History

In English Liberties, Or, The Free-Born Subject's Inheritance (1680), British journalist Henry Care describes various forms of government. Match each one to the country he cites as a specific example. Note that some countries and/or descriptions may not have a match.

"...each man having a fixed fundamental right born with him as to the freedom of his person and property in his estate, which he cannot be deprived of, but either by his consent, or some crime for which the law has imposed..."---- England - "Arbitrary tyranny...whose wills (or rather lusts) dispose of the lives and fortunes of their unhappy subjects."---France Turkey

The late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries are often described as the early years of Europe's age of exploration. Place the following European voyages in chronological order.

#1: The Vikings established a settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoudland #2: The Columbian expedition makes landfall in the Bahamas #3: Amerigo Vespucci explores the coast of South Africa #4: Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the globe

Identify the statements that describe the Glorious Revolution in England and its impact on the colonies.

- As a result of the Glorious Revolution, fault lines in colonial society were exposed, providing an opportunity for local elites to regain authority - As a result of the Glorious Revolution, Protestant - The Glorious Revolution was the culmination of the long struggle between Parliament and the crown for the English government, which established parliamentary supremacy.

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, there was a stark difference between a "society with slaves" and a "slave society." Identify the statements that describe life for blacks in Virginia's "slave society."

- Blacks were not allowed to own arms. - Blacks were tried in separate courts from whites. - Slaves were considered property, subject to the will of their masters.

Identify the statements that describe the voyages of discovery across the Atlantic Ocean.

- Columbus crossed the Atlantic from Europe four times, landing in the present-day Caribbean and South America. - Cabot was the only explorer to arrive in present-day Canada. - Magellan was the only explorer to sail around most of South America

Identify the statements that describe staple crops and why they were so important to settlers.

- Crops such as tobacco and rice that were produced for the world market created great wealth for the farmers - The production of staple crops was dominated by slave plantations.

Identify the correct statements about the life of Ayuba Diallo.

- He was the subject of a portrait painted by the artist William Hoare - He was a Senegalese merchant who was captured by slave traders in 1731.

The development of new technologies allowed Europeans to explore west across the Atlantic. Identify the new technologies that enabled this travel.

- Invention of the quadrant - Invention of the compass - Development of the Caravel

Identify the effects that the Great Awakening had on life in the colonies.

- It caused a transition toward a deeply personal approach to religion, faith, and salvation - It caused controversy and division in the colonies.

Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.

- It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning. - The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America. - The act brought political stability in the wake of a violent civil war within the colony.

Identify the statements that best reflect the political realities of the concept of "deference."

- It operated from the premise that natural aristocracy of "better persons" should rule - In its application, it resulted in the qualifications for holding office being much greater than they were just to vote.

Identify the statements that describe the consumer revolution in the colonies in the eighteenth century.

- Items that used to be considered luxuries, available only to the wealthy, became accessible to modest farmers. - Shops in port cites flourished.

Identify the statements that describe the founding of the colony of Georgia.

- Its founders intended for it to be a colony where indebted Englishmen could have a fresh start - It was established to be a buffer state between England's colonies and Spanish Florida.

Identify the statements that describe Lord Calvert and his vision for Maryland.

- Lord Calvert wanted Maryland to be a refuge for Catholic gentry in England who had few economic or political prospects. - Lord Calvert wanted Maryland to be a place where Protestants and Catholics could live in a harmony.

American slavery flourished for many reasons, especially among the Chesapeake planters. Identify the statements that describe why Chesapeake planters found African slaves more suitable as a source of labor compared to indentured servants.

- Slaves' terms never expired. - The children of slaves had no rights and, therefore, also became slaves. - Slaves were more resistant to epidemics than natives were.

Identify the statement that describes the French treatment of Indians.

- The French had great admiration for the native societies, and as a result, frequently adopted their ways

In the years immediately prior to the Seven Years' War, what strategies did Native American tribes pursue in their relationships with the European powers?

- They continually shifted their political alliances to serve their own interests - They lived in "middle ground" areas alongside European traders and occasional missionaries.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave population in the mid-eighteenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, due to __________, the slave population in the Chesapeake began to experience net population growth. Due to plantations in the region being _________, slaves here lived _________ white culture.

