History of Comics and Animation Module 1

Practice 26: Who was the creator of Krazy Kat

George Herriman

Musical Mose

George Herriman 1902

Practice 22: Who was one of the first female animators in the late 1910s?

Helena Smith Dayton

Stop-Motion Developments of the 1910s

Hinged cutouts were employed in British series like "Bully Boys" and "John Bull's Animated Sketchbook." Harry Julius used articulated paper cut outs for one of Australia's first animated films, "The War Zoo" (1915) Willie Hopkins used clay animation in the "Miracles in Mud" segments for "Universal Screen Magazine" F. Percy Smith used stop-motion animation in documentaries like "To Demonstrate How Spiders Fly" (1909) depicting something we couldn't record until 2021

"Gertie the Dinosaur" (1914)

How a Mosquito Operates (1912) and Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) are the first to demonstrate personality animation detailed backgrounds laboriously retraced by John A. Fitzsimmons Pioneered the "McCay Split System" of animation, in which major poses were drawn first McCay performed live along his animated dinosaur

Animation as a Career

"How Animated Cartoons Are Made" (1919) Wallace Carlson for Bray Studios By 1926, animators could study like Edwin G. Lutz's "Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development." The Federal School of Applied Cartooning, founded in 1914 in Minneapolis offered a twelve-part correspondence course in animation, with Winsor McCay Max Fleischer and Walter Lantz, went to the New York Art Students League

Fleischer's Sound Experiments

"Out of the Inkwell." starring Koko the Clown first public appearance in "The Tantalizing Fly" (1919) Series gained popularity for its realistic movement achieved through rotoscoping Early sound example in "Song Car-Tunes" like My Old Kentucky Home (1926) 1928, the series became "The Inkwell Imps," and later transformed into "Talkartoons" in 1929.

Ally Sloper

"Sloper" slang for someone who ducks out the back ally to escape rent. Spoke to the increasing visibility of the poor in urban spaces Mary Duvall lost Sloper in 1872, when the magazine was sold to another publisher laws protected the duplication of art work considered only the copy of original works NOT the broader idea of a copyrighted character used in a new and different way.

Zoetropes (1834)

"Wheel of Life" Invented in 1834 by William Horner (1736-1837) Studios like Ghibli and Disney use strobe lights with physical sculptures to create the illusion of movement meaning "wheel of life," is another motion device that uses a series of images, in this case printed on a strip of paper that is placed inside a spinning drum (1.9). When the viewer looks through slits in the edge of the drum, he or she sees a continuous loop of motion. generally attributed to the British mathematician William Horner (1736-1837), who built his model in 1834 as a variation on the phenakistoscope; he originally called his invention a "daedalus," popularly translated as "wheel of the devil."

Chester Gould's Dick Tracy 1931

"a private dick" mixed with an everyman's name. They resonated with a prohibition era audience overrun with gangsters. Surprisingly violent, some newspapers cancelled it hired a retired Chicago cop to consult FDR was an avid reader

Cinema of Attractions

"the cinema of attractions solicits a highly conscious awareness of the film image engaging the viewer's curiosity." - Tom Gunning Spectacle > Narrative

Winsor McCay

(1867-1934) Starts Little Nemo in Slumberland in 1905 at the Herald, jumps to Hearst's Journal in 1911 First strip to offer consistent characters in an ongoing, open-ended serial narrative Not character driven, however, the world takes center-stage Spawned imitators like The Naps of Polly Sleepyhead, Danny the Dreamer, and Wee Willie Winkie's World Gertie the Dinosaur Buster Brown and Mary Jane

Kineograph/flipbook

(1868) meaning "moving picture" Allegedly invented by British printer John Linnett First use of "linear" motion rather than cyclical Important precursor to animation a series of images on paper are assembled in book form, so that, when "flipped," the pages are viewed in succession, creating the illusion of motion This type of device differs from the others discussed in this section because it creates an effect that is linear, rather than static or cyclical. a common technique in drawn animation in which artists create a series of movements in pencil outline on separate sheets of drawing paper and then flip through them to ensure that the action moves as desired.

Thomas "TAD" Dorgan

(1877-1929) By 1905 he was working in New York City at the New York Journal made the earliest use of such popular superlatives as: "the cat's meow" "the cat's pajamas" "for crying out loud," "Nobody home," "You tell him," "Yes, we have no bananas." turned "hot dog" into a common expletive.

George Herriman's Krazy Kat

(1913) Began as Dingbat Family in 1910, renamed in 1913 Critical success, full creative control given by Hearst Backdrops change panel to panel, genders shift, dialogue nonsensical. Herriman likely the first commercial successful black cartoonist

The Gumps

(1917) Created by Sydney Smith for the New York World First comic that ended with "To Be Continued" and opened with "The Story So Far" First narrative in comics to make use of suspense

Alexander Shiryaev

- Animation in Russia originated in the early 20th century, credited to dancer and animator Alexander Shiryaev. - Shiryaev developed a system (1900-1906) for documenting character dances, drawing poses frame by frame on long paper strips and using a "peep show" device for motion. - He expanded into documentaries and live-action narratives, creating diverse films, including one featuring an insect.

