History

Vichy France

Attempts to weaken this government included the Battle of Dakar and the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir. The Vel' d'Hiv raids were carried out by this state's paramilitary wing, the Milice, and this state's creation was opposed by 80 members of Parliament including Leon Blum. This government embraced the motto (*) "Work, Family, Fatherland," and maintained the infamous Gurs and Drancy internment camps. Succeeding the Third Republic, this state was led by Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain. For ten points, name this Nazi puppet government which ruled France during World War II.

Puerto Rican Statehood

In a 1998 vote over this action, a majority of votes went to "none of the above." In a 2012 vote concerning this action, over a half-million ballots were returned blank. Opponents of this procedure often identify themselves by waving a white flag with a red figure of a man wearing a straw workers hat. The most recent referendum concerning this process came after the triggering of the largest municipal bond market(*) bankruptcy in U.S. history, and was a campaign promise of Governor Ricardo Rosselló. In June 2017, only 23% of the population voted overwhelmingly in favor of, for 10 points, this process that would end with a 51-starred flag flying over San Juan.

Song dynasty

One rebellion against this dynasty began when a customs official expropriated its leader's lacquer trees. That man, a leader of the Manichaean community, was Fang La. Scientists including Su Song were active during this dynasty, part of which was marked by a rivalry between Sima Yi and Wang (*) Anshi. The Liao dynasty ruled to the north of this dynasty, but was eventually replaced by the militaristic Jurchen Jin, whose capture of this dynasty's capital of Kaifeng prompted the establishment of a new capital at Hangzhou. This dynasty established Neo-Confucianism as state doctrine, printed paper money, and fell to Kublai Khan's Mongol invasion in 1279. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that preceded the Yuan.

Korea

One ruler of this country rejected a gift of 50 camels from the Khitan Empire by exiling them to an island and starving them to death. A collection of over 80,000 woodblock prints commissioned during the 13th century by King Gojong is known as this country's Tripitaka. In the 1300s, this country twice repelled invasions by the (*) Red Turbans. This county's alphabet, Hangul, was created by Sejong the Great, who ruled during the Joseon Dynasty. For 10 points, name this peninsular East Asian country that has since been divided into a North and South.

West Germany

Rudi Dutschke argued for a "long march through the institutions of power" as part of an ongoing social movement in this country. The Basic Treaty lowered tensions between this country and its eastern neighbor, and it allowed both of them to enter the United Nations. Gunter Guillaume spied on this country while working as an agent for another country's (*) Stasi. Under the advice of economic minister Ludwig Erhard, this country experienced an "economic miracle" under its first chancellor Konrad Adenauer. For 10 points, name this country whose communist eastern neighbor surrounded Berlin.

Carthage

The forces of this city besieged Autaritus in a canyon during the Battle of the Saw. That battle occurred during this city's Mercenary War. The corvus boarding device was used to overcome this city's dominant sea power. A member of this city's Magonid dynasty was defeated by Gelo, the tyrant of Sicily, in the Battle of Himera. Marcus Livius defeated this city's forces at the Metaurus River, killing (*) Hasdrubal. This city double enveloped Roman forces led by Varro at the Battle of Cannae. A commander of this city crossed the Alps with his war elephants. For 10 points, name this city, the home of Hannibal, that fought Rome in the Punic wars.

Russia and Japan

[Two Answers Required] During a battle that was fought between these two countries, the Kwantung Army was decimated by the other side's army at Khalkhin Gol. A conflict between these two countries featured engagements at Mukden. (*) Theodore Roosevelt helped to end that war by negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth. That war also saw the Battle of Tsushima Straits. These two countries currently dispute ownership of the Kuril Islands. For 10 points, name these two countries that fought a war from 1904-1905 under the leaderships of Emperor Meiji and Nicholas II.

Queen Victoria

Francis Millen was used by Edward Jenkinson, a minister of this ruler to draw out violent elements by organizing the Jubilee Plot against this ruler. John Conroy, the lover of this ruler's mother the Duchess of Kent, raised this ruler under the tyrannical Kensington system. During this ruler's reign, the "civis romanus sum" speech was delivered in response to the Don Pacifico affair by (*) Lord Palmerston. This ruler's political partnership with Benjamin Disraeli led to such conflicts as the Anglo-Zulu War. This ruler was the first of her country to have a Diamond Jubilee after surviving her husband, Prince Albert. For 10 points, name this Queen of England, the only Empress of India.

Federative Republic of Brazil

During one war this country fought with its neighbor, citizens who volunteered to fight were known as "Fatherland Volunteers." In this country's early years, it faced the Praieira Revolt in its region of Pernambuco, and Giuseppe Garibaldi fought against this country in the Ragamuffin War and the (*) Cisplatine War. This country's first king declared its independence with the Cry of Ipiranga. That king's granddaughter, Isabel, would pass the Golden Law, ending slavery in this country. For 10 points, name this country, once ruled by Pedro I, whose long time capital was Rio de Janeiro.

Henry IV

This ruler signed the Peace of Vervins to end a war with Spain. The Duc de Sully and this ruler defeated the Count of Egmont at the Battle of Ivry. This ruler, who was assassinated by the zealot Francois Ravaillac, was married to (*) Marie de Medici, who later led the "Day of the Dupes" against Cardinal Richelieu. This ruler gave protective rights to the Huguenots through the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this French king, the first ruler from the Bourbon dynasty who once said "Paris is well worth a mass."

Nelson Mandela

With Oliver Tambo, this man opened the first black-run legal practice in his country. This leader hid from the government while disguised as a cook and a farm worker at Liliesleaf Farm. This man called a democratic and free society "an ideal for which I am prepared to die" while he was a co-defendant in the(*) Rivonia Trial. This leader received a life sentence that was to be served on Robben Island. This leader of the ANC opened the Truth and Reconciliation Commission after being released from prison by F.W. de Klerk. For 10 points, name this first post-Apartheid president of South Africa.

Ford Motor Company

News reporter James R. Kilpatrick was harassed by employees of this company. Harry Bennett was an ex-Navy sailor who worked for this company. Walter Reuther fought against this company's security guards during Battle of the Overpass at the River Rouge Plant. This company sold the failed (*) Edsel, which came to refer to any commercial failure. This company, one owner of which authored The International Jew, sold a product "that could be painted any color as long as it was black." For 10 points, name this company founded by its namesake, the seller of the Model T.

Pope Saint John Paul II

The first phase of the Bojinka plot consisted of assassinating this figure, and he was also later the target of an assassination attempt by the Turkish Grey Wolves. Two of the most important initiatives during this person's rule were the establishment of (*) World Youth Day and the condemnation of Marxist liberation theology. During this figure's tenure, he garnered international attention when he visited his home country in 1979, leading to the formation of the fiercely anti-Communist Solidarity movement the following year. For 10 points, name this Polish pontiff who preceded Benedict XVI.

The Panama Papers

The former Prime Minister of Ukraine Pavlo Lazarenko was one of many leaders mentioned in these documents. These publications were created by law firm Mossack Fonseca, Edward Snowden called them the "biggest leak in the history of data journalism." As a result of these documents, Sigmund Gunnlaugsson, the Prime Minister of (*) Iceland, resigned. Soccer star Lionel Messi was found guilty of tax fraud after these documents were leaked as well. For ten points, name these documents leaked by the ICIJ, which showed how multiple corporations and individuals avoided paying higher taxes.