- a more healthy climate - small - in constant contact with

Which of the following statements correctly describe the founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts?

- established by Massachusetts leaders to ensure an educated ministry - the first college established in the English colonies of North America

By the 1660s and 1670s, ministers were regularly castigating people for selfishness, manifestations of pride, violations of the Sabbath, and a "great backsliding" from the colony's original purposes. Identify the statements that describe "jeremiads" and how ministers used them to influence the actions of settlers.

- interpretations of social and environmental issues—such as failed crops and disease—as God's disapproval - warnings issued by ministers for violations of the church's teaching

The slave economies of colonial North America were based upon ____________________ in the Chesapeake region, ________________________ in the South Carolina and Georgia colonies, and _________________________ in the New England and Middle Colonies.

- tabacco cultivation - rice cultivation - nonplanatation labor

The legal status of Africans—slave or free—deteriorated over the course of the seventeenth century. Place the following events in the order in which they occurred.

-Virginia law banned blacks from serving in militias -Maryland law stipulated that children born to a lave mother and free father will be slaves -Virginia law stipulated that converting to the Christianity did not release a slave from bondage

The Indian uprising led by Metacom, or King Philip's War, was the "bloodiest and most bitter conflict" to erupt in southern New England in the late seventeenth century. Identify the statements that describe this conflict and the dynamics between the settlers and Indians.

-as a result of the conflict, settlers began to view the Indians as savages - Metacom was captured and executed, while those Indians who were captured were sold into slavery in the West Indies - Indian tribes formed an alliances, allowing them to attack several English colonies at one time

Identify which of the following trade goods were initially produced on a large scale in the New World as a result of the Atlantic slave trade.

-rice -sugar -coffee

According to Dr. Foner, Father Junípero Serra, founder of the Spanish mission system in California, sought both to convert the indigenous population to Christianity and to consolidate Spanish rule in the northernmost part of its American empire. Place the following events relevant to Father Serra in chronological order.

1. First Spanish mission is established in North america 2. Father Junipero Serra dies 3. Mexico achieves Independence from Spain 4. Father Junípero Serra is elevated to sainthood by the Catholic Church.

Place the following major events and processes from the early history of the Americas in chronological order.

1. Hunters and fishers cross the Bergin Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska 2. Glaciers begin to melt, submerging the land bridge between Asia and North America 3. the first humans reach the southern most tip of South America. 4. Agriculture emerges Mesopotamia and the Andes.

Different economic conditions in different European colonies in North America produced different kinds of societies. Match each colony with a brief description of its social dynamics.

1. New England: The need for land led to conflict with the native population. 2. New France: The need for allies in the fur trade led to interdependence with the native population 3. New Spain: The need for labor led to conflict with the native population.

In 1689, news of the overthrow of James II triggered rebellions in several North American colonies. Match the particulars of each rebellion with the colony in which it took place.

1.Militias seize local officials, including Edmund Andros-Massachusetts 2.Rebels establish a new, Protestant-dominated government-Maryland 3.Dutch majority rebelled against English rule-New York

William Penn's "holy experiment" allowed the Quakers to thrive in colonial Pennsylvania. Identify the statements that describe how Penn put his ideas into practice in Pennsylvania.

1.Native Americans were treated peacefully. 2.Moral laws governing personal behavior were present. 3.Immigrants from all over Europe, no matter the faith they belonged to, were welcome.

Identify the statements that describe the Covenant Chain and its outcomes.

1.The Iroquois Nations helped the British attack the French and their Indian allies. 2.The English formed an alliance with the Iroquois Nations and pledged to support each other in territorial acquisition and defeat of other tribes. 3.It led Iroquois Nations to adopt a policy of neutrality, allowing them to play European empires off each other in their attempt to profit from the fur trade.

The reconquista was considered complete in what year?

1492

The first African slaves were transported to the New World in what year?

1502

Approximately what percentage of slaves carried to the New World were destined for mainland North America?

