History

Plessy vs. Ferguson: May 18 1896

"seperate but equal" -promoted class system -people think we can all have same rights but be seperated by race, wealth, and religion The court ultimately upheld Louisiana's state law that permitted "separate, but equal" facilities. The impact of this court case was massive; it set precedent that segregation was acceptable by law. It also blocked any further legislation meant to disband segregation for the next half of a century. THAT SEGREGATION WAS UNLAWFUL UNDER HE 15TH AMENDMENT SITTING IN A WHITE-ONLY AREA OF A RAILWAY TRAIN. LOUISIANA. The court held that Homer Plessy's 13th an 14th amendment rights was not violated, as long as each race had equal travel accommodations, no rights were violated.

American Indian Movement

(AIM) A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. A coalition that fought for Indian rights guaranteed by treaties(broken by the U.S. government many, many times over) and better conditions and opportunities for American Indians. Occupy Alcatraz.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire March 25th, 1911

146 men and women. Started The 8th floor. The public was horrified at the working conditions, and because of the fire, many people sought to make the work place safer. Isaac Harris and Max Blanckwere owners, afraid of uninionization. An industrial disaster in NYC that caused the death of 146 garment workers who died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth the the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer conditions. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

Muller vs. Oregon: not liked by equal rights feminists

1908 Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health., 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on health and community concerns

Betty Freidan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique" - an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement. She founded the National Organization for Women 1960s; wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement later co-founded NOW (National Organization for Women)

Maya Lin

1982 for the memorial Yale University. Didn't want to destroy the environment, wanted to keep it as it was. Vietnam war memorial. Over 5,000 people entered the piece was to not be political, have names of missing people, and must be harmonious with the location.

Freedom Summer:

A campaign in Mississippi during the summer of 1964 to register as many African American voters as possible. Mississippi had previously outlawed African American voters almost entirely. -massive effort to register voters during the summer of 1964 might break the white monopoly on the ballot box -about 1,000 northern white students invited to participate from the north -Killing of the three (Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner) focused national attention on white terrorism -lots of violence, 6 murdered

Equal rights amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Gilded Age/ Golden age: 1870s to about 1900

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain (sarcastically because of the corruption) to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government. Largest wealth gap between rich and poor in all of american history. massive immigration+incredible wealth creation+rise of cities+large gap between poor and rich+industrialization and inventions+big business and monopolies+labor struggles and labor unions+corruption and reforms

Civil Rights Act:

Civil rights act of 1957: it aimed to make sure that all African Americans could exercise their right to vote Civil rights act of 1964: gave federal government the right to end segregation in the south Voting rights act 1965: outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes Civil rights act of 1968: provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race

Philippines-American War

Demanding independence, Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo fought a guerrilla war against American takeover of the islands because America did not recognize indpendence. Proving much more difficult and costly than the war against Spain, the Philippine-American War (1899-1902) convinced American leaders of the need to prepare the island archipelago for eventual self-government.

Stonewall Riots:

Homosexuals and police,Five days of rioting,New York, US 1969 Police raided the Stonewall Bar in New York's Greenwich Village, a gathering place for homosexuals. Homosexuals fought back for the first time. Also, the beginning of gay pride movements across the country. In June 1969, police officers raided this Inn, which was a gay nightclub in New York, and began arresting patrons for attending the place. Gay onlookers taunted the police and then attacked them. Someone started a fire in the Inn, almost trapping people inside. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. New organizations also began to rise up, like the Gay Liberation Front, which was founded in New York.

Immigration and Nationality Act (1952)

Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarren-Walter Act) created one comprehensive statue from the previous immigration related laws, eliminating race as a basis of exclusion, but retained the racist national-origins quota system. For countries outside the western hemisphere the annual quota was set at 1/6th of one percent of the number of persons of that ancestry living in the U.S. as of 1920 (mainly benefiting the United Kingdom, Ireland and Germany), and a quota for skilled workers. Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Roe vs. Wade:

Roe v Wade 1973 right of privacy was extended to abortion in this court case - SC ruled in a 7-2 decision that women have a right to abortion during the 1st two trimesters. 1st trimester (Roe v Wade) state must recognize a woman's right to choose an abortion 2nd trimester (4-6-months) Roe v Wade State can make "reasonable" regulations about how, where and when. 3rd trimester (7 - 9 months)Roe v Wade Life of mother must be in question for an abo

