History Test#4

Fur collar crime is a term used to describe _____.

"Fur-collar crime" in which those higher up the social scale prey on those who are less well-off. The "fur-collar crime" involved both violence and fraud. Groups of noble bandits roamed the English countryside, stealing from both rich and poor.

Great famine-

Europe experienced an ongoing climate change that led to lower levels of food production. A ripple effect of the climate change included the Great Famine

What caused the Great Famine in the Later Middle Ages?

Europe experienced an ongoing climate change that led to lower levels of food production. A ripple effect of the climate change included the Great Famine

Wealth & status in Renaissance Italy-

Merchants had gained political power to match their economic might, becoming merchant oligarchs who ruled through city councils. This hierarchy of wealth was more fluid than the older divisions into noble and commoner, allowing individuals and families to rise and fall within one generation.

Medieval town streets-

Most streets in a medieval town were marketplaces as much as passages for transit. Markets was where they met their neighbors, exchanged information, and talked over recent events, as well as purchased needed supplies.

Increase in crime committed by nobility -

The Hundred Years' War provided employment and opportunity for thousands of idle and fortune-seeking knights. But during the periods of truce and after the war finally ended, many nobles once again had little to do. Inflation hurt them. Many nobles turned to crime as a way of raising money. "Fur-collar crime" in which those higher up the social scale prey on those who are less well-off.

Living conditions of medieval servants-

Villages were made up of small houses. Extended families lived in the same household. Poorer peasants lived in windowless cottages built of wood and clay and thatched with straw. The cottage consisted of one large room that was both a kitchen and living quarters. A shed was attached to the house for storage. Prosperous peasants added rooms. Every house had a small garden and an outbuilding.

What were the living conditions of most servants in medieval towns?

Villages were made up of small houses. Extended families lived in the same household. Poorer peasants lived in windowless cottages built of wood and clay and thatched with straw. The cottage consisted of one large room that was both a kitchen and living quarters. A shed was attached to the house for storage. Prosperous peasants added rooms. Every house had a small garden and an outbuilding.

Flagellants-

people who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.

Social/economic crises of the Later Middle Ages-

the Black Death also affected the economy in Europe, because it caused a high inflation. It caused a high inflation because the living, working people demanded an increase in pay. They believed that since they were the only ones that could actually work that they could demand more money for their work. Also social crises include the Jacquerie

The outcome of the first Church Council of theologians which met in Pisa to resolve the Great Schism was ultimately _____.

the appalling result was the creation of a threefold schism.

Sports and games in medieval society-

wrestling matches and games akin to modern football, rugby, stickerball, and soccer, card games, board games, modern jacks

Renaissance values-

A French word meaning "rebirth", used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy. Economics, politics, and culture were interconnected.

Craft guilds in the High Middle Ages-

A band of producers in a town that regulated most aspects of production of a good in that town. Craft guilds regulated most aspects of production. Guilds set quality standards for their particular product and regulated the size of workshops and the conduct of members.

The Jacquerie was _____.

A massive uprising by French peasants protesting heavy taxation

Jacquerie-

A massive uprising by French peasants protesting heavy taxation. It happened when French taxation for the Hundred Years' War fell heavily on the poor and the peasants' frustration exploded in a massive uprising.

Humanism-

A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.

Fur collar crime-

But during the periods of truce and after the war finally ended, many nobles once again had little to do. Inflation hurt them. Many nobles turned to crime as a way of raising money. "Fur-collar crime" in which those higher up the social scale prey on those who are less well-off. The "fur-collar crime" involved both violence and fraud. Groups of noble bandits roamed the English countryside, stealing from both rich and poor

What role did craft guilds play in the economic life of towns during the High Middle Ages?

Craft guilds regulated most aspects of production. Guilds set quality standards for their particular product and regulated the size of workshops and the conduct of members.

Availability of professional medical care-

During the Black Death the only medical care was that of the clergy because the professionals fled from the disease

Characteristics of a medieval town-

Each town had a marketplace, and most had a mint for the coining of money. The towns also had a court to settle disputes. Towns were enclosed by walls.

English King Edward III & claims to the French throne-

Edward III formally recognized Philip VI's lordship over Aquitaine. 8 years later, Philip, eager to exercise full French jurisdiction there, confiscated the duchy. Edward III interpreted this action as a gross violation of the treaty of 1259 and as a cause of war. Edward argued that because he was the eldest directly surviving male descendant of Philip that Fair he deserved the title of king of France.

How was the Later Middle Ages an era of crises? Be specific.