Alexander Hamilton

2. This man founded the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, which eventually became the Coast Guard. James Reynolds blackmailed this politician after discovering this man's affair with Reynolds' wife. This politician's Report on Public Credit led to an early rebellion against the federal government by suggesting an unpopular excise tax on (*) whiskey. This primary author of The Federalist Papers called for the federal government to assume state debts and created the First Bank of the United States. For 10 points, name this first Secretary of the Treasury, who was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

Social Security

Ernest Ackerman was the first man to profit from this program. When debating this program, one senator called it "a teeny-weeny bit of socialism," and the constitutionality of this program was affirmed in Steward Machine Company v. Davis. Black-dominated professions were originally (*) excluded from this program, which was amended in 1965 to create Medicare and Medicaid. Though known as the "Third Rail" of American politics for being difficult to change, this program was altered in 1983 to protect its trust fund. For ten points, name this program, started during the Great Depression, which offers benefits to American retirees.

Battle of the Bulge

This battle saw one side capture St. Vith in an attempt to recapture Antwerp. At the onset of this battle, the Malmedy Massacre saw 84 POWs executed. The Losheim Gap was closed on the first day of this battle. Operation Stösser was the only nighttime German (*) paratroop raid of the war during this battle. Allied soldiers primarily relied on the Red Ball Express for front-line supplies during this battle. After hearing of the German siege of Bastogne during this battle, Anthony McAuliffe replied, "Nuts!". For 10 points, name this 1944 German winter offensive during WWII that was ultimately repulsed by the Allies.

Mughal Empire

This empire used both the mansabdar and jagirdar systems to raise troops for the army and taxes for the treasury. The founder of this empire achieved a major victory in a battle in which he used cannons to scare war elephants. Nadir (*) Shah defeated this empire at the Battle of Karnal. One emperor created a hybrid religion called Din-i Ilahi, while other emperors, such as Aurangzeb, discouraged the free practice of Hinduism. For 10 points, name this Indian empire founded by Babur, whose leader Shah Jahan built the Red Fort and the Taj Mahal.

Songhai Empire

Forces loyal to this empire attempted in vain to use a cattle stampede to stop Judar Pasha's arquebus-armed forces at a 1591 battle that would led to this historical empire's collapse. Those events occurred at the Battle of Tondibi. It's not the (*) Mali Empire, but this empire used cowry shells as currency, and its citizens almost uniformly practiced Islam. Although Sonni Ali Ber founded this empire, its most famous ruler was his successor, Askia Mohammad I. This is partially due to the fact that Askia Mohammad appears in Sid Meier's Civilization V as this faction's leader. For 10 points, name this 15th to 16th century West African state that had its capital at Gao.

Haiti

Faustin I established an empire in this country before being toppled by Fabre Geffrard. Vincent Ogé was executed for leading an uprising of mixed-race inhabitants in this territory whose "Black Jacobins" were described by C.L.R. James. One major event in this nation began with the Bois Caïman ceremony and saw the (*) destruction of dozens of sugar plantations. The Leclerc Expedition sought to reinstate French rule over this country, but was decimated by yellow fever and defeated by Jean-Jacque Dessalines. For ten points, name this caribbean nation which won independence through a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

South Carolina

In this state, an unfinished railroad channel called the Stumphouse Tunnel was used by a local university to age blue cheese. This state has the highest per capita membership of the Bahá'í faith in the United States, and in the year 2000, a ban on interracial dating by its students was dropped at Bob Jones University. The Queen Anne's Revenge blocked a port in this modern-day state at the request of(*) Blackbeard. The largest city in this state was where Major Robert Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War. For 10 points, name this state with cities Greenville and Charleston, with capital at Columbia.

General Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte

. This man famously said, "Touch one of my men, and forget about the rule of law" following an electoral defeat. The Carabineros police forces were often loyal enforcers of this man during his tenure. The 2012 film No is a fictional portrayal of a real effort to replace this man in a (*) 1988 plebiscite. Patricio Aylwin succeeded this man as president of his country. The "Miracle" of this man's country refers to an economic boom that this man's "Chicago Boys" orchestrated. This man replaced a leader who nationalized the copper industry. For 10 points, identify this Chilean leader who overthrew the Marxist Salvador Allende in a 1973 US-supported coup.

women's suffrage

14. Prominent opponents of this cause in New Zealand included Walter Carncross and Richard Seddon. Supporters of this movement in London protested in bad weather during the Mud March. Emily Davison was trampled in the Epsom Derby while protesting in support of this cause. Davison belonged to an organization founded to advance this cause by Emmeline (*) Pankhurst, whose methods influenced Alice Paul, an activist for this cause in the United States. For 10 points, name this cause which achieved its goal in the United States with the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Berlin

After being exchanged for Rudolf Abel, the "Bridge of Spies" allowed for the release of Francis Gary Powers into this city, which he entered ["emphasize"] from its southeastern neighbor. Yevgeny Khaldei took a picture of two soldiers raising a flag over the parliament building in this city. The first torch relay occurred during an Olympic Games hosted by this city. This city, whose southeastern neighbor is(*) Potsdam, hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, where Jesse Owens won four gold medals. For 10 points, name this city which houses the Reichstag building, the current capital of Germany.

Rape of Nanjing

Episcopal missionary John Magee filmed this event. Robert O. Wilson was the sole surgeon treating the wounded at this event. Two participants in this event held a contest to see who could kill one hundred people with a sword, while German businessman John Rabe established a safety zone during this event. At the International Military Tribunal for the (*) Far East, Iwane Matsui and Hisao Tani were convicted for committing war crimes during this event. For 10 points, name this event which saw Japanese soldiers rape and massacre thousands of citizens in the namesake Chinese city.

Election of 1964

One candidate in this election proposed selling the Tennessee Valley Authority and letting the Eastern Seaboard "float off to sea". George Wallace and Nelson Rockefeller unsuccessfully sought their party nominations in this year. This election was the first in which the (*) District of Columbia possessed electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey was the vice presidential candidate for the victorious side in this election, during which the "Daisy Girl" ad was aired. For 10 points, name this election in which Republican Barry Goldwater was defeated by incumbent president Lyndon B. Johnson.

Pope John Paul II

This man was the subject of the third Secret of Fatima. This figure, who was unsuccessfully targeted in the Bojinka plot, controversially kissed a copy of the Koran while visiting a mosque in Syria, and survived being (*) shot by a member of the Grey Wolves, Mehmet Ali Agca. He began the celebration of World Youth Day, advocated against euthanasia and capital punishment in the encyclical Evangelium Vitae, and helped topple communist rule in his native country of Poland. For 10 points, name this former leader of the Roman Catholic church who was succeeded by Benedict XVI.

labor unions

O.B. Coppage's joining one of these organizations was at the center of the Supreme Court case Adair v. United States, which was later invalidated by the Norris-La Guardia Act. Harry Truman's veto was overriden to pass the (*) Taft-Hartley Act, which greatly reduced the power of these organizations. Membership in these groups was prohibited in yellow dog contracts, and Samuel Gompers notably led one of them. During the 1960s, a boycott on grapes was started by one of these organizations led by Cesar Chavez. For 10 points, name these organizations which lobby on behalf of employees, such as the United Farm Workers or AFL.

silver

Thalers from what is now Jáchymov were once made out of this material. It's not lead, but ancient Greeks extracted this material from galena. One nation's production of this commodity famously peaked with the discovery of the Cerro de Potosi in Bolivia, which then caused massive (*) inflation in the Spanish Empire. From one troy pound of this metal, Saxon kingdoms once minted 240 sterlings, which also named an alloy of this metal and copper often made into cutlery and jewelry. For 10 points, name this luxury metal that the Romans called argentum.

