History of Funeral Science Ch 1-13

100 Greek

Without fare, the unlucky soul (shade) was doomed to wander the banks for _____ years

Greeks / Cremation

_____ are credited with being the first to practice _____ on a widespread basis.

Greek Charon

_____ was the ferryman who protected the river Styx and took the obol and allowed passage

Flowers

_____ were very much a part of the Greek burial customs

Natron Egyptian

a combination of salts found in dry lake beds of the desert and used in preparation of bodies. Deceased covered in the product (sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate) were dehydrated thus preventing decay.

Direct disposition/ Immediate Burial

a disposition of human remains without any rites or ceremonies with the body present

Effigy

a life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased; often used at state funerals because the body of the deceased should be present for the funeral, but could not be preserved for that length of time.

American Monument Association

a national trade association representing the major granite and marble memorial manufacturers and quarries throughout the United States

Chadwick's report

a report published in 1843 on unsanitary conditions in London created by intramural burials and the high cost of funerals; recommended use of a death certificate.

Funeral trolley car

a specially designed train car run on a city's trolley line to transport casket and mourners to cemeteries on the outskirts of the city.

Inviter to funerals

a specialty connected with funerals in colonial America; called personally upon those expected to attend funerals; often a municipal appointment.

Hearse

a vehicle specially designed to transport casketed remains; derived from French word, herse; originally a stationary framework of wood to hold candles and decorations placed on the coffin; forerunner was a bier; hearse and bier were used interchangeably until mid-19th century; aka funeral coach.

Mound burial Viking

after deceased was placed in his boat with items necessary for the spirit to maintain the position held on earth, all was cremated and the pyre then covered with earth.

Roman Praeco

aka crier, a special funeral functionary who summoned participants to a public funeral.

Jewish Funeral Directors of America (JFDA)

an association which guides, aids and supports members in honoring the deceased and comforting the bereaved by preserving, promoting and practicing the customs and traditions of the Jewish funeral.

Monument Builders of North America

an international trade association of persons and firms in the memorial industry.

National Concrete Burial Vault Association

an organization of concrete burial vault manufacturers, whose purpose is to provide a unified voice for the concrete burial vault industry, and to continually research and develop, then specify and promote minimum performance standards.

Circle of necessity Egyptian

ancient belief that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000-year journey and return to the body. Once reunited the whole man would live with the gods. This belief created the need for embalming.

Gravity injector / 0.43

apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (_____ pounds of pressure per foot of elevation)

Styx Greeks

based their ceremonies on the belief that the deceased must make a journey across the river _____ to the land of eternity

Layers out of the dead

became an occupational specialty practiced by women in many larger US cities by the end of the 18th century; predecessor to the undertaker.

Bloodletting

belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease.

Extramural burial

burial outside the walls of the city; concept introduced during the ancient Roman times.

Sarcophagus Egyptian

cut massive coffins from a single stone to protect from grave robbers. Same term is applied today to massive copper and bronze caskets. Derivation of term is from Greek, sarco for flesh and phagus for eaters because when opened, bodies inside were found to be in a state of decay.

Egyptian Surgeon or chief embalmer

did the actual embalming

Life signals

due to the fear of premature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive.

Animistic view Roman

early view of the afterlife which emphasizes the soul as the vital principle. The soul at death hovered around the place of burial and required constant attention of the descendants to be happy. Neglect would bring evil upon them.

Catacombs Romans

excavated cemeteries cut out of soft rock for the tombs of wealthy Christians; later became a place for religious rites to avoid persecution

Constantine / Rome

first Christian ruler _____ established "sumptuary laws" which regulated the cost of funerals and guaranteed everyone in _____ a proper Christian burial.

Bier Hebrew

forerunner of today's hearse; a hand stretcher on which the uncoffined body was carried to the grave. (the unit the casket sits on in the church / funeral home)

Leagues of Prayer

formed in Middle Ages by laypersons to bury the dead and to pray for the souls of the faithful departed.

Casket

from the French term 'casse' meaning 'jewel box' or container for something valuable; came into dominant use in patent literature for burial receptacles in 1890's in America. ; a rigid container which is designed for the encasement of human remains and which is usually constructed of wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic, or like material, and ornamented and lined with fabric. (FTC definition); A case or receptacle in which human remains are placed for protection, practical utility, and a suitable memory picture; Any box or container of one or more parts in which a dead human body is placed prior to interment, entombment, or cremation which may or may not be permanently interred, entombed, or cremated with the dead human remains.

Coffin

from the Greek word 'kofinos'; utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape.

Adaptive funeral

funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; altered to suit the trends of the times.

Burial case

generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered

Anubis (Anewbus) Egyptian

god of embalming said to be of human form with the head of a jackal.

Osiris Egyptian

god of the underworld and judge of the dead.

Roman Libitinarius

head undertaker; the secular role model for today's funeral director; conducted his business at the temple of Libitina where death was also registered.

Cortege

historical term for funeral procession.

Anthropoid Egyptian

human shaped early coffins.

Funeral feast

in Middle Ages the wake also served as a feast to welcome the principal heir to his new estate. For the ancient Greeks, funeral feasts ended the fast of the bereaved

Scribe Egyptian

indicated the path of incision (drew the line for incision)

Roman Edit of Toleration

issued by Constantine in 313 A.D. established intra city burial

Canopic jars (kənōpĭk) Egyptian

jars made of alabaster, limestone, basalt, clay and other materials used to store viscera of the deceased.