(Furniss 2016, 16)

...at the time the general public did not necessarily understand science to be completely "real," as opposed to completely "magic" or supernatural—they perceived the world and its phenomena as both scientific and magical.

W.R. Booth

1869-1938 Directed and developed visual effects for Robert W. Paul, who would establish the first film studio in England. The Motorist 1906

Émile Reynaud (1844-1919)

1877 - invented the praxinoscope, 1879 -The theatre praxinoscope had changeable backgrounds 1888 - Théåtre Optique capable of projecting 15-minute screenings in color! Some say the first publicly projected animation is found in the work of French inventor Emile Reynaud, dating from 1892, in shows he called Pantomimes Lumineuses

Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904)

1878: Muybridge published The Horse in Motion Executed to win a bet with Leland Stanford 1879: invented the zoopraxiscope, which enabled the projection of images that had been painted on a circular disk

GEORGE EASTMAN

1888, lightweight Kodak camera that make photography an affordable pastime and history is documented in pictures

Katzenjammer Kids

1897 Randolph Dirks created the series for Hearst pioneered some of comics' most iconic shorthand: lines and dust clouds suggesting speed, dotted lines implying eye contact, beads of sweat conveying fear or nerves The Yellow Kid, Buster Brown, Snooks and Snicks, The Mischievous Twins, and The Angel all focus on children as subject matter

Lascaux Cave Paintings

19000 BCE Discovered in 1940 with over 100 small stone lamps Images of deer and horses juxtaposed and superimposed onto each other Seeing these images with a flickering flame can give the impression of motion The earliest examples of images that suggest animated movement are found in prehistoric paintings, such as the ones in the Lascaux caves in France

stereoscope

A device that presents pictures to the left and the right eyes so that the binocular disparity a person would experience when viewing an actual scene is duplicated. The result is a convincing illusion of depth. two images blur together to become 3D

thaumatrope

A disk with a picture on each side is attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly between the fingers the two pictures appear to blend into one due to the persistence of vision. a disk with an image on each side and when you spin it the images appear together

A Trip to the Moon Accomplishments

Advances the notion that 1 shot = 1 scene Establishes that a movie = a series of scenes Expanded the movie length Special effects and cinematic transitions Showed that cinema creates its own reality

Mickey Mouse 1928

After the disagreement with Mintz, Disney created Mickey Mouse, credited for personality tracing (Disney) and drawing (Ub Iwerks). "Plane Crazy" (1928) was the first short film, featuring Mickey becoming a pilot, Used a makeshift synchronization system for "Steamboat Willie." (1928) and Carl Stalling collaborated on music Tried to recruit Messmer but failed

Alexeieff's Pinboard

Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker pioneered

Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker

Alexeieff grew up in Russia, family dies tragically Took art classes while enlisted Made money as engraver, advertiser, and book illustrator Married Claire Parker, who would co-create all his films Claire Parker invested her money into the building of the pinscreen for creating "animated engraving" The patent for the pinscreen was registered under her name, and that the film, like all the later ones, was signed by both Night on Bald Mountain, 1932

Benday dots

America Benjamin Henry Day patented the halftoning process called benday dots (1879) Allowed comics to be printed in vivid color, today it's shorthand for comics

America Experiences Post-War Prosperity

America doesn't get involved in the war until 1917 Overtakes France as primary film manufacturer European animators like Émile Cohl and Lortac entered the American film industry during this period

praxinoscope

An early animation device similar to a zoetrope that uses mirrors instead of slits. had changeable backgrounds

Feminisms

Annette Bradshaw was a fashion illustrator before becoming a cartoonist with Feminine Foibles, later renamed Feminisms (1913) Instead of sentimentalism, she relied on gags and sarcasm had smaller circulation than women's comics written by men.

Oskar Fischinger (1900 - 1967)

Apprenticed at an organ-building firm after school. Invented "Wax Slicing Machine" synchronized with a movie camera. Moved to US in 1935 to work for Paramount, later Disney Fischinger's experiments with abstract forms, color, and movement were influenced by his belief in abstract art's promise of transcendence, theosophy, and Buddhism.

Practice 7: Who was the first stop motion animator?

Arthur Melbourne Cooper, he made the matches commercials

Women's Rights in Comics

As women began fighting for and gaining rights in the 1910's-1920's inspired anti-women backlash John Held Jr.'s Merely Margy 1927, made fun of women Girl strips like Beautiful Babs and Dumb Dora were portrayed as helpless babes.

A Trip to the Moon (1902)

Based on a Jules Verne story Lampoons scientific productions of the day Méliès stars as chief scientist Narration often provided by exhibitors Often hand-painted the films Full bodies of performers included.

Sergei Eisenstein

Became interested in film when seeing a Melies film on vacation as a child. Revolutionized modern editing, emphasized social engagement Montage style: edited shots to be juxtaposed or counterpointed, which create collisions Eisenstein gained international fame, touring the US and expressing admiration for Disney's animation.