Don't Ask, Don't Tell (accept DADT)

The name of this policy was coined by psychologist Charles Moskos. This policy was challenged in McVeigh v. Cohen, and was eventually struck down in Log Cabin Republicans v. US. A 2012 Palm Center study found that voiding this policy had no impact on moral or (*) military readiness. In a State of the Union address, Barack Obama called reversing this policy "the right thing to do," and this policy originally emerged as a compromise between the Clinton Administration and southern conservative senators. For ten points, name this former U.S. military policy prohibiting gay individuals from military service.

Henry

The third king of this name came to power with the help of the valiant knight William Marshal, and he won the battle of Evesham against Simon de Montfort, ending the Second Barons' War. That king of this name was forced to sign the Provisions of Oxford and Westminster. An English king of this name wrestled a French king at the (*) Field of the Cloth of Gold. Another ruler with this name issued the Constitutions of Clarendon and was the first Angevin king of England. That king married Eleanor of Aquitaine and accidentally had Thomas à Becket killed. For 10 points, give this name of eight English kings, the last of whom had six wives.

Missouri Compromise

Thomas Jefferson likened the debate over this law to a "fire bell ringing in the night." The Tallmadge Amendment was a proposed addition to this law that would free slaves when they were twenty-five years old. This law was repealed by (*) Roger Taney's ruling in the Dred Scott case because this law had originally specified that states formed above the 36'30° [thirty-six thirty] parallel would be "free" states. For 10 points, name this 1820 compromise that allowed entry of the namesake state into the Union, along with Maine.

oil industry

Two rival companies in this industry allegedly backed the two sides of the 1930s Chaco War. Charles Pratt was an early founder of a company in this industry, which was responsible for the 1979 Ixtoc disaster. Thomas J. Walsh led an investigation into this industry that implicated Edward Doheny, and Operation Ajax was launched by the U.S. in response to the (*) nationalization of this industry in one country. A scandal in this industry involved the leasing of the Elk Hills; that incident was the Teapot Dome Scandal. Muckraker Ida Tarbell attacked the business practices of one company in--for 10 points--what industry over which John D. Rockefeller once held a monopoly?

Fall of Constantinople

Venetian surgeon Niccolo Barbaro wrote an eyewitness account of this event. The leader of this event declared himself Kayser-i-rum, or "Caesar of the Romans" after its success. Giovanni Giustiniani ordered his ships to defend the Golden Horn during this event, which also saw which saw one side utilize Orban's "Basilica" cannons. (*) Constantine XI Paleologos surrendered during this event, after which the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. For 10 points, name this event which saw Mehmet the Conqueror destroy the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

Cesar Chavez

While leading an organization, this man instituted the Synanon community requirement "the Game," which required each member to be singled out to hear harsh, profanity-laced criticism from the rest of the group. While this man was undertaking a 25-day fast in Phoenix, his partner came up with the slogan "si se puede," ["see say pway-day"] or "yes,(*) one can." With Dolores Huerta, this man organized a march of grape workers from Delano to Sacramento and co-founded the UFW. For 10 points, name this Mexican-American activist, who founded the NFWA.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

17. A kingdom in this modern-day country was legendarily defeated by the Jewish queen Gudit. In this country, Operation Solomon rescued some people, who, according to the Kebra Nagast, were descended from the Queen of Sheba. This country was invaded in the Ogaden war. This country was led by Mengistu as the head of the communist Derg, which came to power following the ouster of a man venerated in (*) Rastafarianism. This country resisted European domination by defeating Italy at the battle of Adowa under the leadership of Menelik II. For 10 points, name this African country, which joined the UN under Haile Selassie.

Benito Mussolini

3. .This man was wary of Catholic Action, which he saw as a continuation of the People's Party that he had dissolved. This man's supporters fed castor oil to opposition priests and politicians. This leader's party secured power after automatically gaining a two-thirds majority due to the Acerbo Law. After his deposition, this man was installed as the head of the puppet (*) Salo Republic. Pius XI signed the Lateran Accords with this leader. Victor Emmanuel III failed to prevent this man's March on Rome from taking control of the government. For 10 points, name this Italian dictator during World War II.

Switzerland

8. This nation voted in 2009 to ban the construction of minarets. After being arrested during a church service in this country, Michael Servetus was executed for heresy. A theologian from this country who eventually died in the Kappel Wars debated Martin Luther at the Marburg Colloquy and was named Huldrych (*) Zwingli. A city in this country was controlled by a man who claimed that God"unconditionally elects" certain people to join heaven in his Institutes of the Christian Religion. For 10 points, name this confederation of cantons that allowed John Calvin to be virtual dictator of its city Geneva.

Shays' Rebellion

A farmer named Plough Jogger gave a famous speech about the oppression he'd suffered in the run-up to this event, which was sparked in part by a man's anger at being forced to pawn a sword given to him by the Marquis de Lafayette. The goal of this event was to take the Springfield armory and eventually overthrow the United States government, but it was dispersed by the combined forces of James (*) Bowdoin and Benjamin Lincoln. For 10 points, name this rebellion that broke out in Massachusetts in 1786 due to excessive tax burden and a refusal by the government to print paper currency.

Woodstock Music

A group asking for a helicopter to this event was responded to with a telegram acronymically spelling out an expletive. Arnold Skolnick designed a poster for this event depicting a white dove, and Bobbi Kelly and Nick Ercoline were photographed huddling in a (*) blanket during it. Despite its name, this event actually took place at Max Yasgur's dairy farm. Near its end, a man in a white leather jacket and red head scarf performed the Star Spangled Banner, and it was attended by Creedence Clearwater Revival and Jimi Hendrix. For 10 points, name this symbol of the counterculture, a music festival in upstate New York in the summer of 1969.

Tokyo (accept Edo before mention)

A massive 1657 fire in this city was legendarily begun by a priest attempting to burn a cursed robe. The Akō incident in a namesake castle in this city began a legend involving forty-seven warriors, and the Boshin War culminated in the capture and (*) renaming of this city. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed on a ship in the bay of this city, and the capital of the Showa period was this city. The Tokugawa shogunate was also named after this city, and following the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, the capital was moved from Kyoto to this city. For 10 points, name this city that was known as Edo before taking its modern name as Japan's capital.

Federative Republic of Brazil

A religion integrating traditional Bantu, Fon, and Yoruba beliefs known as Candomblé was brought to this country by slaves, but slavery in this country was later abolished in a movement that began with the passage of the Law of the Free Womb. President Juscelino Kubitschek employed Lucio Costa and (*) Oscar Niemeyer to design and construct a new capital for this country, whose independence was previously declared in the "Cry of Ipiranga" speech. Getulio Vargas began the Estado Novo period to lengthen his rule in this country, and rights to it was given to Portugal by the Treaty of Tordesillas. For ten points name this largest South American country

Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini

After this man was arrested following his denouncement of his country's White Revolution, his supporters launched the 15 Khordad uprising. This man compared signing one treaty to "drinking a cup of poison." That treaty discarded any claims his country's neighbor had over the Khuzestan province. This man, who referred to the (*) United States as the "Great Satan" and issued a fatwah against Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses, backed the kidnappers during his country's four hundred forty-four day hostage crisis. For 10 points, name this Shiite cleric who overthrew the Shah in the Iranian Revolution.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (or FDR; prompt on Roosevelt; accept anything uniquely identifying the answer as the latter Roosevelt such as "the 32nd President")

Among this president's affairs included one with his wife's secretary Lucy Mercer. Figures like Harry Hopkins were members of this man's advisory committee the "Brain Trust," and he delivered a record 307 Executive Orders. This man explained a national (*) banking holiday during the first of a series of notable radio addresses, and he created programs like the Securities and Exchange Commission and Works Progress Administration in response to a period beginning with the Black Tuesday stock crash. For 10 points, name this president who enacted the New Deal as he led the US through the Great Depression.