Roman Designator

master of ceremonies and director of the funeral procession

Hand pump

method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism historical instrument resembling a large 18 hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus; used to create pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration

Roman Pollinctores (Pol`linc´tors)

name of the embalmers. They were either slaves or employees of Libitinarius

Roman Animistic view

Believed soul separated from the body and hovered around the place of burial for its continued peace and happiness

Roman Epicurean influence

Believed that the body and soul was composed of atoms and simply disintegrated at death - "let us eat and drink for tomorrow we will die"

Hebrew Burial Practices

Burial generally took place at sundown on the day of death due to hygienic necessity

Romans

Constantine Established occupational models of licensing for the funerals

"The Wake" was practiced

Early Christians

Crier

English custom of Middle Ages which lasted until 19th century; person who walked the street calling out the name of the deceased and asking people to pray for the soul of the departed.

Romans Constantine

Establish a set of mortuary laws for the purpose of protecting the living

Greek Burial Custom

Females were allowed if they were over 60 or connected to the deceased by blood and over 16 _____

Early Hebrew Death Beliefs

Practiced monotheism; a belief in one god

Hebrew

Responsibility of the family passed down to the first born son

Establishment of burial societies

Romans Constantine

a secular role model for today's funeral director

Romans Constantine

Greek Death Beliefs

one of the harsher lots of man

ICFSEB International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards (The Conference)

organization of licensing agencies in North America; provides examination services, information, and regulatory support to funeral service licensing boards, educators, and governmental bodies.

Burial club

organizations intended to assist people of the working classes, particularly guild members, to defray the heavy expenses of the funeral and to perpetuate the memory of dead friends; costs were shared by others via weekly collections; were the forerunners of industrial insurance.

National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association

organized in 1924 as the Independent National Funeral Directors Association (present name adopted in 1957); established to represent specific interests of African-American funeral directors.

Burial vault

originally intended to prevent grave robbery; outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave.

Fisk metallic coffin

patented in 1848 as form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve ability to preserve the body; also had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face.

Yakhu Egyptian

personality, Shining one

Cooling board

portable table on which the deceased was placed and used in conjunction with the corpse cooler; later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased.

Funeral Service Bureau of America

promoted the study and use of cost accounting methods to foster the business interests of its members and to help dispel the aura of mystery that was felt to exist it the public mind regarding the business of funeral directing

Funeral undertaker

provided services of organizing and facilitating funeral details as an occupation; aka undertaker, different from furnishing undertaker.

Furnishing undertaker

provided supplies and merchandise (i.e. door badges, carriages, etc.) to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public.

Catafalque (kadəfalk)

raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state.

Mystery cults

religious/philosophical belief of the ancient Greeks and Oriental East emphasizing spiritual aspects of the afterlife and the hope of joining the cult god in a wonderful existence in eternity.

Ka Egyptian

remained with the body and required attention from the living

CFSAA Casket Funeral Supply Association of America

represents the interests of funeral service suppliers; its members manufacture or distribute virtually every type of product used by funeral directors (formerly known as Casket Manufacturers Association)

Burial in Woolen Act of 1666

required that woolen cloth be substituted for linen in the shroud and lining of the coffin

Designer or painter Egyptian

responsible for the art of bandaging

Suttee Greek

self-inflicted cremation of the widow

Ba Egyptian

soul Egyptian

Physician/Priest Egyptian

superintended the embalming process and the funeral

Roman Libitina

the ancient goddess of corpses and funerals

Catholic Cemetery Conference

the oldest and largest Catholic cemetery association servicing Catholic cemeterians nationally and internationally.

Cremation

the reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort or chamber; a heating process which incinerates human remains

Heart Egyptian

the seat of the intellect and emotions

Barber-surgeon

the sole trade permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London.

Elysian fields

the version of heaven in Greek mythology.

The Necropolis Egyptian

the walled suburb of the city where all body preparation took place.

Pollinctors Egyptian

they administered the embalming chemical

Drummers

traveling salesmen who went from town to town selling their products. Early embalmers often obtained their products and training in this manner.

Corpse cooler

type of ice chest placed over the torso of the deceased in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral. It was typically the undertaker's responsibility to provide ice and change the ice when it melted.

Early Christians

used Catacombs as hiding places during the oppression by the Romans

Apothecary or pharmacist Egyptian

was responsible for making the embalming chemicals used

Roman Church Burial

Influential persons were buried beneath the floors of the Church The influential class was dressed in a white toga

Gold coin (obol) Greek

A _____ was placed in the mouth of the deceased to pay the fare across the river Styx

Cerberus Greeks

A honey cake was placed beside the deceased to appease _____ a three headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades

ICCFA International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Association

American trade association representing all segments of the cemetery, funeral service, cremation and memorialization profession.

First to use professional mourners

Hebrew

Practiced "renting" or tearing of one's garments

Hebrew Mourning Customs

Early Christian

Kiss of Peace was first sign that touching the body was all right

Funeralis

Latin for torchlight procession; word 'funeral' is derived from this

Hebrew Mourning Customs

The custom of throwing oneself into the dust was later symbolically represented by sitting in the dust or placing dust on the head