Richard Felton Outcault

Began working for the World, 1890 Reporter, spent time in the slums Started a strip about street urchins Hogan's Alley (1895) Creator of the "Yellow Kid" comics Originally a side character, the yellow kid would become another cartoon super-star, selling loads of merch

Felix Develops a Character

Bill Nolan reshaped Felix's body into circular forms for aesthetic and economic reasons. Messmer used a hands-on approach, with no script and Messmer thinking up ideas while animating. Messmer's influence remained strong in the cat's temperament, stories, gags, and overall ambience

Lortac (Robert Collard 1884-1973)

Born on November 19, 1884 Began a comedy film in 1914, abandoned due to French army enlistment. Met Emile Cohl and visited American animation studios founded Publi-Ciné, in 1919, was one of the first in Europe to focus on animation for advertising. Sold his animation business during World War II

Practice 18: What method was used for Thomas Cat produced by Earl Hurd for Bray Pictures?

Brewster color process

Edwina Dumm

Cap Stubbs and Tippie, 1918, published under her middle name. "When her identity is revealed to anyone who has been studying her work, the usual comment is: 'Impossible-couldn't draw so convincingly about boys and dogs! "

Mary Duval

Cartoon Pioneer Isabelle Émilie de Tessier 1847 pseudonym "Marie Duval" when she became an actress at 17 injured her leg badly, halting her acting career. self-taught artist takes on writing and illustrating Ally Sloper, catalyzing a boom of reoccurring characters in cartoons

OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ENTERTAINMENT

Circuses Amusement Parks Music Halls Freak Shows Theatrical Productions Vaudeville

Practice 16: What the 1910s patent by John Randolph Bray and Earl Hurd for?

Clear celluloid sheets

Mutt and Jeff

Created by Bud Fisher 1907 for the San Francisco Chronicles Fisher was the first cartoonist to defend his creations in court and win. Also the first staggeringly wealthy comic artist He was also the first to lay out the stories horizontally. Ran six days a week, almost no strip appeared biweekly until the mid-1910's

Little Orphan Annie

Created by Harold Gray, debuting in 1924 for the New York Daily News Stars a blank-eyed orphan and her conservative father figure "Daddy Warbucks" Annie has a plain-spoken middle-class sensibilities Preaches the value of bootstraps during the Great Depression

New York Daily News

Created by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919 Readership began at 26k, by 1920 it was 100k, by 1925 over a million the first U.S. daily printed in tabloid format by 1925, over a million readers include large photographs, celebrity gossip, classified ads, and lots of comics!

Władysław Starewicz: 1882 - 1965

Created the short film "Lucanus Cervus" (1910), considered the first animated puppet film Films like "The Cameraman's Revenge" (1912) convinced audience he was training insects Kept every puppet he made, featuring them in various films. The Cameraman's Revenge (1912)

Émile Cohl (1857 -1938)

Debut film was "Fantasmagorie" (1908) for Gaumont studios stream-of-consciousness style Reversed the print after drawing on white paper General lack of trained workforce was a major challenge at Gaumont Adapted George McManus's The Newlywed Adventures

Actualities & Programming

December 28, 1895, Grand Café in Paris, first publicly accessible projected screening 25 minute program of 10 films including The Waterer Watered (1895) Short documentary style films called Actualities

LEISURE TIME

Designated shifts for work and leisure The birth of the weekend First time with a day not devoted to work or the Sabbath

Thomas Edison

Developed motion pictures Oversaw and managed the development of numerous products. Created 1093 successful US patents and 1239 non-US patents in 34 countries. Wanted film systems to partner with phonograph. Sound on penny slots for one song/one listener; Edison envisioned motion pictures along similar lines.

Special effects

Early films made use of special effects like: miniatures double exposures hand-coloring under-cranking stopped-camera substitution

MAGIC LANTERNS

Early slide projector, dates back to the 15th century The book Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae (The Great Art of Light and Shadow, 1646), revised in 1671 depicts a relatively complex projector. phantasmagoria, became a popular form of magic- lantern show in the 18th century Precursor to cinema are a forerunner of slide projectors, and were once a popular way to purvey information and entertainment have been utilized by presenters in many different ways, as they sought to appeal to a variety of different audiences, from the general public to the scientific community. To illustrate their stories and lectures, magic-lantemists generally relied on a series of handpainted or, eventually, photographic glass slides, which they would purchase in sets or create themselves Often, these slides were placed one by one into a simple wooden frame, before being pushed into a beam of light for projection and out of it again to be changed. Ghost stories, known as phantasmagoria, became the basis for a popular form of magiclantern performance at the end of the eighteenth century

The Hollywood Studio System

Edison developed the American Motion Picture Patents Company Studios moved to LA in the 1910s to escape Edison In 1915 the Supreme Court declared cinema not protected by free speech Created "movie palaces" the first theaters with air conditioning No star system: Before the late 1910s, films promoted under studio names

Practice 8: Who directed The Sculptor's Welsh Rarebit Dream?

Edwin S. Porter

Practice 6: When was pantomimes lumineuses shown?

Emile Reynaud performances shown in paris 1892-1900

Practice 9: What was the film of James Stuart Blackton drawing faces called?

