History Psych Final

Who among the following was NOT one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?

Alan Turing

Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artificial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?

Alan Turing and Claude Shannon

The opinion that "the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of" was famously expressed by whom?

Blaise Pascal

George Miller's early exposure to __________ proved to be a turning point in his career.

Claude Shannon's information theory

Modern information theory was initiated by __________, with the concept of the __________ as its most basic unit.

Claude Shannon; bit

Who argued that social science could understand the psychological factors that lead to labor strikes and thus help control them?

Elton Mayo

All of the following are true about the response to Taylor's system of scientific management EXCEPT for which?

Factories all along the East Coast completely banned Taylor's methods.

Which British psychologist anticipated cognitive psychology with a famous cross-cultural study of remembering?

Frederick Bartlett

While working in factories, __________ noticed a phenomenon called __________ wherein individuals work below their normal capacity or speed.

Frederick Taylor; soldiering

What was a computer program that employed heuristics and a means-ends analysis in its attempt to simulate problem solving in a generally humanlike fashion called?

General Problem Solver

The idea that one concept may be "contained" within another (e.g., "human" is contained within "animal") was an important aspect of which of the following?

Gottfried Leibniz's proposal for a universal language

Which study demonstrated that physical and economic factors alone are insufficient to explain workplace productivity, and that psychological and social factors also needed to be taken into consideration?

Hawthorne studies

Why did Lillian Gilbreth publish The Psychology of Management using only her initials, L. M., rather than her full name?

Her publisher believed the book would not sell if it was obvious it was written by a woman.

Who is often referred to as the founder of applied psychology?

Hugo Münsterberg

After administering nearly 100 tests to Harry Orchard, who had been accused of assassinating former Idaho governor Frank Steuenberg, psychologist __________ was convinced that the accused was __________.

Hugo Münsterberg; innocent

All of the following were applied activities undertaken by psychologists during World War I EXCEPT for which?

In Italy, studies of the effects of isolation on submarine crew members

What philosophical implication did many of Pascal's contemporaries and immediate followers draw from his creation of the Pascaline?

It challenged Descartes's assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.

What was one of the key limitations of the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome?

It could only add and subtract.

Which of the following was NOT true about the so-called "cognitive revolution"?

Its focus on "inner" and "mental" processes was something completely new to psychological theorists.

The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies was jointly created by whom?

Jerome Bruner and George Miller

The following quotation—"The tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic novelists, that woman is a mysterious being, half hysteric, half angel, has found its way into scientific writing. Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men, and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them, they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged 'mystery' and 'caprice' of womankind"—represents whose views?

Leta Stetter Hollingworth's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity

Who is often referred to as the mother of industrial psychology?

Lillian Gilbreth

Who thought that workers should be able to critique a workplace's methods of operation and suggested that they might share in the profits produced through increases in efficiency?

Lillian Gilbreth

__________'s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.

Lillian Gilbreth

Which two psychologists were employed by Macy's department store?

Lillian Gilbreth and Elsie Bregman

Who described their effort to make work more efficient as the "quest for the one best way" to get a task done?

Lillian and Frank Gilbreth

The Lovelace Objection refers to which of the following?

Lovelace's view that computers could only do what they were programmed to do

Newell and Simon's incorporation of means-ends analysis in their General Problem Solver inspired psychologists George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl Pribram to propose what concept?

TOTE units

Whose approach to scientific management aimed not only to make work more efficient, but also individually rewarding for workers?

The Gilbreths

In large part, the formal organization of clinical psychology shortly after World War II occurred for what reason?

The need for mental health services and trained professionals became a national priority because of the increase in psychiatric casualties after WWII.

Academic psychologists looked down upon early applied psychologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

They were concerned that applied psychologists would take academic jobs.

The concept of "flashbulb memories" was introduced and studied by whom?

Ulric Neisser

Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne studies?

Wage incentives had no effect on worker productivity.

Who among the following was NOT credited, correctly or not, with developing a lie detector test?