Boston

Anthony Burns was a slave who was tried in this city after he was captured due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Evacuation Day commemorates the surrender of the British at a siege in this city on March 17, and in 1919, the Great Molasses Flood occurred in this city. Brahmins were elitists from this city, which is cut by the (*) Charles River. This city was originally founded by Puritans and is home to the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. For ten points, name this capital of Massachusetts, where a famous "Tea Party" took place.

Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus

Apollodorus of Damascus criticized the size of statues in a temple designed by this man. This notable philhellene created the Panhellenion League of city-states, and early in this man's reign he executed four consuls including Lucius Quietus. This emperor sponsored the cult of his deceased lover (*) Antinous who drowned while with this man on one of his many travels. This husband of Vibia Sabina controversially evacuated most of the territory seized by his predecessor Trajan. For ten points, name this third of the Five Good Emperors with a namesake wall in Britain.

Bush family (accept Prescott Bush; accept George Herbert Walker Bush; accept George Walker Bush)

As senator, one member of this family drafted a namesake Hurricane Survey Act and was implicated in a plan to install Smedley Butler as a fascist president, known as the Business Plot. One member of this family threw up at a (*) Japanese state dinner, gave the "thousand points of light" speech, won the presidency with the assistance of an ad showing a tank-riding Michael Dukakis, and promised "Read my lips: no new taxes." One member of this family named an era of tax cuts and began the "No Child Left Behind" education policy. For 10 points, name this American political family of two presidents named George.

opium wars

Auguste Chapdelaine's execution prompted French involvement in one of these events. Superintendent Eliot's decision to hold a trial on a warship regarding the murder of a villager by two British sailors led to another of these events. Lin Zexu wrote an open letter to (*) Queen Victoria questioning British morality preceding one of these conflicts. France, Russia, and the US could establish legations in Beijing as a result of these wars. The Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Nanking as a result of these wars, ceding Hong Kong to Britain. For 10 points, name these Anglo-Chinese Wars fought over the smuggling of their titular drug.

Georgia (accept Worcester v. Georgia; accept Furman v. Georgia)

Because one institution in this state was visible from interstate highways, Tom C. Clark opined that the Commerce Clause could be used to compel it to serve black clients. In response to another case originating from this state, Andrew Jackson said, (*) "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" That case ruled that only the federal government could negotiate with Indian tribes and was titled Worcester v. [this state]. The death penalty was temporarily suspended in the U.S. after William Henry Furman won a case against this state. For 10 points, name this Southern state at the center of the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.

Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.

Briggs v. Elliot was one of five cases combined with this court case. During this case, William Rehnquist wrote a memo arguing that the case it eventually overturned should instead be affirmed. The action mandated by this case was not begun until a second suit was filed by the same plaintiff in 1955. That action was to be undertaken (*) "with all deliberate speed" after that second suit. The unanimous opinion in this case was penned by Earl Warren and stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." For 10 points, name this 1954 case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and found that segregation in schools was unconstitutional.

Newfoundland

Cape Race in this modern-day place was possibly the first place on land that received RMS Titanic's SOS signal. The Strait of Belle Isle in this location was first discovered in 1497 by John Cabot. A close 1948 referendum ended this place's British dominion status, after which it joined a neighbor to the (*) west. This place's namesake Grand Banks enabled a booming cod industry off its shores. L'Anse aux Meadows on this island was found to have been settled by the Vikings, who called this island Vinland. With its first European discovery by Leif Eriksson, for 10 points, name this island with a capital at St. John's that names a Canadian province with the Labrador peninsula.

New York Police Department (accept NYPD)

Clarence Lexow sponsored one investigation of this organization in the 1890s. One member of this organization, Michael Dowd, spent over 12 years in prison for running a racketeering and narcotics ring in it. Corrupt officials in this organization were divided into "meat eaters" and "grass eaters" by the Knapp Commission, whose creation was spurred by the shooting of (*) Frank Serpico. This agency's chokehold policy led to the death of Eric Garner in 2014, while 23 officers from this organization lost their lives on 9/11. For ten points, name this law enforcement organization tasked with defending America's largest city.

the death of Diana, Princess of Wales (accept more specific substitutes for death, such as car crash or automobile accident until "car crash;" accept Princess Di in place of Diana)

Conspiracy theories surrounding this event point to the supposed "suicide" of James Andanson, the owner of a suspicious white Fiat Uno. A replica of the Statue of Liberty's flame is often mistaken as a monument to this event since it served as an impromptu shrine in its wake. A rewritten version of (*) "Candle in the Wind" was performed by Elton John in response to this event that also led to the death of Henri Paul and Dodi Fayed. A crowd of paparazzi and an inebriated driver were blamed for this event. For 10 points, name this event, in which a car crash in Paris's Pont de l'Alma tunnel killed the first wife of Prince Charles.

Hirohito

Criticism of this man was subject to a florally-named taboo, but that didn't stop The Sun from writing "Let the Bastard Rot in Hell" when he died in 1989. One of this ruler's prime ministers was assassinated by the ultra right-wing League of Blood in the May 15 Incident. This ruler established several puppet states after the (*) Mukden Incident. After admitting that he wasn't a god, this man was kept in power by Douglas MacArthur. This ruler oversaw an economic miracle led by companies like Sony and Honda after the execution of his prime minister Hideki Tojo. For 10 points, name this World War II-era emperor of Japan.

Paul Davis Ryan

David Canon argued that this man had only sponsored three bills that became law, including one renaming a post office in Janesville, and his most recent opponents have included Paul Nehlen and Ryan Solen. With Patty Murray, this man helped pass the (*) Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, and he proposed a budget called the "Path to Prosperity." After the Freedom Caucus refused to support Kevin McCarthy to replace John Boehner, this man was chosen as a compromise candidate instead. This man was the 2012 Republican nominee for Vice-President. For 10 points, name this Republican congressman from Wisconsin and current Speaker of the House.

Battle of Lepanto

Decisive to the outcome of this battle was the invention of new triple-masted ships with gun-decks enabling firing in all directions. That invention, the galleass, was the spearhead of two formations led respectively by Agostino Barbarigo and John (*) of Austria. The opposing fleet at this battle assembled in three wings and attempted a flanking maneuver under the pirate Uluj Ali, who was met with two galleasses held in reserve under Andrea Doria. For 10 points each, name this naval battle fought in the Gulf of Patras in 1571, the beginning of the "Age of Sail" and the end of Ottoman naval supremacy.

fall of the Western Roman Empire

Description acceptable. This process was hastened by a shift in power to Milan, then Ravenna, and the execution of Stilico. This process more or less began at the Battle of Adrianople, where Valens died. It ended after Romulus Augustulus was deposed by (*) Odoacer. Theodosius staved its completion off, and it surprisingly was not completed when Attila the Hun invaded. In a 1776 book, it was attributed to a loss of civic virtue caused by the spread of Christianity, by Edward Gibbon. For 10 points, name this process which ended in 476 after many barbarian tribes had sacked the capital of the most powerful empire in Europe.