Enchanted Drawing

Leftist comics

Ernest Riebe's Mr. Block ran Mr. Block in the Industrial Worker from 1912 through the early '20s, A dedicated labor activist and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, Riebe's union-hating anti-hero satirizes conservative workers' faith in the capitalist system that exploits them

The Look of 2D animation in 1920s America

Expanded use of cels facilitated the development of backgrounds in 2D animation Cels led to the creation of new job titles, such as inkers who traced images onto the front of a cel, painters who filled in the back with opaque paints, and cel washers who rinsed cels for reuse. Ink and paint positions, involving tracing and filling in colors, were predominantly occupied by women American drawn animation of the 1920s is characterized by the rubber-hose style

Max and Dave Fleischer

Experimented with recorded sound in animated films during the 1920s Max Fleischer took charge of the studio when Paul Terry left The first rotoscope experiments occurred in 1915, and the patent for it was filed on December 6, 1916. Dave wearing a clown suit for easy tracing, and the results were not perfect.

Walther Ruttmann (1887-1941)

Explored the concept of counterpoint in modern music and Soviet film theory in the early 1920s. Influenced by contemporaries Richter and Eggeling, give the impression of a musical performance through the juxtaposition of images. Created a series of abstract films, starting with Lichtspiel: Opus I (1921), using elaborate hand-tinting and -toning for color.

Modern Movements in Painting

Expressionist artists in Germany during the 1910s and 1920s emphasized subjectivity, distorting depictions Dada reacted against the war's horrors with an anti-art agenda, featuring "readymades" made from everyday objects

Practice 24: What Paul Terry character incorporates sound on film?

Farmer Al Falfa

Felix Merch

Felix became immensely popular by 1926 Felix doll introduced in 1926 becoming a fabulous success. Popular songs about Felix and various promotional efforts established production formulas were often broke them to keep the films fresh.

Prince Achmed

First feature length film from Europe (1926) Screened through alternative spaces but style of filmmaking became associated with "naivety"

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

Fred W. Taylor started the Scientific Management movement Breaks tasks down into tiny steps Matched workers to their jobs Monitored worker performance Managers planned so workers perform their tasks efficiently

Anthony Gross

French painter and printmaker Designed costumes and settings for ballet Joie de Vivre (1934) with Hector Hoppin

Pat Sullivan (1885-1933)

From Sydney Australia, he was a commercial artist in London, a prizefighter in the States, and briefly an assistant on the popular strip "Sambo and his Funny Noises." Recruits Otto Messmer in 1915 Contracted with Chaplin for a series based on his character, 1916 Took credit for everything

Popular Satirical Magazines

Puck (1876) Judge (1881)

Paul Terry (1887 - 1971)

Ran his own studio between 1914 and 1917, briefly working with Bray in 1916 while developing the Farmer Al Falfa character. Focused on cycled actions to keep characters moving and using gag elements for humor. "Dinner Time" (1928) considered the first animated narrative film to incorporate sound-on-film technology. "Steamboat Willie" was released the following month and showcased tighter sound-object correlation.

Phonograph

Recorded sound on tinfoil. Later used cylinders made of lead or wax.

Early Edison Films

Recruit performers from popular entertainment Vaudeville performers, athletes, theatrical actors Trying to capture MOVEMENT Everything fresh and new. Emphasis on spectacle and documentary, rather than story - cinema of attractions serpentine dance

Practice 11: Who invented the Animatograph?

Robert W. Paul He made the first professional film studio in London

Raoul Barré

Set up one of the first formal animation studios in New York City 1914 (Barre-Nolan Studios) Studio introduced the slash system as an alternative to cels, cut layers of paper away to reveal moving images "peg and perf" system developed for registering images Most of Barré's staff leave for IFS 1915 Although retiring in 1919, Raoul Barré briefly returned to animation in 1927 to work on Felix the Cat Cartoons On Tour (Raoul Barre, 1915)

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Spans the 18th and 19th centuries Agrarian rural societies become industrial and urban Shift toward powered, special purpose machinery, factories, and mass production Advancements in transportation, communication and banking

Practice 12: What did Segundo de Chomón do that was unique?

Special effects

The Black Maria

Specially built for the purposes of creating films in New Jersey. Could turn to find the sun, large window in ceiling, black stage Roof would lift up to allow natural sunlight when weather permitted.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit - 1927

Started "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit," represented by Charles Mintz in 1927. Disney produced the Oswald series for about a year with popular but limited surviving films. - Troubles arose in 1928 when tensions developed with distributor Charles Mintz, leading to a betrayal where Mintz hired away Disney's animators, transferring production to George Winkler. Only Ub remained loyal Mintz lost right to produce Oswald in 1929, Universal continued with Walter Lantz.

John Randolph Bray (1879-1978)

Started as a cartoonist for Judge, 1906 Set up one of the first formal animation studios in New York City 1914 (Bray Productions) Earl Hurd joined Bray in the mid-1910s and developed the cel-animation process. Max Fleischer brought the patent for the Rotoscope process with him when hired by Bray in 1916. Used the Brewster Color Process in 1920 to produce "The Debut of Thomas Cat" Productions faced challenges due to his stinginess, limiting aesthetic appearance and popularity. Colonel Heeza Liar on the Jump (J.R. Bray, 1917)

Alice Guy-Blache 1873 -1968

Started as secretary before taking on directing and producing First to use plot, hand tinted color, early sound sync

Georges Méliés (1861-1938)

Stop motion photography Cinematic transitions Multiple-scene films Played numerous roles in his films: writer, director, set designer, actor, distributor Made over 500 films, only 140 survive "Father of Science Fiction" Known for "trick films" A Trip to the Moon (1902)