Walter Dill Scott

When psychologists became involved in the war effort during World War I, two committees were established. The Committee for the Classification of Personnel in the Army was headed by __________ and assessed recruits' specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks, rather than their __________, which was assessed by the Committee for the Psychological Evaluation of Recruits.

Walter Dill Scott; general intelligence

The comic book superheroine Wonder Woman was created by psychologist __________ who modeled Wonder Woman's arch-nemesis, Dr. Psycho, on his former teacher __________.

William Marston; Hugo Münsterberg

Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by which of the following?

a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory

The pneumograph and the sphygmograph were used by

a colleague of Münsterberg in his work on lie detection.

A "shortcut" strategy to limit the search space in solving a complicated computational problem is referred to as __________.

a heuristic.

What did Witmer's "clinical method" consist of?

a medical exam and psychological testing of children with educational problems, resulting in a detailed plan to address the child's challenges

What was the Macy conference?

a meeting of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to discuss the functions and appropriate training of clinical psychologists

The weaver Joseph Jacquard invented which of the following technologies suggested by Charles Babbage in his design for an analytical engine?

a stack of stiff cards with punched holes for inputting the machine's program

What are "therbligs"?

a unit referring to the eighteen independent motions of the hand

Psychologist Walter Dill Scott is well known for his applied work in what field?

advertising

The technology employed by Pascal in his "Pascaline" resembled which more modern mechanism?

an automobile odometer

What was "Pandemonium"?

an early computer program that used connectionist processing to "learn" how to perform pattern recognition of letters

How did Ulric Neisser come to characterize his personal role in the establishment of cognitive psychology?

as not the father but the godfather who gave the new field its name

According to Walter Dill Scott, the psychological processes of __________ and __________ were the most useful ones in designing effective advertisements.

association; suggestion

Developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence helped set the stage for the emergence of cognitive psychology in all of the following ways EXCEPT for which of the following?

by strictly limiting investigation to the observable inputs and outputs to a system

The Hollingworths conducted methodologically sophisticated research on the effects of __________ on cognition and behavior.

caffeine

Prior to the work of Elton Mayo and his colleagues at Hawthorne Works, studies had already been conducted on the effects of __________ on worker productivity.

changes in lighting levels

What were the three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work?

clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization

After working on an artificial intelligence project with Oliver Selfridge, Neisser came to which of the following conclusions?

computer-based concepts are useful in understanding human mental processes but are less flexible and less driven by interacting motives

A type of artificial intelligence computer program that operates by detecting patterns of activity that go on within its entire memory system is said to employ __________.

connectionist or parallel distributed processing

What was the Logic Theorist (LT) program introduced by Newell and Simon in 1956 able to do?

construct proofs for central theorems in symbolic logic

Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following EXCEPT

create a system called scientific management.

What were the three primary functions of clinical psychologists identified at the Boulder conference?

diagnosis, research, therapy

What is the term for a system in which a standard time is set for each task a worker must perform and each worker who completes the task in that time or faster receives a higher rate of pay, while workers who do not meet the standard time are penalized?

differential piece-rate

Leta Hollingworth designed two studies to assess the widely held belief that women became physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods, a belief known as __________. From these studies, she concluded __________.

functional periodicity; women do not experience periodic mental or motor impairment

While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism, Lillian Gilbreth took a more __________ view.

humanistic

In exploring the question of whether computers can be creative, Margaret Boden suggested that putting already familiar ideas or components together in novel but useful or interesting combinations, but according to preset rules, is an example of which of the following?

improbabilist creativity

What was the goal of scientific management?

increase efficiency and productivity in factories

Neisser's conception of cognitive psychology, as presented in his original textbook of that name, particularly emphasized which of the following topics?

information processing

Marion Almira Bills spend the majority of her career working at the Aetna Life Insurance Company where she conducted pioneering research on the factors affecting

job permanency.

The Gilbreths' motion studies were used to

make work more efficient and comfortable for the worker.

