History of Pakistan Midterm

Ijtihad

Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question

Jamaati-I Islami

Islamic political organization and social conservative movement founded in 1941 in British India by the Islamist theologian and philosopher Abul ala Maududi

Tughlugs

3rd Sultanate of Delhi; 1320-1414;

Punjab (Chandigarh), Sindh (Karachi), Balochistan (Quetta), NWFP (Peshawar District)

4 Provinces and their Capitals

Sayyids

4th Sultanate of Delhi; 1414-1451;

Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Persian

5 other major Languages of Pakistan

Lodhis

5th Sultanate of Delhi; 1451-1526;

Muhammad b. Qasim

695-715; Umayyad Caliphate who conquered Sindh and Multan- allowed for greater expansion later on

All India Muslim League

A political party formed in 1906 in Bengal with the intention to protect the political rights of Muslims in India. They boycotted British goods and were vital to the Pakistan State movement

Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Laki, Marwat, Tank

Frontier Regions

Akbar

1556-1605; East India Company grew; achieved religious and political peace

Shah Jahan

1592-1666; wanted to expand the empire- greatly expanded the military; built the Taj Mahal

Jahangir

1605-1627; East India Company was granted exclusive trading rights

Aurangzeb

1618-1707; religiously conservative, overturned a lot of Akbar's reforms; tried very hard to annex Decca

Battle of Plassey

1757; victory of the EIC over Bengal; Bengali Nawabs (Muslims) took British people hostage (Black Hole of Calcutta), British aligned with the Nawab's rival; EIC took control of Bengal during this timel

Khilafat Movement

1919-1922 was led by the Ali brothers to protect the religious successor to Muhammad after the Ottomans had been defeated. Congress and Gandhi both supported the movement but increasing tensions between Muslims and Hindus weakened the movement. The Ali brothers were accused of corruption, which also weakened the movement.

Slave Dynasty

1st Sultanate of Delhi; 1206-1290

Muhammad Iqbal

He is credited with inspiring the Pakistan Movement and presented the idea of a separate state of Pakistan within or without British India, he didn't care if it was in British India or not, as long as they were independent. It was an idealistic approach to reality. He was a philosopher, poet in the line of Shah Wali Allah. He believed in strengthening society by strengthening the individual and strengthening the law and is called the "Father of Pakistan

East India Company

joint stock company seeking trade with the East Indies; ruled India with private armies; grew under Akbar, granted exclusive rights under Jahangir;

Zamindar

landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers

Gandhi

led the peaceful movement for Indian independence from the British. However, he broke ranks with Jinnah and the Muslim community because he focused on the secular not the religious. Also, people believed that he was favoring the Hindu community and Jinnah accused him and Congress of trying to "Hinduize politics". Additionally, he wanted one India while Jinnah wanted separate states.

Farangi Mahal

location of the first Dar-I Nizami- the first curriculum of Islam

Babur

Ruler of Kabul & Ghazni; conquered Delhi

Madhhabsim

School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence

Khaljis

2nd Sultanate of Delhi; 1290-1320; Ala al-Din Khalji: tried to keep the cost of living low so the wages of soldiers could be low

Umayyads

2nd caliphate after Muhammad; capital was Damascus from 661-744

Black Hole of Calcutta

British POW's were held hostage and died in a dungeon in Calcutta

Delhi College

College founded by Ghaziuddin Khan, a general of Aurangzeb

Official Languages

English and Urdu

Durand Line

In 1893 the Line was established by the British and formed the boarder between Pakistan and Afghanistan (it used to be between India and Afghanistan). It is not recognized now but Afghanistan used to recognize it to keep the British from invading. However, it was a very permeable border because its 1500 miles long and in the mountains and desert- areas that cannot be fully guarded

Morely-Minto Reforms

In 1909, the British relented (somewhat) and allowed Indians to be elected to the provincial governments they had set up. In this process they made the Muslims a separate electorate and had their votes counted twice, the Muslims who were only ¼ of the population suddenly had ½ of the votes thus upsetting the other communities. The British did this to garner Muslim support for British rule over India.

Lahore Resolution

In 1940, Jinnah announced this. The Muslim League specifies where Pakistan will be (geographical units in which Muslims were the majority) and declared that these would autonomous states BUT there is no mention about an independent India or any mention of the British. The Religious authorities were opposed. The driving force for the movement came from North India NOT the region that would make-up Pakistan.

Dar al-Ulum/Deoband

Islamic learning center created by the Muslims to save the Indian culture from British enslavement

S. Sayyid Ahmad Khan

Knighted founder of the Aligarh Muslim University founded in 1875. The university had the support of the British which made his efforts to teach a modern English curriculum successful. He wanted to make Muslims competitive citizens, but this pitted the attendees of the University against the traditional anti-British population

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader of the All Muslim League from 1913 until 1947, the creation of Pakistan. He is credited with being the founder of Pakistan, where he served as its first Governor General.