Mary Ellen Bute

Studied painting and music theory managed to have her films often screened in regular theatres to average filmgoers 'Seeing sound' was her mission, Tarantella (1940) explores musical dissonance combined various techniques: drawing, painting, coloured lights, inks flowing into water, cut-outs. Collaborated with Norman McLaren on Spook Sport. (193

Felix's Popularity Wanes

Sullivan showed no interest in adapting to sound Felix wanes in popularity, contract with Educational not renewed Sullivan's death in 1933 left the studio in chaos, and Messmer couldn't take over Felix Messmer, despite not receiving credit at the time, continued to work on the Felix comic strip

Sydney Smith

Thanks to the Gumps, signed the first million-dollar contract in the business, $100,000 a year for ten years. (1921) Commissioned a bronze statue of Andy Gump in his Wisconsin summer place that cost $35,000. ($565,620.26 in today's money) Died the day signed a $150,000-a-year contract.

The phenakistoscope (1832)

The "spindle viewer" invented by Joseph Plateau (1801-1883) Uses a single disc of paper "spindle viewer," which was invented by the Belgian scientist Joseph Plateau (1801-1883) in 1832, uses only one side of a large, slotted disk Images are lined up around its edge, separated by the slits. The viewer stands in front of a mirror, with the back of the disk facing toward him- or herself. By spinning and looking through the slits, the viewer sees animated movement that occurs in a continuous loop, or cycle.

Animation as Modern Art

The 1920s witnessed a thriving modern art scene in European cities Modern artists were drawn to cinema, both live-action and animated. Film, dubbed the "seventh art," Modernist animation diverged from linear structures and physical-comedy gags, focusing on themes, exploring concepts Early European Modernist animators were interested in abstract imagery, considering it a universal language

EARLY VISUAL ENTERTAINMENT

The 19th century (1800s) saw a "vast proliferation of visual forms of pop culture" Lantern slides Books of photographs Illustrated fiction

William Dickson

The Kinetoscope = camera Kinetograph = the machine William Dickson developed Kinetograph Tried to put images on a cylinder ... unsuccessful Synchronized sound abandoned Developed a new camera with holes in the film. Developed a vertically fed, 1.5 inch (about 35mm) camera as well as the one-person viewing machine

William Randolph Hearst

The New York Journal Inherited his father's newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner Turned into a newspaper syndicate Bought the New York Journal 1896 dropped the price to a penny, selling at a loss 1912, Hearst introduced the nation's first full daily comics page

Joseph Pulitzer

The New York World Bought NYW in 1883, transformed it into a commercial success Sensationalist stories, lavish illustrations, and cartoons Even printed comics on the sabbath! wanted to take advantage of colored printing to print westerns Published the first color comic supplement in the World, May 21 1893

Kinetoscope Parlors

The first Kinetoscope parlor opened in NYC in 1894 Similar to phonograph parlors

The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918)

The sinking of the Lusitania by German Warboats in 1915 was never photographed The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918) the first animated documentary Adopted the first cel technology to streamline production McCay financed the film himself, and the cels used were thicker than the industry standard

An Optical Poem (Oskar Fischinger, 1938)

Trained painter, fled Germany during WWII Films work with and without visual accompaniment Obsessed with musical concepts, harmony, synaesthesia Made a short entry for Fantasia

Chromatrope

Two colorful, overlapping, circular glass plates lit with a magic-lantern projection lamp and spun in opposite directions to create visual effects. consisted of two colorful, overlapping circular glass plates; when they were lit with the projection lamp and spun in opposite directions with a crank handle, viewers were treated to a dazzling light show

MJ Winkler 1895 - 1990

Used the initials M. J. to disguise her gender The first woman to produce and distribute animated films. Worked for Warner Brothers 1921, worked on "Out of the Inkwell" for Warners. Leaving WB, Winkler established herself as an independent distributor with Fleischer and later with Sullivan. Started working with Walt Disney in 1923, distributing his Alice Comedies Married Charles B. Mintz, gradually relinquished control of her business

John Stuart Blackton (1875-1941)

Vaudeville actor skilled in lightning sketches Enchanted Drawing (1900) (above) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906, below) Haunted Hotel (1907) notable for its visual effects

Ally Sloper's Redesign

William G. Baxter picks up the job after Duvall... then William Thomas Fletcher Updated the design the first comic character to be given his own serialized magazine, Ally Sloper's Half Holiday (1884), appeared on countless merchandise, including bicycles, doorstops, watches, medicine, cooking sauce, and cigars.

Practice 13: Who founed the International Film Service 1915?

William Randolph Hearst

Practice 23: How made the film of realistic insects called "cameraman's revenge" (1912)?