Mexican Revolution: November 20, 1910

The Mexican Revolution was brought on by, among other factors, tremendous disagreement among the Mexican people over the dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz , who, all told, stayed in office for thirty one years. During that span, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few; the people had no power to express their opinions or select their public officials. Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere, in the cities and the countryside alike. Francisco Madero Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles Pancho Villa A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. - most of the population was in extreme poverty (97% owned no land) - haciendas consumed peasants' lands and livelihoods - creoles > indigenous - foreign investment controlled major industries - 1) Porfirio DIAZ - 2) Plantation owners

Philip Randolph:

labor and civil rights leader in the 1940s who led the brotherhood of sleeping car porters; he demanded that FDR create a fair employment practives commission to investigate job discrimination in war industries. FDR agreed only afer Randolph threated a march on Washington by African Americans. to enforce order, FDR created a fair employment practice committee (FEPC) Brotherhood of Labor Founded this in 1912; founded w/ chandler Owen; employment agency; organized black workers

The New Deal

o Fiscal policy o 2.1.2Banking reform o 2.1.3Monetary reform o 2.1.4Securities Act of 1933 o 2.1.5Repeal of Prohibition • Social Security Act • 3.2Labor relations • 3.3Works Progress Administration • 3.4Tax policy • 3.5Housing Act of 1937

National Origins Act

primary purpose was to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe; established immigrant quotas that discriminated against Southern and Eastern Europeans; this was the primary reason for the decrease in the numbers of Europeans immigrating to the US in the 1920s. 175,000- 3million a year people. Changed from 3%

Japanese internment:

took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies. 2/3 were citizens, none were spies

WASP< Womens airforce service pilots

women enrolled in auxiliary branches of the navy, coastguard, and marines. Worked as nurses, drove vehicles, and ferried planes so men could go on active duty

Suburban Housewife

feminine mystique betty friedan 1950 _ "The suburban housewife—she was the dream image of the young American women" in the 1950s, Friedan wrote. "She was healthy, beautiful, educated, concerned only about her husband, her children, her home."__ of the 1950s and 1960s—the idea that "the highest value and the only commitment for women is the fulfillment of their own femininity"—bore a remarkable similarity to the nineteenth century's notion of domesticity. The updated version drew on new elements of twentieth-century science and culture. Psychologists equated motherhood with "normal" female identity and suggested that career-minded mothers needed therapy.

Jeanette Rankin:

first woman congress member; from Montana, First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

19th Amendment: August 18th, 1920

guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex. Alice Paul -a leader of the suffragist movement; she led marches to and motorcades to Washington to ask President Wilson for the right to vote. 1917 March to White House -peaceful march outside the White House for months -13 women silently hold banner with words from Declaration of independence -they are fined in court but refuse to pay their fines (they think to do so would admit guilt); they are taken to jail. Women could already vote in new jersey

Flappers:

in the 1920s was a term applied to a "new breed" of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz. Short dress w/ no corset, makeup, and short haircut. She drank hard liquor at the speakeasies, experimented sexually, smoked, and danced to jazz music. The 1920's was a time exploration, and experimentation for women who celebrated their age of female independence by leading new lifestyles, creating an unmistakable look, and most of all, managing to have a good time.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

Birth date: November 12, 1826 Died: October 26, 1902 Achievements: She was the first President of the National Woman suffrage association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 - October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.

Redeemer Governments: 1870-1960's

By the time reconstruction ended, white supremacists calling themselves redeemers had regained power in every southern state. Their goal was to redeem, or save. the south by returning it to "white man's rule." Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. There were voting restrictions like segregation laws,literacy tests, etc.