5%

The view that reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion, and that outdated superstitions included belief in the revealed truth of the Bible and miracles was called

Arminianism

As race was a line of social division, whites' distrust of free blacks in Chesapeake increased. As a result, all of the following were rules regarding free blacks EXCEPT

Blacks could not carry paper money.

Prior to 1800, the largest settled community in what is now the United States was

Cahokia

The Great League of Peace included all but the following.

Choctaw

Eighteenth-century North America's religious diversity increased as its population grew. Colonial governments took different approaches to managing this diversity. Match the correct approach to the appropriate colonies.

Church and state in most other colonies -barred Catholics and Jews from voting and holding public office -levied taxes to pay ministers' salaries church and state in New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania -enshrined religious tolerance into law

Why was Columbus more confident than others about his ability to sail westward?

Columbus used the Bible to calculate that Asia was only 3,000 miles to the west.

Identify the innovations Native Americans lacked that limited the development of agriculture to certain regions.

Correct Answers: #1: wheeled vehicles #2: Domesticated animals Incorrect Answers: #1: trade networks #2: irrigation systems

Identify the statements that describe the encounters between the peoples of the Americas and the Europeans.

Correct: - The Europeans competed with each other, trying to amass as many native converts to their specific religion as possible. - Europeans sought wealth in the New World, initially relying on natives for either trade or labor. - The invention of printing made it possible for Europeans to share information and follow in each other's sailing paths. Incorrect: - Natives tended to welcome Europeans and never regretted it.

Most Native American tribes were individual groups before Europeans arrived; however, five Iroquois peoples did unite and formed a Great League of Peace. Identify the most likely reasons the five tribes of Iroquois united under one confederacy.

Correct: - to combine their fighting forces to defeat other native tribes in the area - to coordinate diplomatic relations between members of the league Incorrect: - to form an alliance against European invasion - to more effectively isolate and quarantine themselves from European diseases

William Penn was a devout member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Identify the statements that describe this religious group.

Describes the Quakers 1. believed in the equality of all persons (including women, blacks, and Indians) before God 2.faced persecution in England 3.the first group of whites to speak out against slavery does not describe the Quakers came to America with a strong militia to their settlements

Women in this European settlement enjoyed far more independence than in other colonies.

Dutch

Identify key characteristics of the French and Dutch colonies.

Dutch: - Religious toleration existed for colonists. - Legal rights existed for women. French: - This country had patroons, who were landowners who had tenants work on their land for profits. - They married Indian women, relying on them as guides, traders, and interpreters.

Mercantilism encouraged the use of commerce to enrich countries. Identify the statement that describes how the Navigation laws supported mercantilism between England and its colonies.

English colonies of the new world had to export their raw materials only on English ships and sell them at English ports.

Writing in the late-sixteenth century, Richard Hakluyt exhorted English colonists to "conquer the barbarian, to recall the savage and the pagan to civility, to draw the ignorant within the orbit of reason, and to fill with reverence for divinity the godless and the ungodly."The perception on the ground, however, was that some among the new and old populations in British North America were considered more assimilable than others. Place the groups listed below in order of perceived assimilability.

French Huguenots, Jews, Africans

The financial strains of the Seven Years' War would later help to spark the

French Revolution.

The leading promoter of the Great Awakening was

George Whitefield

Which colony was founded by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe?

Georgia

Which of the following European countries did not have a colonial presence in seventeenth-century North America?

Germany

Which was not expressed by Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552?

He believed that Indians ought to be allowed to continue to practice their native faiths as a true sign of Christian love and toleration.

Which was not a means by which Cortés conquered the Aztecs?

He bombarded the Aztec capital from his Spanish galleons.

During Pontiac's Rebellion, Neolin, the prophet, asserted all except

Indians must use British technology to defeat their enemies.

Which was not part of the Glorious Revolution?

It secured Catholic succession to the throne of England.

Identify the statement that does not describe the eighteenth-century event known as the "Great Awakening."

It was a phenomenon unique North America

Identify the first permanently settled English colony in North America.

Jamestown

Which of the following was not a significant feature of the Salem witchcraft hysteria of the early 1690s?