Wladyslaw Starewicz

Helena Smith Dayton 1883-1960

Worked in New York City in the 1910s and 1920s, may have been the only female animator during that period Experimented with "clay cartoons" in 1916, using animated sculpture techniques. Created 16 poses for each foot of film, animating about 100 feet of film per day. Released an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet in 1917. None of her films survived

Conclusion

World War I resulted in the shift of the film industry's center from France to the United States animation business transitioned from an artisanal process to an industry The dominance of drawn animation increased in the US, while stop-motion techniques continued globally

Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)

World's first chronophotographer, 1882

zoetrope

a 19th-century optical toy consisting of a cylinder with a series of pictures on the inner surface that, when viewed through slits with the cylinder rotating, give an impression of continuous motion. figures on a spinning disk that appear to move when it spins really fast, new one flash lights to make it look like they are moving

Puck

a German magazine which featured characters such as... Zip coon Tambo Bones

Dziga Vertov

a film theorist interested in the activist role of artists. His manifestos influenced politically engaged filmmakers worldwide. Used stop-motion, stopped-camera effects, varied camera angles, optical printing, and montage editing in his documentary filmmaking, "Man with a Movie Camera" (1929), a city symphony portraying a day in the life of a city.

phonograph

a machine that reproduces sound (music) by placing a needle in contact with a grooved rotating disk; a record player recorded sound on tinfoil (later lead on wax)

DIORAMAS

a model representing a scene with three-dimensional figures, either in miniature or as a large-scale museum exhibit.

The Don't & Be Carefuls

a set of guidelines that attempted to give filmmakers some idea of what to keep out of their films in order to avoid running afoul of state censor boards Written in 1927, the "Don't and Be Carefuls" list was based on items that were frequently challenged by local censor boards. The list consisted of 11 best avoided and 25 to be handled very carefully Resolved, That those things which are included in the following list shall not appear in pictures produced by the members of this Association, irrespective of the manner in which they are treated: 1. Pointed profanity-by either title or lip-this includes the words "God," "Lord," "Jesus," "Christ" (unless they be used reverently in connection with proper religious ceremonies), "hell," " damn," "Gawd," and every other profane and vulgar expression however it may be spelled; 2. Any licentious or suggestive nudity-in fact or in silhouette; and any lecherous or licentious notice thereof by other characters in the picture; 3. The illegal traffic in drugs; 4. Any inference of sex perversion; 5. White slavery; 6. Miscegenation (sex relationships between the white and black races); 7. Sex hygiene and venereal diseases; 8. Scenes of actual childbirth-in fact or in silhouette; 9. Children's sex organs; 10. Ridicule of the clergy; 11. Willful offense to any nation, race or creed;

diorama

a three-dimensional miniature scene with painted model figures large scale rotating paintings

Kinetoscope

an early film projection system that served as a kind of peep show in which viewers looked through a hole and saw images moving on a tiny plate used in nickelodeons and had wholes on the sides of the film and were wrapped around lots of pegs

The International Film Service

based on comic strips published in Hearst's newspapers "Happy Hooligans" "Krazy Kat" "Bringing up Father" "The Katzenjammer Kids" Unlike Barré and Bray's enterprises, Hearst found success borrowing extant animators and techniques

Marc Azema & Florent Rivere

bone disc from laugerie-basse, face and reverse showing a chamois whose movement is in split-action: its probably a palaeolithic thaumatrope

Practice 4: How did Edward Muybridge record racehorses?

cameras with tripwire

Otto Messmer (1892-1983)

creator of "Felix the Cat," "To me a mouse is a repulsive thing." A film buff since childhood, visited nickelodeons and observed animation, deciding on a career as an illustrator In 1913, built his own animation kit and created first films

Phenakistoscope

disk with a handle and has images on and has slits you look through while looking in a mirror

Animatograph

early projector

Kinetograph

first motion picture camera put images on cylinder to try and make videos but it failed

Practice 27: What brought Gumps success to widely read comic strip?

first to kill off a character

Kineograph

flip book, images flip fast enough to make it look like it's moving.

Choreutoscope

held six images that, when projected in rapid succession, simulated simple animated movement

Practice 28: What was the innovation that Bud Fisher introduced with comic Mutt & Jeff?

horizontal panels

cinematograph

invented by Lumiere brothers; patented in 1895; device both projected and photographed action projected videos on a screen and was mainly used for documentaries

Practice 1: How does Lascaux caves convey motion?

juxtoposing painting with light

Viking Eggeling (1880 - 1925)

made "Symphonie Diagonale" (1924) Containing intricate figures and complex patterns, exploring music as a parallel art form. Symbolic traces of mundane objects, hieroglyphic Inorganic morphing Defies anthropomorphism

Practice 10: The film "Trip to the Moon" was the first to use? (French)

multiple sets edited together first with a sequence of sets

Prince of Achmed

one of the first animated films

Hans Richter (1888 - 1976)

painter and scroll-maker 1918, Tristan Tzara introduced Richter to Viking Eggeling and the two experimented on a universal language through film Rhythmus 21 (Hans Richter, 1921)

Practice 14: What did Émile Cohl debut film Fantasmagorie, gaumont studio 1908 display?

phantasmagoria & surreal

Practice 5: What did Etienne-Jules Marey for his work?

photographic gun

Pulp Magazines

rise in 1930s During prohibition, Gangster stories were popular

Practice 17: What technique was used to produce koko the clown (Max Fleischer)?

rotoscoping

Bill Nolan

rubber hose animation rounded flexibility to characters

magic lanterns

simple type of image projector used to show photographic slides

Practice 19: What did Barré Studio introduce instead of using cells?

the slash system

What was unique about the Katzen Jammer Kids?

they made dust clouds and other comic effects

Practice 21: Dino & Missing Link (1915) features what forerunner to king kong?

wild willie

Walt Disney's Alice's Wonderland 1923

In 1923, Walt Disney made the film "Alice's Wonderland," featuring a live-action girl in an animated environment. Placed a live person (Virginia Davis) in an animated setting M. J. Winkler signed Disney in 1923, leading to the distribution of the "Alice Comedies" series from 1924 to 1927. Relied on cycles, lacking personality animation Struggles arose in incorporating the live-action girl, leading to challenges in production.