Europe experienced an ongoing climate change that led to lower levels of food production. A ripple effect of the climate change included the Great Famine. The Great Famine led to workers being on reduced diets, therefore, having less energy, which meant lower productivity, lower output, and higher grain prices. The population declined because of the deaths caused by famine and disease. Colder weather, failed harvest, and resulting malnourishment left Europe's population susceptible to disease, also unfortunately improvements in ship design had allowed year-round shipping for the first time. Therefore, this year-round shipping led to the Black Death. The Black Death killed perhaps one-third of the population. The rats that were infected with the disease spread the disease to the entire population because fleas drank their blood and spread it to other rats. The rats then that were on the ships carried the disease into many more ports in the Black Sea. The Medieval urban conditions were ideal for the spread of disease. Narrow streets were filled with refuse, human excrement, and dead animals. Houses were upper stories projected over the lower ones blocked light and air. Then as the Black Death continued to spread emigrants fled to other countries also taking with them the disease.

_____ did penance for the plague by whipping themselves and each other.

Flagellants

Renaissance humanists-

Humanism was the main intellectual component of the Renaissance. Humanism is a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.

On what idea did medical studies focus during the Middle Ages?

Ideas about the human body were very closely linked to philosophy and to ideas about the natural world in general.

Love and marriage in the High Middle Ages-

In Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, every major life transition was marked by a ceremony that included religious elements. Christian weddings sought a priest's blessing. Statements guided Judaism wedding in Talmudic law that weddings were complete when the bride had entered the chuppah (room in the groom's house). Muslims weddings were finalized by a contract by bride and groom. In all three religions a wedding party that often included secular rituals followed the wedding ceremony. Among serfs the manorial lord's permission was often required, with a special fee required to obtain it. The church forbade divorce and even among non-Christians marital dissolution by any means other than death of one spouse was rare. Most brides hoped to be pregnant soon after the wedding.

Literacy rates in the 14th century-

In the 14th century, 80 percent of English adults couldn't even spell their names. When Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440, only about 30 percent of European adults were literate. Gutenberg's invention flooded Europe with printed material and literacy rates began to rise

The outcome of the second Church Council of theologians which met at Constance to resolve the Great Schism was ____.

It deposed both the Roman pope and the successor of the pope chosen at Pisa, and it isolated the Avignon pope.

Joan d'Arc-

Joan was an obscure French peasant girl whose vision and military leadership revived French fortunes and led to victory. She inspired and led French attacks, forcing the English to retreat from Orleans. Burgundians captured Joan and Charles refused to ransom her and she was sold to the English. She was burned at the stake even though nothing she had done was heretical.

Sumptuary laws-

Laws that regulated the value and style of clothing and jewelry that various social groups could wear as well as the amount they could spend on celebrations. City council passed these sumptuary laws. Many cities attempted to make clothing distinctions a matter of law as well as of habit. Some of these laws called for making certain individuals as members of groups not fully acceptable in urban society.

Origins of medieval universities-

Monasteries and cathedral schools had offered most of the available formal instruction, but wealthy businessmen established municipal schools. Cathedral schools in France and municipal schools in Italy developed into educational institutions that attracted students from wide areas. These were often called universal society of teachers and students.

Describe life for peasants on a typical medieval manor, refer to work, diet, childbirth, health care and religion.

Most peasants lived in family groups in small villages. A manor was made up of one or more villages and the land that surrounded the villages. The noble lord or a church official then controlled the manor. The land of the manor was divided between the lord and the peasantry. A bailiff was appointed by the officials to oversee the legal and business operations of their manor, collect taxes and fees, and handle disputes. Women had no official voice running the village. The men's work included clearing new land, plowing, and caring for large animals, however, women's work included caring for small animals, spinning yarn, and preparing food. The open field system included families working on their own land and the lord's, but also cooperated with other families if they needed help, particularly during harvest time. The mainstay of the diet of peasants was bread. Also, every house had a small garden and an outbuilding. Therefore, the main meal was bread and thick soup of vegetables and grains. However, the diet of people with access to a river, lake, or stream would be supplemented with fish. The most dangerous period of life for any person was infancy and early childhood. It was dangerous for both child and mother. During childbirth, the village women helped one another and even had women with midwifery skills to help them through childbirth. For most women, however (other than midwifery skilled people), childbirth was handled by female friends and family. Christian parents gave their children to monasteries as religious acts, donating them to the service of God. Most people were Christians, but there were small Jewish communities scattered in many parts of Europe, and Muslims lived in Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and other Mediterranean islands. *HEALTH CARE*

Peasant household in western Europe-

Most peasants, free and serf, lived in family groups in small villages. One or more villages and the land surrounding them made up a manor controlled by a noble lord or a church official

Wealthy patrons & Renaissance works of art -

Patronage was the financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or work in specific styles

Markets & shopping in the Middle Ages -

Poor peasants sold soap, candles, wooden dishes, and similar cheap products stood next to farmers from countryside selling eggs, chickens, or vegetables. People also sold firewood, mushrooms, clothing, and household goods.