Many were tried on charges of witchcraft, but no one was actually convicted.

There were many rebellions that occurred in the late seventeenth century in both England and the colonies. Most triumphant were the Maryland rebels. Identify the statement that describes what caused the end of religious toleration in Maryland.

Maryland`s Protestant Association overthrew the colony`s Catholic proprietor, Lord Baltimore

British North America at the start of the eighteenth century was an overwhelmingly rural, not urban, society. Cities were small, particularly compared to those of Spanish America or Europe. Place these cities below in order by population circa 1700, from largest to smallest.

Mexico City, Boston, New York

European ideas of "freedom" were very different than native ideas of freedom. Identify whether the following characteristics applied to native or European societies' definitions of freedom.

Natives - families "owned" the right to use land - supported the idea of freedom of religious choice - family ties and kinship were prioritized over individual needs Europeans - freedom was associated with individual ownership of property - individual freedom was prioritzed over group needs - moral behavior was directed by a writeen code of laws

Which present-day state was fully contained within New Netherland when the Dutch surrendered the entire region to the English in 1664?

New Jersey

The first slave uprising of the eighteenth century included houses burned and the deaths of nine whites which occurred in

New York

Native and English colonial groups traded many goods and ideas. Identify the goods and ideas Indians shared with the colonists.

Not goods and ideas shared by the Indians: - metal tools to improve hunting and farming Goods and ideas shared by Indians - furs and animal skins

The "Columbian Exchange" was a process of introducing animals, plants, technology, and disease from one part of the world to another. The exchange went both ways. Identify the country of origin of the goods and a disease that were part of this exchange.

Old world: - smallpox - horses and cattle - sugarcane New world: - corn and potatoes

This colony was founded by a leader who hoped women and blacks would be given equality along with all persons.

Pennsylvania

Which is not an achievement of the Indians of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus's arrival?

People in present-day Arizona constructed a large circle of red earthen boulders.

In the mid-eighteenth century, colonial America's leading commercial port and cultural center was

Philadelphia

In 1763, the Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule called

Pontiac's Rebellion

Identify the statement that describes the Jamestown Uprising of 1622.

Powhatan Indians allied with neighboring tribes and killed one-quarter of the Jamestown population because of the continued encroachment of English colonies onto native lands

Eighteenth-century migrants included Scottish and Scotch-Irish, who were mostly

Presbyterians

This dwelling structure in New Mexico stood five stories high and had more than 600 rooms.

Pueblo Bonita

In the reading, Franklin is troubled by the "proportionably very small" number of "purely white people" in the world. Franklin's system of racial typology is, to say the least, peculiar. Which complexions does he assign to the peoples of which countries and continents?

Purely white: -England and Saxony (Northern Germany and Denmark) Not purely white: -Asia, parts of Africa, pre-Columbian America -Africa -Spain, Italy, France, Russia, Sweden

Father Junipero Serra founded the first Catholic mission in 1769 in

San Diego.

Which was not a characteristic of "coverture"?

She could only own property with her pastor's permission.

This was the first mainland colony to achieve a black majority population.

South Carolina

The richest group of mainland colonists were

South Carolina planters.

In which country did the reconquista occur?

Spain

Stories of the Black Legend of Spain spread throughout Europe and the colonies through both writings and visual imagery. Identify the statement that best describes the Black Legend.

Spain's reputation as a brutal and exploitative colonizer

The oldest site in the present-day continental United States to be continuously inhabited by Europeans and their descendants is

St. Augustine, Florida.

Which was not part of the aftermath of King Philip's War?

The Iroquois, having attacked the colonists, were destroyed.

Regarding slavery, which of the following statements is NOT true?

The Middle Colonies needed many slaves because large farms predominated.

Colonial North America was notable for its high rates of literacy and its active and relatively free press. Match the colonial-era newspaper to the statement that describes it most accurately.

The Pennsylvania Gazette = Considered one of the best-edited colonial newspapers, it was established in Philadelphia in 1728 and later purchased by Benjamin Franklin. Boston News Letter = the first continuously published colonial newspaper New-York Weekly Journal = Its founder was arrested and tried for seditious libel after criticizing the governor.