Support for Modernist Animation

In 1933, the British government established the GPO Film Unit Norman McLaren and Len Lye, joined the GPO in the 1930s Known for pioneering direct filmmaking without a camera McLaren's direct film "Love on the Wing" (1937) limited distribution due to erotic content

Lumiere Brothers

In France, two brothers get to work. Challenged to make cheaper kinetoscope Designed a new camera system held the first screening of a film - that is, projected to the audience. Cinématographe (1894) Based on the design of a sewing machine Workers Leaving the Factory(1895) first Cinématographe film

Daguerreotype Photography

In the 1830s, Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833) and Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851) took the first photograph Took 8 hour exposure

Distribution Options

In the 1920s, despite many studios, a few big studios like Paramount and UA dominated Studios not contracted by big Hollywood studios could distribute on a state's rights basis, but less lucrative. American studios used block-booking internationally, requiring theaters to purchase an entire year's output at once. European countries like France and Germany established quotas to curb the influx of American films. - In 1922, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association (MPPDA) established to address public-relations issues. Film industry faced a public relations crisis due to star scandals, Development of guidelines like the "Don't and Be Carefuls."

Automata by Jacques de Vaucanson (1709-1782)

Invented The Digesting Duck,a mechanical flute player and the automatic loom

stereoscope 1832

Invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone Created a 3D effect by juxtaposing two images Allowed users to view exotic locales, historical events, and literary scenes and characters

Frederick Burr Opper's Happy Hooligan

Irish immigrant story Inspired by Chaplin A product of silent comedy Silent Happy Hooligan films may have been the first comic to film adaptation, appearing in 1900, 1901, and 1903. Added "authenticity" to the character

Practice 29: What is significant about "Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed" (The Advenures of Prince Achmed)?

It is one of the first feature-length animated productions

Practice 20: Why was El Apóstol (1917) important?

It's the first animated feature by Quirino Cristiani

Quirino Cristiani (1896 - 1984)

Italian-born Argentine esponsible for "El Apóstol" (1917) considered the first animated feature. Satire on President Hipólito Yrigoyen, premiering on November 9, 1917. Used cardboard cutouts for animation. Destroyed in 1926, but well-received during its time. Showed his films to Walt Disney during Disney's visit to Argentina. Fires in 1957 and 1961 destroyed most of Cristiani's work, Peludopolis reconstruida por Quirino Cristiani (1983) Fragmento

Practice 3: Who achieved top circulation in the New York World as well as owned it?

Joesph Pulitzer

Thaumatrope (1824)

John Ayrton Paris uses this toy to demonstrate the persistence of vision at the Royal College of Physicians in London A number of such inventions would later filter down to the general public as forms of entertainment, or optical toys. One of them, the thaumatrope, is a disk containing pictures on both sides that is spun to create an effect of two images merging into one (such as a bird on one side and a cage on the other becoming a bird in a cage) ( 1. 7). The name roughly translates as "wonder turner," suggesting that its spinning created a surprising effect. contains two images that are combined into a single static one. Other motion devices utilize a series of images to create the illusion of animated movement.

Robert W. Paul (1869-1943)

Known as the father of the British film industry Invented the Theatrograph (or Animatograph), which was screened on the same day as the Lumiere Brothers! Georges Méliès began his career using cameras built by Paul

Walter Lantz (1899 - 1994)

Lantz took a cartooning correspondence course as a boy Became an animator at age 18 for William Randolph Hearst In 1922, Lantz moved to the Bray studio, where he became a supervising animator and created the "Dinky Doodles" Moved to LA in 1927, worked briefly in live-action before returning to animation on the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" series at George Winkler's studio. 1929, Carl Laemmle created an in-house animation studio at Universal, Lantz became the studio supervisor for the next 40 years

Walt Disney (1901 - 1966)

Learned animation from Edwin G. Lutz's book and studied Paul Terry's "Aesop's Film Fables." Collaborated with Ub Iwerks and Fred Harman, established Laugh-O-gram Films in Kansas City in 1922. Facing financial challenges, Laugh-O-gram Films went bankrupt after a distributor, Pictorial Clubs, failed to pay owed money.

The Development of Modern Art

Len Lye's Tusalava inspired by Somoan and Aboriginal art Picasso (below) borrows from African masks Oskar Fischinger motivated by a spiritual quest, investigating the creative process.

Winsor McCay (1866-1934)

Little Nemo (1911) Little Nemo in Slumberland written in 1905 In McCay's film "Little Nemo" (1911), a bet to bring characters to life becomes the narrative frame "Little Nemo" (1911) first to have rounded bodies Winsor McCay's animation output decrease in the last thirteen years of his life because of a heavy workload for Hearst papers Due to the rise of studio-based animations, McCay felt out of step Animators respected him, but he wasn't famous McCay emphasized the importance of animation as an artform.