Newell and Simon's General Problem Solver (GPS) made use of all of the following EXCEPT for which?

parallel processing

The process of designing tests that can match workers' skills and aptitudes to appropriate forms of work is known as what?

personnel selection

Münsterberg offered his expertise in all of the following applied settings EXCEPT for assessing

potential company managers.

John Searle was a philosopher who did which of the following?

proposed the Chinese room thought experiment

Alan Turing did all of the following EXCEPT for which of the following?

receive high honors from the British government for his wartime contributions

According to Shakow, what aspect of the clinical psychologists' functions would set them apart from other mental health professionals?

research

With what is "Taylorism" synonymous?

scientific management

In a famous paper, George Miller noted that __________ cropped up frequently as the maximum number of items people can simultaneously hold or take into their consciousness.

seven

While Babbage's difference engine was capable of __________, his analytical engine, if completed, would be further capable of __________.

single tasks; any type of calculation

What, according to Leta Hollingworth, did the professionalization of clinical psychology need to involve?

specifying a doctoral degree as the minimum requirement for clinical practice AND creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training

George Miller's original research interests in psychology centered on what subject?

speech and communication

The idea that a computer program might one day be developed that is capable of replicating all of the intellectual and cognitive properties of the human mind is sometimes called what?

strong artificial intelligence

Following their promotion of the TOTE unit as an important psychological concept, Miller, Galanter, and Pribram referred to themselves ironically as which of the following?

subjective behaviorists

George Boole's development of an expanded form of calculation known as "Boolean algebra" was a major step in the new discipline known as __________.

symbolic logic

Which future development did Leibniz correctly predict that would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?

that a machine might be developed with the capacity to solve problems in logic

What important conclusion did George Miller draw after becoming familiar with Noam Chomsky's theory of language?

that behavioristic learning theory could not account for a child's acquisition of grammar

Claude Shannon's famous master's thesis made the case for what?

that patterns of relay circuits in "off" or "on" positions could be used to represent information in binary code

In 1651, Thomas Hobbes expressed which of the following radical opinions about the nature of human reasoning?

that reasoning processes were essentially the same as mathematical calculations

The impact, on either performance or behavior, of being aware that you are a participant in a study is known as

the Hawthorne effect.

By the middle of the seventeenth century, all of the following developments had occurred that would later coalesce to create a major current in the modern field of artificial intelligence EXCEPT for which of the following?

the ability to convert the difference machine into the analytical engine

What is the definition of "psychotechnics"?

the application of psychology to business and industry

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?

the conception of the brain as a "neural network" of interconnected binary switches

What is the projective hypothesis?

the idea that patient's responses to ambiguous stimuli reveal unconscious conflicts and motivations

What did Shakow's understanding of diagnosis emphasize?

the identification of the nature and origins of a condition, including underlying psychological dynamics and potential outcomes

Ada Lovelace was the only daughter of the poet Lord Byron, but is better known to historians as all of the following EXCEPT for being which of the following?

the inventor of an "ultimate machine"

"The Psychological Clinic" refers to

the name of the space in which Lightner Witmer assessed children with educational problems.

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons clinical psychologists formed the American Association of Clinical Psychologists?

the need for an organization that could lobby for government funds for clinical psychology

Jerome Bruner and his students became well known for a group of studies referred to as what?

the new look in perception

How is "cognition" best defined?

the process of acquiring knowledge or understanding of something

The process of breaking down each task a worker performs into the specific movements it required, and timing each movement is known as what?

time study

Gilbreth Inc. consulted in all of the following areas EXCEPT

toothbrush engineering.

Molly Harrower recommended all of the following in order for psychologists to become "properly clinical" EXCEPT

undertaking extensive training in projective techniques and psychoanalytic theory.

Molly Harrower observed that responses to the Rorschach Projective Technique could be used to detect the presence of brain tumors. Individuals with tumors

used a more limited number of determinants in their responses

The notion that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychological characteristics, and thus more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the distribution of any trait, is known as what?

variation hypothesis

Münsterberg's early work challenging Wundt's conceptualization of what subject attracted the favorable attention of William James?

will