Peloponnesian War

Donald Kagan notably wrote a four volume history of this conflict. Mytilene attempted to unify with cities on the island of Lesbos during this war, and after much debate, Melos was destroyed for refusing to join one side in this war. This war ended with the destruction of one side's fleet by (*) Lysander at the Battle of Aegospotami. Thucydides's most famous history chronicles this war, and the disastrous Sicilian Expedition took place during it. The Delian League in this group was organized by Athens, who were opposed to the namesake League organized by Sparta. For 10 points, name this long conflict amongst many Greek city-states.

Calcutta

During the 1800's, this city's "Babu Culture" fostered a cultural revival in it. One battle that took place near this city saw Yar Lutuf and Mir Jafar betray one side. After losing the Battle of Buxar, Mir Qasim was forced to give up this city to the British East India Company. Robert (*) Clive launched a campaign against Siraj ud-Daulah as a result of an event that occurred in this city. That incident occurred when Siraj trapped several British prisoners of war in a cramped prison cell. For 10 points, name this Indian city that was the location of a notorious "Black Hole."

Falklands War

During this war, three whales were torpedoed by the Brilliant after being mistaken for submarines. A photograph depicting a marine with a flag attached to his radio titled The Yomper was taken during this war, during which Exocet missiles damaged the Sheffield. This conflict saw fighting at Goose Green, as well as the Conqueror's sinking of the General Belgrano. After(*) Port Stanley was captured in this conflict, Leopoldo Galtieri resigned. Margaret Thatcher's popularity increased after her successful handling of this war. For 10 points, name this war over a disputed archipelago in the South Atlantic, which was fought between the United Kingdom and Argentina.

Irish potato famine (or the Great Famine; or the Great Hunger; accept basically anything about there being a famine or starvation in Ireland)

Eight people retraced the Trail of Tears in 1992 to commemorate Choctaw aid during this event. During this event, 300 residents of Ballinlass were evicted from their homes, and many children began attending Protestant schools during this period as part of a practice known as (*) "souperism." People boarded "coffin ships" in order to escape this event, and Robert Peel advocated for the repeal of the Corn Laws during this event. An island's population declined by 25 percent after the spread of a blight during this event. For 10 points, name this event in which the destruction of a namesake crop caused massive starvation on an island east of Britain.

Council of Trent

Elector Maurice of Saxony's victory over Charles V in 1552 temporarily broke up this meeting. The Augsburg Interim established a temporary compromise prior to this meeting's conclusion. This church council affirmed the scriptural authority of the deuterocanonical books. After presiding over this council, Pope(*) Pius IV summarized its teachings in the Tridentine Creed. This council defined seven sacraments, and condemned the Protestant doctrine of "justification by faith alone." For 10 points, name this ecumenical council that started the Counter Reformation.

Second Boer War

Emily Hobhouse was a prominent critic of atrocities during this war, and a system of blockhouses connected by telegraph wires was established to counter guerrilla activity in this war. One event cited as a casus belli for this war was led by Leander Starr Jameson; Jan Smuts called that event "the real declaration of war". Many concentration camps (*) were set up during this war by Lord Kitchener, who also advocated for the use of scorched-earth tactics. Prominent battles during this conflict include the siege at Mafeking and Kimberley, and this conflict was ended by the treaty of Vereeniging. For 10 points, name this war fought between the British and a Dutch group in South Africa.

penal colony

Fezzan served as one of these entities while under Ottoman control. Antonio Salazar converted the Cape Verde Islands into one of these entities, known as Tarrafal. In the 19th Century, the French government set up New Caledonia as one of these, sending thousands of Algerians there in the 1860s. By importing British (*) debtors to his lands, James Oglethorpe essentially created one of these colonies in Georgia. Colonial Australia served as, for 10 points, what type of entity to which convicts were exiled for the duration of their sentence?

First Battle of Marne Tiebreaker

Fighting began at this battle when the Sixth Army clashed with the IV Reserve Corps at the Ourcq River. Alexander von Kluck disobeyed orders during this battle by charging straight into Charles Lanrezac's division. This battle was preceded by a withdrawal from Mons, known as the Great Retreat. After this battle, both sides attempted to utilize their respective enemy's northern flank in the (*) "Race to the Sea." Joseph Galleani ordered taxi drivers to ferry soldiers to and from this battle. For 10 points, name this battle which stopped the Schlieffen Plan from succeeding.

Nigeria

Frederick Lugard united the two halves of this country in 1914. One major conflict in this country followed the murder of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and sparked the creation of Doctors without Borders. The "Coup from Heaven" in this country killed dictator Sani Abacha, who had executed activist Ken Siro-Wiwa for opposing (*) Royal Dutch Shell. This nation's first peaceful transition of elected power occurred after its 2015 elections, as Muhammadu Buhari defeated incumbent Goodluck Jonathan. For 10 points, name this most populous African country and home of Boko Haram whose largest city is Lagos.

Berlin

Gail Halverson became known as the "candy bomber" after dropping twenty three tons of candy on this city. A meeting held in this city revised a treaty that recognized Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania as free states and ended the Russo-Turkish War known as the Treaty of San Stefano. Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped this city's (*) parliament building in polypropylene, which was set on fire in 1933 by a communist bricklayer. This home of the Reichstag and Brandenburg Gate became divided by a structure that Ronald Reagan would order Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down. For ten points, name this city that was split in half by a wall during the Cold War, the capital of Germany.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Howell Cobb warned a proposed amendment to this legislation had kindled a fire "only seas of blood could extinguish." A certain action at the age of 25 was described in the Tallmadge amendment to this legislation, and the "second" of this legislation concerned a revised state constitution in part excluding (*) mulattoes. Henry Clay was instrumental in passing this agreement that took land out of Massachusetts to create the state of Maine, and it was later undone by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. For 10 points, name this agreement that set a northern limit for slavery and was named for the new midwestern state it admitted to the Union.

Aborigines

It was not for civil rights, but Charles Perkins led a Freedom Ride in 1965 to end the segregation of these people. In his namesake treaty, John Batman bought Port Phillip from these people, who were the targets of the Myall Creek Massacre. Judge Richard Blackburn ruled against these people in the (*) Gove Land Rights Case but that decision would later be repealed with the Mabo Case. Kevin Rudd publicly apologized for the separation of these people's children from their families, who became known as the "Stolen Generation." For 10 points, name these native peoples of Australia.

gunpowder

It's not agricultural, but Louis XVI appointed Antoine Lavoisier ("lav-WA-zee-air") to lead a commission relating to this technology. Zeng Gongliang sponsored a work that contained the first instructions for creating this thing, the Wujing Zongyao. The Eleutherian Mills were originally created by the (*) Dupont family to produce this commodity in Delaware. Although it's not fertilizer, bat guano can be used to process this commodity. Saltpeter is an important component in this substance. Guy Fawkes was involved in a plot named after this substance to blow up Parliament. For 10 points, name this combustible substance that is used in firearms.

Timur the Lame

Johann Schiltberger witnessed one of this man's greatest victories at which the Serbian Prince Stefan Lazarevic was unable to protect his liege. This man famously defeated the Tughlaq dynasty by putting burning heaps of wood on camels to frighten his enemy's war elephants, winning the 1398 Battle of (*) Delhi. Four years later, this man won the Battle of Ankara, defeating Bayezid the Thunderbolt. This man's casket was opened three days prior to Operation Barbarossa, allegedly with a curse of destruction inscribed in it. The head of an empire with capital Samarkand, for 10 points, name this "lame" Turkic man who massacred five percent of the world population.