Which of the following was not a notable feature of sixteenth-century Spanish America?

The Spanish crown initially took little interest in the administration of colonial affairs.

Identify the statement that explains why Virginia and Maryland shifted toward a reliance on slave labor.

The opening of Pennsylvania led to an immediate decline in the number of indentured servants choosing to sail for Virginia and Maryland, a development that did much to shift those colonies toward reliance on slave labor.

Which was not an aspect of Native American religious beliefs?

Their written religious text was called the Wicca.

Which was not a characteristic of American Indians?

There were four different tribes in the Americas.

Identify the differences between native ways of life in the northern and southern portions of what became the United States.

Tribes in the North: -gathered wild rice -relied on fishing Tribes in the South: -hunted alligators -managed orchards -foraged along the seacoast

Which was not part of the Dominion of New England (1686-1688)?

Vermont

The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements.

Virginia - This settlement was established by a company of investors. Maryland - People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here. Both - Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years. - Tobacco was the leading cash crop. - Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children.

In Jonathan Edwards's view, what was a sinner's only hope?

a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians

Lord Baltimore's sudden voting restriction based on land accumulation resulted in

a Protestant uprising calling for his removal of office.

Which of the following was not a major cause of Bacon's Rebellion?

a determination to abolish slavery in Virginia

In 1609, the explorer Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor searching for

a northwest passage to Asia.

Olaudah Equiano was

a slave who purchased his freedom.

The Charter of Liberties and Privileges

allowed for a trial by jury and the security of property.

Prior to being taken over by the English in 1664, New York was

called New Netherland, and controlled by the Dutch.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an aspect of British political thinking in the eighteenth century. Central to the concept of republicanism were the ideas of participation in government by _______ , who were _______ , in a political system that operated without a king.

citizens property holders

Slaves, in the traditional African example, tended to be

criminals, debtors, and captives in war.

Almost all African slaves in the eighteenth century came from the same African tribe. (t/f)

f

American colonial voting and political participation was extremely restricted, and as such, directly reflected the English political heritage of North America's dominant colonial founders. (t/f)

f

An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life. (t/f)

f

Before Europeans arrived in the New World, Native Americans were without extensive trading networks, irrigation systems, or large cities. t or f

f

By the middle of the eighteenth century, most elections were fiercely contested throughout the American colonies. (t/f)

f

During the Great Awakening, most preachers explicitly condemned slavery. (t/f)

f

During the eighteenth century, both Spain and France steadily lost interest in their North American empires. (t/f)

f

Eighteenth-century British America was much less diverse than the English population. (t or f)

f

Europeans in the 1500s held firmly to the view that all men are created equal. t or f

f

In 1492, the population of Europe was three times greater than that of the Americas. t or f

f

In 1493, the Catholic pope, Alexander VI, divided all of the Americas between Spain and Britain. t or f

f

In the Spanish colonies, race and class were not important. t or f

f

In the late seventeenth century, the Iroquois were known for their fierce hatred and courageous fighting against British colonists. (t or f)

f

In the northern colonies, employers often saw free labor as more desirable than slave labor because of the generally accepted belief in northern economies that slavery was immoral. (t/f)

f

Indians who lived in the Catholic missions established by Father Junipero Serra in California generally lived happy, healthy, free, and long lives. (t/f)

f

Juan de Oñate founded Quebec in 1608, sponsored by a French fur-trading company. t or f

f

Little contact existed among the diverse Indian societies of North America. t or f

f

Merchants and commercial interests in northern colonies, such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, were opposed to the slave trade and did not benefit from it. (t/f)

f

Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote. t or f

f

New Netherland extended all the way from Quebec to the lower Mississippi Valley. t or f

f

Possibly more than any other individual, Theodore Frelinghuysen, who declared "the whole world his parish," sparked the Great Awakening. (t/f)

f

Since mosquitoes bearing malaria flourished in the New World, slaves were particularly susceptible since they had not developed immunity to the disease. (t/f)

