History of Azerbaijan: midterm #2 preparation
works of Nasraddin Tusi
"Shah of the country of science" - "Zij Elkhani" (Tables of Elkhani), "Akhlagi Nasiri" ("Nasir's Book of Morality")
Why Murids (followers) were called qizilbashi?
"red-headed" for wearing red turbans with 12 red stripes on the head in honor of 12 Shiite imams
capital of Aq qoyunlu state
Tabriz
capital of Qara qoyunlu state
Tabriz
capital of Safavid state
Tabriz
formation of the state of Aq qoyunlu
Uzun Hasan (Hasan bek Bayandur) in 1468
Which treaty was signed between Aq qoyunlu and Mehmet II?
Yasichemen in 1461; Sara Khatun returned to Tabriz after dividing the Trabzon treasury
Gizilbash army
backbone of the army of 200,000 horsemen ( 60,000 of them for hostilities)
"Jame attavarih" ("Anthology of history")
by Fazullah Rashidaddin, about the reign of Khulaguids
formation of the state of Qara qoyunlu
by Kara Yusif, after the 2nd battle Shanbi Gazan in 1410 against Sultan Akhmed (jalairid)
Ghazan Khan
came to power in 1295 in Khulaguid state; made reforms
religious reforms of Gahzan khan
converted to Islam; took name Mahmud
Shah Sefi
could not save previous achievements=> Gasi-Shirin treaty in 1639
administrative reforms of Shah Abbas I
creation of Beylerbek in 1593 with the center in Ardabil; capital became Isfahan
trade reforms of Ghazan khan
creation of unified monetary system and system of measuring of lenght&weight; on trade routes and markets measures were taken to control and defend
communication reforms of Ghazan Khan
established yam, post point, on all main roads every 21 km; emirs were appointed at the station with horses and employees
Gunsmiths (Tufenkchi)
foot army of 12,000 people from the lower strata
origins of Qara qoyunlu
from Yiva tribes of Oguz Turks ruled by Baharli
land reforms of Ghazan khan
igta- for military service(after death of owner, land to his successor); bayrat was confiscated; decree in 1303- fixed peasants to their residence
When the Safi order was arose?
in 13th century, in Ardabil
When Uzun Hasan defeated his brother?
in 1453, Uzun Hasan defeated Jahangir for power
first battle between Aq qoyunlu and ottomans
in 1461, in town ofGoylu-Hisar
fell of Qara Qoyunlu state
in 1468, after the battle Mush in 1467, Jahan was killed by Uzun Hasan (Aq qoyunlu)
When Aq qoyunlu was defeated by the Ottoman empire?
in 1473
Abkhara agreement
in 1500, the state of Aq qoyunlu was divided between Alvend Mirza & Murad Mirza
Shakur battle
in 1501, Alvend Mirza (ruler after AQ & poet) was defeated by Shah Ismail I
Alambulagy battle
in 1503, Murad Mirza (2nd ruler after AQ) was defeated by Shah Ismail I => AQ state fell
Merv battle
in 1510, Shah Ismail I defeated Sheibani Khan => subdued whole Khorasan
Chaldyran battle
in 1514, Shah Ismail I was defeated by Ottomans
Muhammed Khudabende
in 1578, came to power in Safavid state; weakened the state
How the 2nd stage of wars with Ottomans ended
in 1590, after the Istanbul treaty signed by Shah Abbas I
When Hormuz was liberated?
in 1622, with the help of England
Where is the observatory created by Nasraddin Tusi?
in Maragha it was put into operation
Azerbaijan was invaded by the troops of Emir Timur (three-year campaign)
in the spring of 1386; captured Tabriz
Gulams
main striking force of shah's army; principle of Janissaries (kids at early age of non-muslim population for the shah)
judical reforms of Ghazan Khan
new laws; worthy religious leaders to the post of judge-kadi; the lawsuits, which had a 30-year statute of limitations, were no longer valid.
military reforms of Shah Abbas I
reorganised Safavids army; principle of diversity
3rd stage of Ottoman war
started in 1603, Shah Abbas I liberated Azerbaijani lands
Who was Nasraddin Tusi?
stateman (advisor of Khulagu khan and vizier of Abaga khan); created works about math, science, astronomy, philosophy
Who was Fazullah Rashidaddin?
statesman, expert on history, doctor, scientist, author of dozens works
tax reforms of Ghazan Khan
taxes were posted on a board; illegals were prohibited; collection of taxes was transferred to the authority of Supreme Divan
Gunners
unity army with 500 cannons
1387, Emir Timur
was forced to leave Azerbaijan in connection with the attack of Toktamish (ruler of the Golden Horde) on the cities Bukhara & Samarkand
Military alliance of Aq qoyunlu with hich European state?
with Venice, in 1472; but Aq qoyunlu state was not provided with firearms
founder of Aq qoyunlu
Pehlevan bek (tribe union); Qara Osman bek (bekdom)
1510, contract of Safavids with Portugal
Portugal captured Hormuz
Who helped Emir Timur in 1395?
Shah Ibrahim I (ruler of Shirvanshahs) helped in battel with Golden Horde
1st Mongol invasion
1220-1222 -> to explore territories
2nd Mongol invasion
1231-1239(captured Derbend)-> to invade Azerbaijan
3rd Mongol invasion
1258
Amasya treaty
1555, between Ottomans and Safavids, end for the first stage of wars with the Ottomans
Who is Sara Khatun?
1st woman diplomat in the East; mother of Uzun Hasan
origins of Aq qoyunlu state
Bayandurlu tribe of Oguz Turks
founder of Qara Qoyunlu bekdom
Bayram Hoja Baharli (emir)
Who came to power after Shah Ismail I?
His son, Tahmasib I, united Azerbaijan lands-Sheki lost its independence in 1551
2nd capital of Safavids state
Kazvin, under Tahmasib I
What was created in 1258 by Khulagu khan?
Khulaguid state, fifth Ulus