Atlantic slave trade (accept close equivalents such as buying slaves or selling slaves or transporting slaves; prompt on slavery and equivalents; anti-prompt

John Kimber was acquitted of murder for actions while participating in this practice. A series of letters by Afonso I requested Joao III to curtail this practice among his subjects. Kingdoms which benefited from this economic activity included Oyo and Dahomey. Olaudah Equiano and (*) William Wilberforce fought against this practice, and John Newton wrote the song "Amazing Grace" after becoming disillusioned with this practice. Along with distilling rum and growing sugar, this practice made up the third side of the "triangle trade." The "middle passage" was part of, for 10 points, what practice of buying and selling humans?

Memphis

Just outside this city, three employees of the Peoples Grocery were lynched in 1892. To encourage blacks to vote in this city, poll taxes were paid for by E.H. Crump's political machine. A speech given in this city called for a boycott of Wonder Bread and ends with the speaker saying "Mine eyes have seen the coming of the glory of the Lord." A man who visited this city during a (*) sanitation strike and gave the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech was assassinated while at this city's Lorraine Motel by James Earl Ray. For 10 points, name this Tennessee city where Martin Luther King was killed.

First Crusade

Kilij Arslan was defeated by Bohemond of Taranto at this war's Battle of Dorylaeum. This war had leaders including Raymond IV and Godfrey of Bouillon ["Boo-yon"]. This conflict followed a campaign led by Peter the Hermit, and states like Edessa and Antioch were established in the aftermath of this conflict. This conflict was sparked by a request for aid from(*) Alexios Komnenos ["Al-ex-ee-os Kom-nen-os"], and it was declared during a speech by Pope Urban II stating "God wills it" at the Council of Clermont. For 10 points, name this original attempt by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land of Jerusalem from the Muslims.

Hurricane Harvey

Linda Sarsour came under fire when it was revealed she had misled donors who thought they would help victims of this event. A Tyler County official told residents to write their Social Security Numbers on their arms before this event. This event was mitigated by the (*) "Cajun Navy," whose members brought their boats down Interstate 10 after this event to perform rescues. J.J. Watt helped raise millions of dollars to help his adopted hometown after this disaster. The wettest tropical cyclone in U.S. history was, for 10 points, what storm that caused billions in damage to Houston, Texas in August 2017?

Paris Commune

Louise Michel, known as the "Red Virgin of Montmartre," was executed for conspiring with this group. Many members of this group were deported to New Caledonia in the South Pacific after it was dissolved. This group was suppressed during "the bloody week" when the National Guard was defeated by Army regulars. This government interrupted the (*) third republic in the capital, following the end of the Franco-Prussian War, and it strongly influenced the ideas of Karl Marx. For 10 points, name this radical socialist government that briefly ruled from the French Capital in the late nineteenth century.

Corinth

Lucius Mummius Achaicus sacked this non-Carthage city in 146 B.C. after defeating the Achaean league under Diaeus, helping to solidify Roman dominance in Greece. According to Strabo, the temple of Aphrodite in this city was noted for the presence of hundreds of hetaerae, essentially sacred (*) prostitutes. An area near this city names a Panhellenic games that is not Olympic, Nemean, or Pythian. This city is the namesake of a famous isthmus that connects Peloponnesian peninsula to mainland Greece. For 10 points, name this Greek city, the namesake of a style of column that is not Doric or Ionic.

Japanese Internment camps

Mackenzie King created facilities at Slocan Valley and Christina Lake after enacting this policy in Canada. Two men who were subjected to this policy were shot by Clarence Burleson in the Lordsburg Killings. This system's enactment was partly influenced by the Niihau incident, in which a pilot who took part in the attack on (*) Pearl Harbor crashed into a Hawaiian island. Tule Lake and Manzanar were the locations of facilities for this system, and Korematsu v. United States protested this American practice, which was put forth in Executive Order 9066. For ten points, name this World War II measure taken by the United States against a specific East Asian peoples.

Oxford

Members of a religious movement within the Church of England that took its name from this city eventually became associated with Anglo-Catholicism. One of those men, beatified by Benedict XVI in 2010, was John Henry Newman. The St. Scholastica Day Riots occurred in this city. (*) A 1261 papal bull overturned provisions named for this city that Henry III had agreed to at the urging of Simon de Montfort. Before he was dismissed for his radical ideas, religious reformer John Wycliffe was a master at this city's university's Balliol College. For 10 points, name this British city, probably most famous for having the oldest university in Britain.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

Men in this civilization were forced to serve in the military under the ilku system and a series of 243 letters from this civilization at Nimrud was translated by H.W.F. Saggs. The Aramean and Hurrian peoples were driven out of this empire by its first king, Adad-nirari II. It's not Sumer, but one king of this empire built and names a library that contains the (*) Epic of Gilgamesh. This empire defeated Nabonassar under Tiglath-Pileser III but was later conquered by the Babylonian Empire in 612 B.C. For 10 points, name this Near East Empire led at one point by Ashurbanipal with capital at Nineveh.

Francisco Pizarro Gonzalez

Mishaps on one voyage led Pedro de los Rios to withdraw support of this man. After that, this man famously drew a line in the sand and asked his men to stay with him, but only thirteen stayed. Those men became known as the Famous Thirteen. This man received help from longtime partner Diego Almagro, but he was killed by Almagro's forces in the Battle of (*) Las Salinas. This victor of the Battle of Cajamarca founded the city of Lima after executing Atahualpa. For ten points, name this Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan empire.

Baghdad

Nobakht Ahvazi and Mashallah ibn Atharī decided when this city's construction would begin, to coincide with favorable star alignments. In this city, the poet Al-Mutanabbi names a central street which is known for its outdoor booksellers. The Golden Gate Palace housed rulers in this city, which saw a river (*) run black with the ink of manuscripts from its many libraries. Al-Mansur founded this city, where scholars such as Sahl ibn-Harun and Al-Jazari studied at the House of Wisdom. Hulagu Khan led the Mongol sacking of this city in 1258. For 10 points, name this capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate and the modern-day capital of Iraq.

Etruscans

People in this civilization are led to the afterlife by the blue, hammer-wielding death god Charun ["Cha-roon"]. That afterlife of this civilization is ruled by Aita. A dictionary of this people's language was published by the last man who was able to read their language; that man was the emperor Claudius. This civilization expanded northwards into the Apennine Mountains. Twelve(*) cities, including Arretium and Zeii, formed an alliance known as its namesake league. Servius Tullius, a king from a dynasty of these people, was overthrown by Tarquin the Proud. For 10 points, name this pre-Roman civilization of Italy.

United States of America (accept either underlined portion; accept abbreviations like U.S.A.)

Peoples from this modern day country used flattened stone disks to play a game called chunkey, and a mica hand artifact originated from the Hopewell tradition in this country. Rooms called kivas can be found in ruins in this country, and large earthen structures like Monks (*) Mound can be found at the Cahokia site in this country. One culture from this country has anthropological sites at both Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde, where dwellings have been built into the cliffside. For 10 points, name this country of origin for cultures like the Anasazi, Pueblo, and Mississippian.

Justinian I

Perozes wrote a letter to one general under this ruler that told him to "prepare a bath" prior to the Battle of Dara, at which this ruler's forces defeated the Sassanid army. Forces sent by this ruler defeated the Ostrogoths at the 552 Battle of Taginae, resulting in a successful conquest of Italy. This ruler, who was the subject of The Secret History by (*) Procopius, has his generals Mundus and Belisarius put down a revolt by the Blues and the Greens. After the Nika riots, this ruler ordered the building of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor who was married to Theodora.