f

The Aztecs lived in a peaceful, nonviolent society. t or f

f

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669) ended hereditary nobility, and abolished landgraves and caciques. (t or f)

f

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was swiftly crushed by Spanish authorities. t or f

f

The Seven Years' War was also known in the colonies as Queen Anne's War. (t/f)

f

The Virgin of Guadalupe originated as a vision of the Virgin Mary with dark skin, and is still revered in the modern nation of Brazil. t or f

f

The eighteenth century was the height of the Atlantic slave trade, a commerce increasingly dominated by Spanish merchants and ships. (t/f)

f

The exchange of goods among Spanish colonists, French colonists, and Indians in North America was known as the "triangular trade." (t/f)

f

The intended purpose of the presidios established in North America by the Spanish was primarily to oversee the religious conversion of Native Americans to Catholicism. (t/f)

f

The phrase "freedom of speech" originated in colonial America. (t/f)

f

"Racism" - the idea that some races are inherently superior to others and entitled to rule over them - was fully developed in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia. (t or f)

false

A common conception throughout Europe was that freedom was more about political or social status than it was a moral or spiritual condition (true or false)

false

A strong immunity to European diseases strengthened Indian resistance to the conquistadors. true or false

false

After 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses held that Christians could not enslave other Christians. (t or f)

false

After four trips across the Atlantic, Columbus recognized he had not reached Asia. true or false

false

As a result of Governor Petrus Stuyvesant's leadership, the Dutch people experienced more religious diversity and harmony than they had experienced before. true or false

false

As colonial society became more structured, opportunities for women in the eighteenth century increased.

false

Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 was a rebellion over a tax increase on bacon. (t or f)

false

During the eighteenth century, many American elites felt distinctively American rather than like the "Anglicized" English (t or f)

false

Slaves showed little inclination to challenge their enslavement in seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Virginia (t or f)

false

The Walking Purchase of 1737 was the culmination of well-intentioned bargaining between colonists and natives. (true or false)

false

While many white men in the colonies lacked the right to vote, they influenced public life through all of the following EXCEPT

forming the American party to settle tax disputes with Britain.

The trial of John Peter Zenger involved the issue of

freedom of the press

The largest group of immigrants from continental Europe were the

germans

In the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish in Central and South America relied on many of which of the following groups to work fields and mines?

indians

Following the Proclamation of 1763,

its ordinances were ignored and officials covered their involvement in land grabs.

What was Bacon's Rebellion (1676) largely fought over?

land

In 1691, Massachusetts was transformed when a new charter, issued by the English government, absorbed Plymouth into Massachusetts, and

made property ownership, not church membership, a requirement for voting in General Court elections.

Under the liberalism idea, the "social contract" declared that

men retain their natural rights, as they predated the establishment of political authority.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, a number of French residents in Nova Scotia

moved to Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns.

"Enumerated" goods were the most valuable colonial products in the mercantilist system between England and its colonies. Identify the items that were considered "enumerated" goods.

not emurated goods: - wooden furniture - manufactured clothing emurated goods: - sugar - tabacco

Who were the mestizos?

persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

The military outposts established by the Spanish in California and New Mexico were called

pesidios

Another name for indentured families was

redemptioners

In the prevailing theory of mercantilism, the government should

regulate economic activity to promote the nation's power.

Pennsylvania's Charter of Liberty

required persons to affirm Jesus Christ's divinity.

Carolina grew slowly until planters discovered what staple crop?

rice

Initially, Carolina settlers tried raising cattle and trading with the natives, but what cash crop was ultimately responsible for Carolina's success?

rice

Along with sugar, the West Indies also produced this increasingly popular product enjoyed by both North American colonists and Indians.

rum

The policy of leaving the colonists to govern themselves was called

salutary neglect.