What technological development added to the spread of vernacular literature during the High Middle Ages?

Printing press

In what institutions did the medieval university find its roots?

Professional medical training began at Salerno

Medical studies in the High Middle Ages-

Professional medical training began at Salerno. Ideas about the human body were very closely linked to philosophy and to ideas about the natural world in general. University training gave physicians high social status and allowed them to charge high fees.

Medieval view on Rape-

Rape was a capital crime in many parts of Europe, but the actual sentences handled out were more likely to be fines and brief imprisonment. Women bringing rape charges were often more interested in getting their own honorable reputations back then in punishing the perpetrators.

Chief political innovation of the Italian city-states-

Renaissance Italians had a passionate attachment to their individual city-states: they were politically loyal and felt centered on their city

What was the principal political innovation of the Italian city-states?

Renaissance Italians had a passionate attachment to their individual city-states: they were politically loyal and felt centered on their city

The immediate political cause of the Hundred Years' War was _____.

The argument over if England or France actually got to govern Aquitaine. It was a disagreement over the Treaty of Paris.

Ballad of Robin Hood-

The ballads of Robin Hood, a collection of folk legends from late medieval Enganld, describe the adventures of the outlaw hero and his merry men as they avenge the common people against fur-collar criminals (grasping landlords, wicked sheriffs, and mercenary churchmen). He was such a popular figure because he symbolized the deep resentment of aristocratic corruption and abuse; he represent the struggle against tyranny and oppression.

Hundred Years War--causes & location-

The causes were disagreements over rights to land, a dispute over the succession to the French throne, and economic conflicts. Another cause was Edward III interpreting Phillip's action to exercise full French jurisdiction over Aquitaine as a gross violation of the Treaty of Paris (affirmed English claims to Aquitaine). The location of the war was France.

Spread of vernacular literature-

The development of ethnic identities had many negative consequences, but a more positive effect was the increasing use of the vernacular, that is, the local language that people actually spoke, rather than Latin. The increase literacy of laypeople was a great thing, because laymen increasingly served as managers and stewards of estates and as clerks to guilds and town governments, which required ability to keep administrative and financial records. Also, trade, commerce, and expanding government bureaucracies required an increasing number of literate people. Also the printing press would be developed out of the spread of vernacular literature. Two masterpieces of vernacular literature is Dante's 'Divine Comedy' and Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'

Peasants' view of the Devil-

The devil lurked everywhere and incited people to sin.

What was peasants' view of the Devil?

The devil lurked everywhere and incited people to sin.

Great Schism-

The division, or split, in church leadership when there were two, then three, popes. Began when there was one pope in Rome (Urban) and one in Avignon (Clement VII). The schism weakened the religious faith of many Christians and brought church leadership into serious disrepute.

Peasant rebellion & aristocratic reaction-

The first large-scale rebellion was in the Flanders when they wanted peace agreements because Flemish peasants were forced to pay taxes to the French. Also, monasteries also pressed peasants for additional money. A French army crushed the peasant forces, however, and savage repression and the confiscation of peasant property. Another uprising was called the Jacquerie. The Jacuerie was when French taxation for the Hundred Years' War fell heavily on the poor, the frustration of the French peasantry exploded into a massive uprising. Then the upper class united to repress the revolt with merciless ferocity. The English peasants' Revolt was after a reimposition of a tax on all adult males to pay for the war with France. Then the boy-king Richard II met the leaders of the revolt, agreed to charters ensuring peasants' freedom, tricked them with false promises, and then crushed the uprising with terrible ferocity.

The initial symptom of the plague was _____.

The first system of the plague was a growth the size of a nut or an apple in the armpit, in the groin, or on the neck

Peasant diet & peasant children-

The mainstay of the diet of peasants was bread. Also, every house had a small garden and an outbuilding. Therefore, the main meal was bread and thick soup of vegetables and grains. However, the diet of people with access to a river, lake, or stream would be supplemented with fish. The most dangerous period of life for any person was infancy and early childhood. It was dangerous for both child and mother. During childbirth, the village women helped one another and even had women with midwifery skills to help them through childbirth. For most women, however (other than midwifery skilled people), childbirth was handled by female friends and family. Christian parents gave their children to monasteries as religious acts, donating them to the service of God. Once children were able to walk, they helped their parents in many chores that needed to get done.