Visual Music

Léopold Survage, a Paris-based painter, attempted abstract animation with his series of prints titled "Colored Rhythm" around 1912. The Italian brothers Bruno Corra and Arnaldo Ginna, part of the Futurist movement, invented a "chromatic piano" and experimented with abstract animation in the early 1910s. Wassily Kandinsky, influenced by theosophy and having synesthesia, revolutionized the art world with his book "Concerning the Spiritual in Art," exploring relationships between sound, music, movement, and spirituality.

Practice 25: Who signed Alice Wonderland from Disney in 1923?

MJ Wrinkler

Arthur Melbourne-Cooper (1874-1961)

Made the first stop-motion films in 1899, three films about animated matches Made more than thirty films, but only six of them survive, such as A Dream of Toyland (1907)

Chronophotography

Marey invented motion capture in 1883, recording at 60 frames per second Using special outfits made photographs more clear

Lotte Reiniger (1899-1981)

Mastered scissor-cutting and portraiture First film: "Der Rattenfänger von Hameln" (The Pied Piper of Hamelin) in 1918. - 1926, Lotte Reiniger produced the feature-length animated film "The Adventures of Prince Achmed." Beat snow white by 11 years!

Bray's Fake Gertie (1915)

McCay and Bray had intense rivalry Bray impersonated journalist to see Gertie Made a copy released the following year Tried to sue McCay for patent violations and lost!

George McManus' Bringing up Father, 1913

McManus wrote several domestic comedies for Hearst but Bringing up Father was his breakout success. Ran for 87 years, with a peak readership of 80 million readers in 46 countries in 1952

Mercy the Mummy Mumbled (1918)

Mercy the Mummy Mumbled has first visual effects drawn by African Americans Some studios like Ebony Film Corporation employed African Americans but made offensive content

Rise of Felix the Cat

Messmer created the films "Feline Follies" (1919) Initially "Master Tom," later became "Felix," Margaret Winkler took over distributing the series in 1922 Dances alongside Chaplin in Felix in Hollywood (1923) In 1924, Felix's frequency of releases doubled,

Conclusion modern

Modernist animation of the 1920s and 1930s developed alongside other modern arts Political changes, particularly Hitler's rise to power in 1933, forced many European Modernist animators to flee, seeking refuge in the United States and elsewhere. Concurrently, American animation also thrived, with studios like Disney, Fleischer, and Warner Bros. leading the way. Conventions related to animated movement and humor were solidified Animation studios refined their methods, producing series efficiently, but they faced challenges such as labor unrest.

A Trip to the Moon Limitations

Moon moves toward camera rather than the camera toward the moon. Action often overlaps Very theatrical Proscenium set-up

Willis Harold O'Brien (1886 - 1962)

Motion picture special effects and stop-motion animation pioneer His film "The Dinosaur and the Missing Link" (1915) features Wild Willie, a forerunner to King Kong Contributed pioneering effects work on "The Lost World," (1925) securing his position to later direct King Kong (1933) Refused an Oscar for "King Kong" due to lack of recognition for his crew The Dinosaur and the Missing Link (1915)

Berthold Bartosch

Moved to Paris in the mid-1920s and became part of its art world. Met Frans Masereel, a famous woodcut print artist, and collaborated to transform Masereel's work "L'Idée": Poetic portrayal of the power of an idea Used a multiplane rig Arthur Honegger, a Swiss composer based in Paris, wrote the accompanying music

Bill Nolan 1894 - 1954

Moved to the Bronx with Barré in 1913 Joined the United States Navy in June 1917-1921 Developed rubber-hose style animation Animated Felix the Cat from 1924 to 1926. Moved to Winkler to animate on Krazy Kat. Joined Walter Lantz Studio from 1929 to 1935, animating and voicing Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (1918) Happy Hooligan - The Spider and the Fly

Len Lye

New Zealander, influenced by Maori and Samoan cultures. Nickname "cowboy from the colonies." A Colour Box (1935), Lye's first GPO production, was a direct film using the Dufaycolor process, Lye introduced the concept of the "old brain," a repository in the mind for human experience

Hearst vs. Pulitzer

Newspaper war between Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst- each tried to outsell the other by printing wild stories to attract attention. Two of the starters of the yellow press movement

Edwin S. Porter (1870 - 1941)

Originally a projectionist in New York Gets a job with Edison Experiments with stop-motion with Teddy Bears 1907. First stop-motion claymation film, The Sculptor's Welsh Rarebit Dream, in 1908.

Public Backlash

Parents complained kids learned bad examples from cartoons 1906 essay in the atlantic lambasted cartoons for making mischief too easy, teaching kids moral laxity while ruining their ability to appreciate fine art. Children were reading cartoons on the sabbath! The Boston Herald drop the funnies in 1908 The Milwaukee Journal, the Indianapolis Star, and the New York Tribune did briefly drop their comics between 1908 and 1912

Practice 15: Winsor McCay credited 1910's, adopted 1930's

Personality animation

Practice 2: What did 18th century magic lantern performances display?

Phantasmagoria