Analyze the selection from the speech by Scarouyady, an Oneida leader, to the Pennsylvania Provincial Council in 1756. At present your people cannot distinguish foes from friends; they think every Indian is against them; they blame us all without distinction, because they see nobody appear for them; the common people to a man entertain this notion, and insult us wherever we go. We bear their ill usage, though very irksome; but all this will be set right when you have built the Fort, and you will see that we in particular are sincere, and many others will come to your assistance. We desire when the fort is built, you will put into the command of so important a place some of your people; grave, solid, and sensible men, who are in repute amongst you, and in whom we can place a Confidence ... What aspects of white behavior does Scarouyady object to?

stereotyping all Indians as foes

This chief crop produced by Western Hemisphere slaves during the eighteenth century was also the first to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe.

sugar

A few African societies were able to opt out of the Atlantic slave trade. (t/f)

t

According to the English minister George Whitefield, people could participate in their own salvation through their own actions; they were not, as predominant Protestant religions had traditionally held, predestined for damnation. (t/f)

t

An irony of the 1763 British victory in the Seven Years' War is that victory ultimately contributed to Britain's loss of its mainland American colonies, since, in seeking to pay for the Seven Years' War, the British government raised taxes on American colonists who protested taxation without representation. (t/f)

t

As a consequence of British victory in the Seven Years' War, Britain not only won control of Canada but also gained control of India. (t/f)

t

Believing they knew the secret to winning the Indians' affection, the French adopted a more humane policy of dealing with the Indians than their imperial rivals. t or f

t

By the 1700s, the population of Spanish North America was small, consisting of a few isolated urban clusters in Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (t/f)

t

Colonial America was a hierarchical society in which some European colonists were indentured servants, Indians were held in forced labor, and Africans were slaves. t or f

t

Colonial political offices frequently passed from generation to generation in the same family. (t/f)

t

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the flow of non-English migrants to British North America was larger than that of English migrants. t or f

t

Eighteenth-century liberalism drew heavily upon the thinking of the philosopher John Locke. (t/f)

t

England and Scotland were united in 1707 by the Act of Union to create Great Britain. (t/f)

t

Fourteen women and five men were hanged as witches in the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692. (t or f)

t

Great Britain eclipsed the Dutch as the leading producer and trader of inexpensive consumer goods in the eighteenth century. (t or f)

t

Horses, cows, pigs, and sheep were unknown to the Americas until Europeans brought them there. t or f

t

In 1508, Spain established the first permanent colony in what is now the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico. t or f

t

In 1537, Pope Paul III decreed Indian slavery ended, but not African slavery. t or f

t

In 1678, when the Lords of Trade in England queried the Massachusetts government about how well it was following the Navigation Acts, the Lords received the reply from the colony that the Navigation Acts did not apply to the colony unless the colony's own government (not the British Parliament, but rather the Massachusetts General Court) approved them. (t or f)

t

In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes. (t or f)

t

In the English colonies as a whole, half of the wealth by the mid-eighteenth century was concentrated in the hands of the richest 10 percent of the population. (t or f)

t

In the Ohio Valley (the "middle ground"), the Iroquois were known for their ability to play the French and British empires against each other. (t/f)

t

In the Walking Purchase of 1737, the Lenni Lanape Indians of Pennsylvania lost more land than they had anticipated when Governor James Logan hired a team of runners to mark off the amount of land "a man could walk" in thirty-six hours. (t or f)

t

In the eighteenth century, Spanish colonial authorities adopted a more tolerant attitude toward traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor. t or f

t

Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. (t/f)

t

Most African rulers took part in the Atlantic slave trade. (t/f)

t

Most Indian tribes were matrilineal. t or f

t

Most colonies barred Catholics and Jews from voting and holding public office. (t or f)

t

New York was named after King Charles II's brother, James, the Duke of York (t or f)

t

Newspaperman John Peter Zenger printed several issues targeting the governor of New York for corruption. He was found not guilty as his accusations were found to be true. (t/f)

t

Perhaps 80 million Native Americans died in the century and a half following first contact as a result of diseases carried by Europeans. t or f

t

Russian traders established a series of forts in an attempt to challenge the Spanish for North American territory. (t/f)

t

The reconquista aimed to remove the Moors from Spain. t or f

t

The system by which residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year was called repartimiento. t or f

t

Tituba, who was one of the people accused of being a witch in Salem, was originally an Indian from the Caribbean who, in 1692, was a slave in Massachusetts. (t or f)