Ghaznavids

Modern day Afghanistan, 962-1186; replaced the Samanids

Nawab

Muslim governor/individual with high status

NWFP

North West Frontier Province

Shah Wali Allah of Delhi:

Sought to make the Mughals great again and to bring back to the authority of the Mughal Empire by reforming and strengthening the Islamic education; main reforms included pushing back against the approach to the world view that had become dominant in the South Asian context whereby whatever happens is what God wills → strongly believed that God knew everything and could not be surprised therefore your actions in life were already known in God's eyes → wanted to stop this thought to stop South Asians from sitting back and watching God's plan unfold- wanted them to take actions, stop being so passive- the future is not entirely written

Suhrawardis

Sufi- sect; austere relative to other orders; very neo-platonic (the notion of the oneness of all beings); intolerant of Buddhists and Hindus; Similar to Hinduism which caused controversy; accepted the unity of all exists; spread to South Asia post 1258

Chishtis

Sufi-sect; ecstatic, experimental; harmonize Islam and Indian culture; most popular in India by the 18th century

Naqshbandis

Sufi-sect; late 14th century originating in Bukhara and having greater popularity in urban areas; 17th century reformer Sirhindi- operated during colonialism, associated with militant anti-colonialism; examined their religion because they thought they were being punished with colonialism

Qadiris

Sufi-sect; named for Abd al-Qadir Gilani; more Sharia minded

Samanids

Sunni Persian 839-999; they were derived from the slave guards that broke away from the Abbasids; settled in Balkh, Persia; expanded into Central Asia and some of their slave guards declared themselves independent and moved further east, creating new groups

Partition of Bengal

The first partition of India and occurred in 1905 under the Viceroy Lord Curson. Triggered by the formation of the Congress Party, which joined the Muslims and the Hindus. In an attempt to weaken the party, the British convinced the Muslims that they would be grateful for the British giving them independence and empowering them against the majority of the Hindus. Their plan worked and the Muslims supported the partition of Bengal and it pitted the Hindus against the Muslims.

Simla Conference

This conference occurred in 1945. Here the Viceroy suggested a long for separate representation for Muslims

Government of India Act (1935)

This was the last constitution of British India that reorganized the provinces and princely states, allowed more direct elections to the provincial ruling bodies (however they had no power outside of the province). In the National Election of 1937 they didn't include Muslims in the ministries, which played into the fears of the Muslim population about being marginalized and outnumbered by the Hindus. This was in place until 1947

National Language

Urdu, only 10% of the population speaks it

Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan)

also part of the disputed region between India and Pakistan, and China

Ahli-I Hadith

conservative religious movement founded by Sayyid Nazeer Hussein that rejects Islam's folk practices in India and encourages going back to the Quran and Hadith- the Hadith was especially important because it could be translated during the period when the Quran was not allowed to be translated out of Arabic

Mughals

descendants of Chinghiz Khan and Timur Lang; ruled the Indian subcontinent from 1526-1857

Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi:

died 1831; continued Shah Wali Allah's ideas; first to go on record calling for a military jihad- issued it on the grounds that the British were invaders and therefore the task had fallen to the people to defend themselves (Rules of Jihad: There is an individual obligation in which everyone is responsible for, such as praying, upholding the pillars of Islam. There is also a collective obligation that befall the entire community to make sure that everything is done, that there are enough teachers, builders, bakers, etc. to sustain the community. Defense against invaders is a collective obligation, but if there are not enough soldiers it becomes an individual obligation where every able bodied person is expected to serve)

Azad Kashmir

disputed region; India-Pakistan line of control; self-governing administrative region of Pakistan; referred to as the "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" by the UN

Defense of India Act (1915)

emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War

Waqf

endowment made by a Muslim to a religious, educational, or charitable cause

Tribal Agencies (FATA)

federally appointed agents that oversee/arbitrate based on the Frontier Crimes Regulations (tribal law)

Dars-I nizami

first curriculum of Islam, founded in the Farangi Mahal

Abbasids

followed the Umayyad Caliphate; based in Baghad; overthrew by the slave guards who took overe the palace and allowed certain portions of the Empire to go independent; Caliph was still "in power" because the guards couldn't rule without legitimacy- developed their own basis of power

Sufis

mystical Islam

Afghania

name of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa North-West province of Pakistan

Raja

non Muslims

Chaudry Rahmat Ali

one of the earliest proponents for the creation of an independent Pakistan

Congress Party

political party founded in 1885 by Hindus, Muslims, and the British. They wanted the right to self-rule and to be more of a commonwealth than an occupied territory. It contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism through its combined communal identities formed by members.

Indian Rebellion of 1857-Sepoy Rebellion

rebellion of 1857; preceeded by several rebellions; began when new cartridges were introduced into the military that were rumored to contain pig and cow fat as the grease → the practice was to bite the cartridge to prepare it but consuming pig and cow violated Muslim and Hindu religious laws (respectively) → pushed the Hindus and Muslims to fight together against the British; British made an example out of them so that no one would try to rebel again

Ghurds

replaced the Ghaznavids in 1186; ruled in Delhi

KPK

same region as NWFP

Sultanates of Delhi

stopped ruling in the name of the Abbasid King and instead ruled autonomously, they had no religious authority; they were very successful, relatively stable, developed great wealth, and were patrons of the art

Orientalism

study of eastern languages and literature; became associated with Imperialism and received a negative connotation

Nehru

the first Prime Minister of India