Colombia

Plan Lazo was developed by the United States to stomp out the "Marquetalia Republics" within this country's rural heartlands. Those republics had formed in the decade of unrest after the assassination of presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitan in this country, a period known as (*) La Violencia. In this country, the anti-guerrilla operation would have the unexpected effect of galvanizing leftist militias into forming militant groups like FARC. For 10 points, name this South American country formerly home to a vicious cocaine-funded civil war between communist terrorists and right-wing militias.

roads (accept highways, streets, or other obvious equivalents)

Primitive examples of these structures are known as "corduroy." One culture's examples of these structures were often accompanied by mansios, and were standardized at 2.37 meters wide. John Loudoun McAdams developed a system for creating these structures, and Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill to create one of these structures in (*) Maysville. One civilization renown for these structures built on the work of the Wari people, and examples of these structures include the "Royal" one in Persia and the "Silk" one of Central Asia. For ten points, name these avenues of transportation designed for human, animal, or vehicular traffic.

alpine skiing (or downhill skiing)

Prominent brands originally founded for this activity include K2 and Rossignol, and participants in it can unconventionally lift their heels in its "telemark" variant. The federation FIS is named for this activity, and a characteristic "V" is produced when (*) jumping in this activity. Beginners in this activity learn techniques like "french fries" and "pizza," and successful American athletes in this sport include Bode Miller and Lindsey Vonn. This is the most popular of the sports that might involve "black diamond" ratings or take place at Aspen. For 10 points, name this winter sport in which people descend "slopes" by using poles and a namesake pair of thin planks.

Haymarket Square riot

Richard Oglesby commuted the death sentences of two people involved in this event, while an editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung sang La Marseillaise before being hung for his role in it. A New York Times article about this event was titled "Anarchy's Red Hand". The day prior to this event, August (*) Spies told a group of striking workers to "hold together... stand by their union" during a speech at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. plant. Samuel Fielden spoke just before this event, which began when a bomb was thrown at police during a demonstration for eight-hour work days. For 10 points, name this 1886 riot in a Chicago square.

Wars of the Roses

Robin of Redesdale led an insurrection during this war, and after the passing of an Act of Accord, Lord Fauconberg and the Duke of Norfolk won the Battle of Towton in this war. Richard Neville, also known as Warwick the Kingmaker, switched his support between two parties in this war that began at the first battle of (*) St. Albans with the capture of Henry VI. This war ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field, where Richard III was defeated by Henry VII of the House of Tudor. For 10 points, name this war fought between the Houses of York and Lancaster, named after the flowery crests of the two houses.

Holy Roman Empire

Rulers of this state were depicted as assemblages of fruit and veg and in other strange fashions, since they were the main patrons of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. This state forced the Treaty of Karlowitz after its victory in the Battle of Zenta over the Ottomans. Two regents from this state supposedly (*) fell into a dung heap in 1618. Under Leopold I, this state was led to many military victories by Eugene of Savoy. This empire's army was led by Pappenheim, Tilly, Wallenstein, and other Catholics during the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this empire that included modern Germany, and which was ruled by Charles V.

Genocide

Samantha Power wrote a book about U.S. policy regarding this action, which she called "the problem from hell." Efrain Rios Montt was indicted for participation in one of these events in Guatemala. In 1995, one of these actions at (*) Srebrenica (sreh-breh-NEET-sah) resulted in Operation Deliberate Force, a bombing campaign that targeted Bosnian Serb forces. The Soviet Union perpetrated one of these events in Ukraine through a famine in an event known as the Holodomor. What type of mass murder, for 10 points, resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of Tutsis in Rwanda?

Pol Pot

Shortly before this man died, some "Extraordinary Chambers" were formed in partnership with the U.N. to assess his collaborators. This man's orders were carried out at places like Choeung Ek. This man worked with Ieng Sary, Nuon Chea, and "Comrade Duch," who operated a facility in a former high school usually known by a numerical abbreviation. This man called himself "Brother Number One" and ruled (*) Kampuchea starting in "Year Zero" after the overthrow of Lon Nol. This man had people who spoke foreign languages or wore glasses murdered by the millions at Killing Fields. For 10 points, name this genocidal leader of the Khmer Rouge and dictator of Cambodia.

homosexuals

Simon Lokodo alleged that children were being "recruited" to become these people in his country. In Indonesia's Aceh province, these people can be sentenced to 100 lashes, and Ireland's Ashers Bakery faced recent criticism after denying to make a cake with a picture of two Sesame Street characters and a message advocating for these people's rights. In 2014, (*) Uganda introduced a bill which stated that life imprisonment of the death penalty were justifiable punishments to these people. A June 2015 case in the U.S., Obergefell v. Hodges, legalized the marriage of these people. For ten points, name these people that are attracted to their same sex.

Charles Martel (accept Charles the Hammer before read; prompt on just "Charles")

Some relatively unknown children by this man include his son Bernard with his mistress Ruodhaid, though his actual wife was Rotrude of Treves. This man came to power through battles against Nuestrians at Amblève and Vincy, and Edward Gibbon called this man the (*) "savior of Christendom" for a victory that came against Abd al-Rahman near Poitiers. The Carolingian dynasty descended from this man's son Pepin the Short, and he rebuffed the Islamic advance into Europe through his victory at the Battle of Tours. For 10 points, name this Frankish leader who was nicknamed "the Hammer."

Persian Empire

Supposedly, boys in this state were only taught to "ride well, shoot straight, and speak the truth." The girl Gorgo convinced Cleomenes I not to attack this state, despite the money offered by Aristagoras. This state, which was the first to consistently use the title "King of Kings," was served by a 1700-mile Royal Road that ended at Sardis. This state conquered (*) Lydia after Croesus attacked it. This state, which conquered the Medes, was the first to be governed by satraps. It suffered the Ionian Revolt and was governed from Susa and Persepolis. For 10 points, name this victor of Thermopylae and loser at Marathon, a Near Eastern empire ruled by men like Cyrus and Xerxes.

Ireland

Tenant farmers in this place were helped by the Wyndham Land Purchase Act, which was agitated for by the Land League. A 1798 rebellion in this place was led by Wolfe Tone. An event in this place led to the conversion of "soupers" and was exacerbated by absentee landlords. That event in this place led to a wave of (*) "coffin ships" and the repeal of the Corn Laws. A man from this place was acquitted of involvement in the Phoenix Park Murders but was disgraced after the disclosure of his affair with Kitty O'Shea. This place gained Home Rule in 1914 after a campaign led by Charles Parnell. For 10 points, name this island that was hit by an 1840s potato famine.

Bulgaria

The Asen Dynasty founded this modern day nation's second empire while Khan Krum was a prominent leader of its first. Stefan Stambolov led an uprising in this country, whose "horrors" were denounced in William Gladstone's Midlothian Campaign. One government from this country assassinated Georgi Markov with an (*) umbrella gun, and although this country fought with the Axis in World War Two, its King Boris III protected this country's Jews. In 1014, Byzantine emperor Basil II gained his epithet as a "slayer" of these people. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation on the Black Sea with capital at Sofia.

affirmative action

The Philadelphia Plan was one example of this policy. In 2016, John Kasich said this policy amounted to "counting us like so many beans." The University of Michigan's application of this policy was partially upheld in cases named for Lee Bollinger, while the use of a quotas in this policy was outlawed in (*) Regents v Bakke. The Supreme Court twice evaluated Abigail Fisher's interaction with this policy, and in the United Kingdom this policy is known as positive discrimination. For ten points, name this policy which supports disadvantaged groups in hiring and educational admissions.