t

Under the seventeenth-century British Navigation Acts, certain goods produced in the colonies had to be taken in English ships and sold in ports in England. (t or f)

t

Vastly more people living in the colonies had far greater opportunities - to vote, own land, worship freely - than existed in Europe. (t or f)

t

Virginia's upper class in the 1700s was sometimes called a "cousinocracy." (t or f)

t

When Columbus first sailed to America in 1492, Christian Europe was entirely Catholic; twenty-five years later, following Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, the Protestant Reformation had begun, and Europe was thrown into more than 100 years of Christian religious wars. t or f

t

Under this system, individual slaves were able to cultivate crops of their own after their daily jobs.

task

The three-race system developed in

the British Caribbean.

The movement that sought to apply the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment to politics and social life was called

the Enlightenment.

The agreement that ended the Seven Years' War was called

the Peace of Paris.

The effect of the Enlightenment on religion resulted in

the adoption of Deism.

By the mid-eighteenth century, the different regions of the British colonies had developed distinct economic and social orders. Identify the economic and social orders of each of the regions, and note that not all answer choices must be used.

the back country small family farms that produced food for local consumption Middle Colonies farmers that produced grain for their own use and sale abroad New England small family farms that produced food for local consumption

In the mid-eighteenth century colonies, this area of settlement was the most rapidly growing region in North America.

the backcountry

Identify the definition of métis.

the child of an Indian woman and French man

The chief goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was

the establishment of a trading empire in Asia.

The nearly 300,000 Africans brought to the mainland colonies during the eighteenth century were not a single people. What was the one thing that the Africans who were shipped to the New World held in common?

the fact of their slavery

When Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the Governor of Virginia, he called for all except

the freeing of slaves, particularly enslaved Christians.

Identify the key characteristics of the Enlightenment.

the importance of reason use of the scientific method

Which of the following was an effect of Bacon's Rebellion?

the increased use of African slaves

In the eighteenth century, the British Constitution - the unwritten groundwork of British freedom - celebrated all except

the right for all men to vote.

Some slaves came to the colonies familiar with Christianity, but most North American slaves practiced

traditional African religions.

A major goal of Spanish colonization was to convert the Indians to Catholicism. true or falose

true

Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders. true or false

true

Aiding the Europeans in spreading the word about the New World was the invention of printing with movable type in the 1430s by Johannes Gutenberg.

true

Approximately 10 million men, women, and children came to the New World from the Old World between 1492 and 1820. true or false

true

At the time of first contact with the Europeans, perhaps 12 million people lived in the Inca kingdom. true or false

true

By 1700, almost 2 million acres of land were owned by five New York families. (t or f)

true

Despite the influx of British goods, American craftsmen benefited from the expanding consumer market (t or f)

true

During the early to mid-eighteenth century, consumption of manufactured goods penetrated the colonies. (t or f)

true

Slavery in the United States started in the Chesapeake Bay region, but it eventually spread throughout the colonies in order to support the cash crop production as fewer indentured servants came over from Europe. (t or f)

true

The Salem witch trials revealed serious issues with Massachusetts's system of justice and, as a result, the court of Salem was dissolved by the governor and all prisoners were released (true or false)

true

The slave code of 1705, created by the House of Burgesses, is significant because it outlined the principle of white supremacy for the first time, justifying the ownership and treatment of slaves by their masters. (true or false)

true

The "Sacred Experiment" carried out near present-day San Diego

was launched by the Spanish in an effort to take control to prevent occupation by foreigners.

The Albany Plan of Union

was the attempt to create a council composed of delegates from each colony to levy taxes and settle domestic issues.

The Great Awakening occurred as many ministers were concerned with

westward expansion.

Which of these crops did not form the basis of Native American agriculture?

wheat

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed

wheeled transportation

In eighteenth-century colonial America, all of these groups were ineligible to vote as they lacked a "will of their own" EXCEPT

white landholders

When the English took over New York from the Dutch, they continued to allow religious toleration but minimized the rights the Dutch had given to which of the following groups of people?

women and blacks

In the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692,

women were most commonly accused of witchcraft.