History-Quiz on Hatshepsut

What does the temple do with the landscape?

-"Blends" into (uses) landscape, as opposed to the pyramids or mastabas.

When did Hatshepsut reign?

-1504 to 1483 BCE.

How long did Hatshepsut rule for?

-20 years

Define 'patron'

-A person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.

What is Hatshepsut's funerary temple?

-A rock-cut temple. It blends in, uses resources effectively, is more durable, and is slightly safer.

Define 'co-regent'

-A situation where a monarchical position, such as a king, queen, emperor, or empress, which is normally held by a single person, is held by two or more.

Where is her temple?

-At Dier el-Bahri and one mile away from her actual tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

What was the tragedy that occurred in 1997?

-At the temple, terrorists opened fire on tourists gathered around the terraces of the temple, leading thirty people to die. Hatshepsut's name was not uttered as a sign of posterity or for the good, but rather around the world, due to this horrific event.

What was the complex designed for?

-Designed for funeral rites and commemorative ceremonies and is much larger and prominent than the tomb itself.

What did Hatshepsut contribute to the complex at Karnak?

-Hatshepsut contributed a pylon (entrance façade) which led to the Temple of Mut, two obelisks (only one still stands)-these are placed in a hypostyle hall built by her father.

What did Hatshepsut do?

-Hatshepsut expanded trade, created new markers for Egyptian goods, and brought in exotic imports from distant lands.

Who did Hatshepsut marry?

-Hatshepsut married her half brother Thutmose II and had a son-Thutmose III

What was the story Hatshepsut used to legitimize her rule?

-Hatshepsut told that she was conceived by her mother, as a result from a visit from Amun. Amun had taken the guise/appearance of the Queen's husband. This made her the daughter/son of Amun, in her story.

How old was Hatshepsut when she was named co-regent?

-Hatshepsut was only fifteen years old when she was named co-regent.

What was Hatshepsut's most impressive architectural achievement?

-Hatshepsut's most impressive architectural achievement is her funerary temple.

What was Hatshepsut's reign like?

-Hatshepsut's reign was one of relative peace, internal order, and increased prosperity.

Who was Hatshepsut's father and who ruled after her?

-Her father was Thutmose the I and the person who ruled after her was Thutmose the III.

What axis was her funerary temple built on and why?

-Her funerary temple was built on an east-west axis to form a close connection with the deity critical to the legitimacy of her reign: Amun's Temple at Karnak.

Which side of the Nile was her Temple built on?

-Her temple was built on the west side of the Nile, across the river from Amun's temple and aligned with it on an east-west axis.

How was Hatshepsut represented as a male?

-In paintings, she was depicted with red-brown skin which was the convention for males in artwork. She was also depicted with male physique. She was portrayed like other male Pharaohs, as a sphinx, and in the form of the god of the dead, Osiris. Inscriptions on pieces refer to her as a male and use the titles of Kings.

Why was the temple built to reflect permanence and impressiveness?

-The temple was built to reflect permanence and impressiveness to preserve the continued memory of the King and to ensure his eternity in the afterlife.

What did the tombs seek?

-The tombs sought security for the mummy and treasures they held. previous Pharaohs failed to insure this in their tombs.

Describe the layout of her funerary temple.

-Three-part layering the rise of the landscape. -Constructed on an axial plan -Innermost sanctuary located/cut deep inside the cliff -Colonnade on uppermost court, which led to a large hypostyle hall with a chapel -Long steep ramps, leading to courts

What roles were open to women?

Women sometimes took the title or role of "God's wife of Amun" or "Mother of the God." They had the ability to pass down power.

Contrast at Hatshepsut's Funerary Temple

-It is doubling; one colonnade to two, when you enter -Open courtyard to hypostyle hall to courtyard -Going to a higher height/elevation; getting higher and higher -Going up, low, up; going higher, lower, and then higher -Going from open to closed to open to closed -Going from light to dark to light to dark, with the columns and hypostyle hall -Going from warm to cool to warm to cool, due to the sun being shown and not shown -Open negative space and then solid space, to open negative space and then solid space "Woah, get ready we are going into something neat."

What is one speculation on how Hatshepsut's reign ended?

-It is said that her reign ended, as Thutmose the III came to age and became powerful enough to overthrow her. The King possibly resented being kept from coming to power, leading him to command later in his reign that the female Pharaoh's name be removed from all images and monuments, including her funerary temple. He would destroy her existence in earthly memory, as well as in the afterlife.

What was considered the celestial horizon of the earth?-according to the inscription.

-Karnak was considered the celestial horizon of the earth.

How was Hatshepsut portrayed?

-Linen headdress, kilt, and false beard-no conventions for female pharaohs, therefore depicted as a male pharaoh.

What expedition did Hatshepsut take and where is this shown?

-One of Hatshepsut's pictorial reliefs details her expedition to Punt.

What did Hatshepsut want to be seen as?

-Only wanted to be seen as a legitimate Pharaoh.

Why did Pharaoh's support large-scale architectural projects?

-Pharaohs supported large-scale architectural projects in order to assure the continuation of their existence and greatness in their life and the next. Also to earn praise and to ensure divine favor and prosperity, as well as to prove that they are responsible rulers and strive to secure the best for Egypt.

Royal lineage was passed down on what side of the family?

-Royal lineage was passed down on the mother's side of the family.

What was different with royal tombs now, during Hatshepsut's reign?

-Royal tombs were now hidden away in the cliffs on the west side of he Nile, from the capital city, Thebes.

What was Senenmut thought to be?

-Senenmut was thought to be the King's (Hatshepsut's) most intimate consort and one of the greatest architects of Egypt's history of building, due to his magnificent work on the female Pharaoh's funerary temple.

What did Senenmut do?

-Senenmut would have supervised the design and construction of the temple and is identified several times in its images and hieroglyphs.

Who is the 'cow' goddess?

-The 'cow' goddess is Hathor.

Who was the architect of Hatshepsut's temple?

-The architect was Senenmut.

Which ramp is the most important and how does one know this?

-The first ramp of the temple of Hatshepsut is the most important. This is sen in the avenue of sphinxes, as it is Hatshepsut's way of saying, "I am important."

Hatshepsut was...?

-The first recorded female ruler in history and the first recorded female Patron of large scale art projects.

Where was the funerary temple located and what did it provide?

-The funerary temple was located some distance away from the tomb and provided a place for ongoing rituals to the divine King and favored deities, even long after the King's death.

What was the official title of the architect that built her funerary temple?

-The official title was "Overseer of the Overseers of All of the Works of the King."

How does the size of the room relate to the size of the audience?

-The smaller the room gets, the more elite the audience will be. The larger areas are more open to the public and the smaller they get, the less people who are allowed to enter and the more restrictions present.

What did women rarely do and what did they exercise?

-Women rarely directly ruled, however, they exercised great authority within the court.

Define posterity

All future generations of people; the descendants of a person.