Pisa church council-

The ongoing schism threatened the church, and in response to continued calls throughout Europe for a council, the cardinals of Rome and Avignon summoned a council of Pisa. That gathering of prelates and theologians deposed both popes and selected another. Neither the Avignon pope nor the Roman pope would resign, however, and the appalling result was the creation of a threefold schism

Origins of the plague & Plague symptoms-

The origin of the plague was found in rats. Fleas living on the infected rats drink their blood and then pass the bacteria that cause the plague on to the next rat they bite. The fleas have jumped from their rodent hosts to humans and other animals. The first system of the plague was a growth the size of a nut or an apple in the armpit, in the groin, or on the neck. If the bubo, or boil, was lanced and drained of all the pus the victim had a chance of recovery, however, if the boil was not lanced, the next stage was the appearance of black spots or blotches caused by bleeding under the skin. Finally, the victim began to cough violently and spit blood. The coughing then released pathogens into the air infecting others when they were breathed in and beginning the deadly cycle again on new victims.

Social standing in medieval towns-

The urban revolts had their roots in the changing conditions of work. Some masters became so wealthy from the profits of their workers that they no longer had to work in a shop themselves. However, capitalism led to a decrease in income and status. Remaining journeymen their entire lives, they lost their sense of solidarity with the masters of their crafts. Resentment led to rebellion. As their actual status and economic prospects declined and their work became basically wage labor, journeymen and poorer masters emphasized skill and honor as qualities that set them apart from less skilled workers. Women's participation in guilds declined, despite labor shortages caused by the plague. Female domestic servants were excluded from any productive tasks

Explain the impact of the Hundred Years War.

The war disrupted trade and the great trade fairs, resulting in the drastic reduction of French participation in international commerce. The net result of the war was an enormous financial loss; therefore, the government increased taxes in attempt to finance the war. The social order was disrupted because the knights who ordinarily served as sheriffs, coroners, jurymen, and justices of the peace were abroad. The war stimulated technological experimentation, especially with artillery. The war also had a profound impact on the political and cultural lives of the two countries. Most notably, it stimulated the development of the English Parliament. Lastly, the war promoted a growth of nationalism- the feeling of unity and identity that binds together a people.

Weaponry & the Hundred Years War-

The war stimulated technological experimentation, especially with artillery. Cannon revolutionized warfare, making the stone castle no longer impregnable. Because only central governments, not private nobles, could afford cannon, their use strengthened the military power of national states.

African slavery in the 15th century-

They came as the spoils of war. Local authorities afforded these Africans no protection. African slaves intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried. Blacks were in great demand at the Renaissance courts. Slaves supplemented the labor force in virtually all occupations- as servants, agricultural laborers, craftsmen, and seamen on ships.

Church council at Constance-

Under pressure from the German emperor Sigismund, a great council met at the imperial city of Constance. It deposed both the Roman pope and the successor of the pope chosen at Pisa, and it isolated the Avignon pope. A conclave elected a new leader, the Roman cardinal Colonna, who took the name Martin V.

Babylonian Captivity-

When the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. The phrase refers to the seventy years when the Hebrews were held captive in Babylon.

Black Death & medieval physicians-

While the Black Death was rapidly spreading, physicians fled and priests were the only ones that remained to take care of the sick.

Prostitution-

Young men associated visiting brothels with achieving manhood; for the women themselves, of course, their activities were work. The small amount they received from their customers did not equal what they had to pay for their upkeep in a brothel. Though selling sex for money was legal in the Middle Ages, the position of women who did so was always marginal.

Responsibilities of peasant women-

care for small animals, spin yarn, prepare food, produce ale (universal drink of the common people), and have children

Center of village community life-

family?

Machiavelli-

most famous civic humanist, best-known political theorist. After the ouster of the Medici with the French invasion, Machiavelli was secretary to one of the governing bodies in the city of Florence; he was responsible for diplomatic missions and organizing a citizen army. When Medici family came back to power, Machiavelli was arrested, tortured, and imprisoned o suspicion of plotting against them. He wrote 'The Prince' saying that a ruler is to preserve order and security and he should do whatever it means to preserve the state. Machiavelli argued that governments should instead be judged by how well they provided security, order, and safety to their populace.