Alien Land Bill:1913-1920

CA in1913: prohibited "aliens ineligible for citizenship" from owning agricultural land or possessing long-term leases over it, but permitted leases lasting up to three years. It affected the Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Korean immigrant farmers in California. Primarily aimed at the Japanese. The purpose of the law was to prevent the Japanese from staying and settling in large numbers. However, the Japanese were able to find some loopholes and were able to own land by leasing land under their American born children. This second law served as a continuation of the 1913 law while filling many of its loopholes. Among the loopholes filled were that the leasing of land for a period of three years or less was no longer allowed; owning of stock in companies that acquired agricultural land was forbidden; and guardians or agents of ineligible aliens were required to submit an annual report on their activities. The 1920 Alien Land Law was passed in reaction to the intensification of anti-Japanese sentiment, and to the fact that the 1913 Alien Land Law was doing little to stem Japanese immigration to California. The 1920 law was amended in 1923 to further fill wording-related loopholes

United States vs. Wong Kim Ark: 1889

Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, prohibited all further immigration from China. Stayed shut until 1943. Some people even tried to stop native-born Chinese Americans of citizenship, but 1898 Court ruled that 14th amendment guaranteed citizenship to everyone born in US. "Birthright citizenship," or "jus soli"- the right of the soil. Protections to immigrant communities. Supreme Court ruling which guaranteed citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Earl Warren's court unanimously decided (9-0) on 17th May 1954 that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal". The NAACP led the case. The decision overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation. Schools in the South now had to be desegregated and mixed classes could theoretically reduce racial tensions as people mix and see each other on an equal footing. Showed the Supreme Court could now be used as a tool of striking down racist laws. The scale of the judgement 9-0 sent a clear message that racism was unacceptable in American society. Schools remained segregated in the South despite the case bringing de jure change Many white parents ensured their children went to white schools that were white in everything but not name - noone could force them to send their children to schools in black areas of towns or cities. Little Rock in 1957 is an example of how the legal case didn't change things immediately.

The Great Migration: 1916

Great Migration a term used to describe the mass migration of A-As from the rural South to the industrial North and Midwest (1910's-1930's). Estimated about 1 million A-As participated in this mass movement. about 1/10 of the population moved from the South to the North What were the push factors escaping discrimination, segregation, Jim Crow laws, the boll weevil, and MS flood How many blacks lived north until 1910 10% of americas african americans Harlem rennassiance was developing during this time as well.

Dawes Allotment Act: 1887

Integration to amrican society amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes; it required abolition of their governments, allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members, and sale of lands declared surplus, as well as dissolving tribal courts. This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory, preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma. Had to give up their religion and culture. The important provisions of the Dawes Act were: A head of family would receive a grant of 160 acres, a single person or orphan over 18 years of age would receive a grant of 80 acres, and persons under the age of 18 would receive 40 acres each; the allotments would be held in trust by the U.S. Government for 25 years; Eligible Indians had four years to select their land; afterward the selection would be made for them by the Secretary of the Interior.

Affluent Society

Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (1958) Argued that as society becomes relatively more affluent (wealth), private businesses must "create" consumer desire through advertising, and while it generates artificial affluence through the production of commercial goods and service, the "public sector" becomes neglected as a result. Argues the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. Private = rich, public = garbage.

NAWSA:

Led by a Anna Howard Shaw, a Boston social worker; and Carrie Chapman Catt, a journalist from Iowa. The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).[1] The NAWSA continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups,[2] and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Alice Paul Vs. Carrie Chapman Cat Radical Vs. Conservative

Baby Boomers:

Only happened in the US because the US benefited so much from WWII coming out of the Depression and supplying an European and Asian deficiency in manpower. The government used the fear of nuclear warfare to encourage it. baby boomers refers to 77 million people born in us between 1946 and 1964. After the war, families had tons of babies, creating this. Led to a 20 % population growth during the 50s and led to increasing consumer demand.

Dolores Huerta:

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882

Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years and explicitly denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the U.S. (not allowed to become U.S. citizens) Signed into law by Chester B. Arthur. The first time a particular ethnic group was restricted from immigration / [was extended numerous times]. Enacted in part to protect jobs for whites because Chinese were willing to work for much lower wages. Supported by labor unions. Chinese originally immigrated during the Gold Rush and to build railroads. Chinese were finally allowed citizenship in 1943. Gave rise to human smuggling. San Francisco's City Hall was destroyed in the earthquake and fire of 1906, and many Chinese used the lack of records to claim lineage to legal residents.

S.N.C.C.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 a week salary. Many unpaid volunteers also worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, the Freedom Summer, and the MFDP. young people.

New Immigration

The 25 million immigrants that entered America between 1865 and 1920 came from various European nations such as, Germany, Russia, Italy, Ireland, Hungary, and China. Usually Person from southern or eastern Europe darker skinned, didn't speak English, poor, faced discrimination.

