

• Major advances occur in manufacturing and transportation • Strategic resource are capital and natural resources • Business is define by its product and factories