Rosie the Riveter: WWII 1940-1944

The War Advertising Council's Women in War Jobs campaign was the most successful advertising recruitment campaign in American history. Rosie the Riveter, a fictional character in posters, supporting the war effort and a wartime song of the same name, helped to recruit more than two million women into the workforce. Her image appered on postage stamps and the cover of Smithsonian magazine and before long, Rosie the Riveter became a nickname for women working in wartime industries. Women employement from 12 mil- 18 mill at the end of the war.worked in conditions were sometimes harsh, unfair, and pay was not always equal to that of men's.

Wounded Knee:

Throughout 1890, the U.S. government worried about the increasing influence at Pine Ridge of the Ghost Dance spiritual movement, which taught that Indians had been defeated and confined to reservations because they had angered the gods by abandoning their traditional customs. Many Sioux believed that if they practiced the Ghost Dance and rejected the ways of the white man, the gods would create the world anew and destroy all non-believers, including non-Indians. On December 15, 1890, reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull, the famous Sioux chief, who they mistakenly believed was a Ghost Dancer, and killed him in the process, increasing the tensions at Pine Ridge. On December 29, the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot, a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek and demanded they surrender their weapons. As that was happening, a fight broke out between an Indian and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired, although it's unclear from which side. A brutal massacre followed, in which it's estimated 150 Indians were killed (some historians put this number at twice as high), nearly half of them women and children. The cavalry lost 25 men.

Bracero Program:41'-47

To help farmers in the Southwest overcome the labor shortage the government introduced this program. The federal government arranged for Mexican farmworkers to help in the harvest. Over 200,000 Mexicans came to the US to help harvest. Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Cold War:

US belief in democracy, individual freedom and capitalism and the Soviet belief in a totalitarian state and socialism from 1945 to 1990. Characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversive activities... Containment: American policy throughtout the cold war resisting further expansion of communism around the world Truman Doctrine U.S. policy of "containment of communism" throughout the Cold War, to keep it from spreading and resist communist aggression into other countries. Korean War

Hector Garcia

a mexican american physician, ww2 veteran, and founder of the American g.i. forum. he helped create equality for mexican by helping mexican veterans file claims with the veteran administration. he purposely chose the name "American G.I. Forum" in order to emphasize the fact the members were american citizens and where entitled to their constitutional rights.

Black Codes:

a series of statutes and laws enacted in 1865 and 1866 by the legislatures of the Southern states following the end of the Civil War at the beginning of the Reconstruction Era. Public laws that economized restricted minorities' civil rights. the freedom of black people (freedmen) and the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces such as Southern White Primary: the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation Poll Tax: -fee that people had to pay in order to vote -a way that the Southerners got around the 15th amendment Literacy Tests: grandfather clause: A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. Property Ownership required to vote: How did Congress Respond to the Black Codes? 1. Congress refused to seat the Southern representatives 2. Congress overrode President Johnson and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 3. A Joint Committee on Reconstruction was established to investigate the situation in the South and reported that the Southern states were in a state of civil disorder

Reconstruction amendents

are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution,[1] adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. The amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war. The Thirteenth Amendment: December 6, 1865 to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8, 1864, Three-Fifths Compromise, which detailed how each state's total slave population would be factored into its total population count for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives and direct taxes among the states. Although many slaves had been declared free by Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, their legal status after the Civil War was uncertain. Fourteenth Amendment: July 9th, 1868 The Fourteenth Amendment's first section consists of four clauses: The Citizenship Clause The Privileges and Immunities Clause The Due Process Clause The Equal Protection Clause The Citizenship Clause: All persons born on US soil are US citizens, with the exception persons subject to another nation's jurisdiction. The Privileges and Immunities Clause: The intent of the clause was to impose upon States the obligation to respect the rights of US citizens recognized or granted by the first eight amendments. The Due Process Clause: fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement. The Equal Protection Clause: applies to the actions of State governments. State government may not either by legislation or the actions of its agents deprive any person of its protection. Important element in the protection of the civil rights Fifteenth Century: February 3rd, 1870 ~Prohibits the federal governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, and state color, or previous condition of servitude." The 15th amendment protects the rights of the American to vote in elections to elect their leaders. ~ The 15th amendment purpose was to ensure that states, or communities, were not denying people the right to vote simply based on their race.