War of the Triple Alliance

The first major land battle of this war was fought at Yatay and included a capture of Corrientes. This war emerged out of a conflict involving the Colorados and the Blancos in a country led by Atanasio Aguirre, and Pedro II entrusted military command of his forces to the (*) Duke of Caxias during this war. This war, which began with an invasion of Mato Grosso, ended at the Battle of Cerro Cora after the death of President Francisco Solano Lopez. For ten points, name this bloodiest South American war in which Paraguay was defeated by a coalition of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.

Indus Valley civilization (accept river and synonyms for valley, as long as Indus is mentioned; accept Harappa until mention; anti-prompt

These peoples were succeeded by cultures named for the ochre-colored pottery they produced, as well as one named for a burial site, Cemetery H. The archaeologist R.D. Banerji discovered their most famous location, where the (*) "dancing girl" statue was unearthed. Major works of this civilization include the bitumen-lined Great Bath, as well as the world's first documented flush toilets. Its most famous archeological site is located in the modern-day province of Sindh. This civilization had sites at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. For 10 points, name this early civilization that cropped up around a namesake Asian river.

lynching

This action was perpetrated on George White of Wilmington, Delaware in 1903. Eleven Italians were victims of this action in 1891, sparking a diplomatic incident. Ida B. Wells published an exposé on this action, which was chronicled by the Department of Records and Archives at the (*) Tuskegee Institute. In 1991, Clarence Thomas quipped that the Anita Hill hearings represented a "high tech" one of these actions, and 14-year-old Emmett Till lost his life to this action in 1955. For ten points, name this form of extrajudicial killing often targeted against African Americans in the Jim Crow South.

Robert Mugabe

This head of state ordered the forceful clearing of shantytowns in a policy called Operation Move the Rubbish. Morgan Tsvangirai, the head of the Movement for Democratic Change who ran against this man in 2000, called on him to resign after army raids on November 15, 2017 placed him under (*) house arrest. This leader's G-40-backed wife and a military-backed member of the ZANU both vied to succeed him as president after a 2017 coup. In the 2000s, he attempted to address his country's hyperinflation. Emmerson Mnangagwa replaced, for 10 points, what former 93-year-old dictator of Zimbabwe?

Romulus

This man once threw a spear that could not be pulled out of the ground and later grew into a cornel tree. This man created a personal bodyguard of 300 soldiers known as the Celeres. This king's most famous action occurred on the day of the Parilia festival. Fighting between factions loyal to him and factions loyal to Tatius eventually led to (*) Numa Pompilius being crowned as this man's successor. This king undertook his most famous act after he saw six more vultures than his brother, giving him the right to choose the location where a city was founded. For 10 points name this founder of Rome and brother of Remus.

Stephen Grover Cleveland (accept Grover Cleveland)

This man utilized the Schomburgk Line to quell a crisis in Venezuela, and he controversially opposed a train fare discount when governor of his home state. In the White House, this man refused to annex Hawaii, and his frequent use of the veto earned him the nickname "His Obstinacy." This man overcame a scandal involving (*) Maria Halpin to defeat James Blaine for the presidency, and while in office this man signed the Dawes Act and crushed the 1894 Pullman Strike. For ten points, name this Bourbon Democrat from New York, the only president to serve non-consecutive terms.

Maria Theresa

This monarch chided her son Ferdinand for trying to bring a musician and other "useless people" onto the royal court. Her minister Gerard van Swieten attempted to dispel supernatural phenomena like vampires, and in the (*) Diplomatic Revolution, this monarch's minister Prince Kaunitz engineered an alliance between her country and France. Frederick the Great took control of the region of Silesia after disputing this woman's ascension in the War of the Austrian Succession, and she was the mother of Joseph II. For 10 points, name this Habsburg empress whose succession was allowed through the Pragmatic Sanction.

Labour Party

This party's principles are outlined in a section of its constitution called Clause Four, and it lost power after the release of a probably forged letter attributed to Grigory Zinoviev. One of this party's platforms was termed the (*) "longest suicide note in history," and came in an election in which Michael Foot and allies were trounced. The first prime minister from this party was Ramsay MacDonald. Under this party's leader Clement Attlee, the National Health Service was inaugurated, and a "new" form of this political party was championed by Tony Blair. For 10 points, name this British political party that opposes the Conservatives.

Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives

This position grew under Thomas Reed, who eliminated the disappearing quorum. When Democrat Jim Traficant supported Dennis Hastert for this position, he was stripped of his seniority. Frederick Muhlenberg was the first man to hold this office, and a 1910 revolt against Joseph (*) Cannon considerably limited its scope. The longest tenured holder of this office is Sam Rayburn, and James Polk is the only president to hold this position. In 1994, Newt Gingrich used the Contract with America to win this office. For ten points, name this legislative position held by Nancy Pelosi, John Boehner, and currently, Paul Ryan.

selling indulgences

This practice was often conducted illegally using images of the Mass of St. Gregory. This practice was attacked in a document that repeats the phrase "Christians are to be taught...." This practice was partially justified by the inexhaustible "Treasury of Merit." A couplet about this practice rhymes the words "rings" and "springs." This practice was one of the main ways of (*) financing the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica. Johann Tetzel's abuse of this practice was attacked in the Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther. For 10 points, name this practice of trading money for reduced time in purgatory.

California

This state was home to a rally organized by Ron Jones for the fascistic "Third Wave" political movement. An event in this state called "Pirandellian" by its main perpetrator was the subject of the documentary Quiet Rage; during that event here, preceded by a similar one led by David Jaffe and funded by the Office of Naval Research, David Eshelman emulated Strother Martin while wearing mirrored (*) sunglasses. A "privilege cell" was opened to non-rioting inmates of a makeshift prison in the basement of Jordan Hall in this state. For 10 points, "guards" in Palo Alto such as ""John Wayne"" worked at Philip Zimbardo's Stanford County Prison in what state?

Kansas

This state's capitol building houses John Steuart Curry's Tragic Prelude mural, which includes a fuming depiction of an abolitionist who led a massacre to avenge the sack of Lawrence in this state. Following the Civil War, cattle were often driven from this state to Texas through the Chisholm Trail, which began at its city of Abilene. The Wyandotte and (*) Lecompton were among four documents that have served as the official constitution of this state. In Illinois, Abraham Lincoln gave the Peoria Speech expressing his opposition to an act that established popular sovereignty in this state and Nebraska. For ten points, name this state that was nicknamed "Bleeding" in the 1850s, with its capital at Topeka.

North Korea (accept Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK, Bukhan, or Joseon Minjujueui Inmin Gonghwaguk; prompt on just Korea; do not prompt or accept "South Korea", "Republic of Korea", "ROK", "Hanguk", "Namhan", or "Daehan Minguk")

This target of the "strategic patience" policy led one of its neighbors to consider amending Article 9 of its constitution. The Ulchi-Freedom Guardian exercises simulate an attack from this country, and the THAAD [pronounce as one word] system was recently deployed in one of this country's neighbors. One leader threatened this country with (*) "fire and fury like the world has never seen." This country conducted two tests of its Hwasong-14 ICBM in July 2017, and claimed to have successfully tested a hydrogen bomb on September 3, 2017. For 10 points, name this East Asian country led by Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un.

Harriet Tubman

This woman purchased land in Auburn, New York which became her base of activity. This woman suffered seizures and visions after being hit in the head with an iron weight as a child, and while serving as a scout for the Union Army, this woman guided an 1863 raid at Combahee Ferry. In 2016, Treasury Secretary Jack (*) Lew announced that this woman would replace Andrew Jackson on the front of the $20 bill. For ten points, name this Maryland suffragist, abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor called the "Moses of her People" who personally rescued over 100 slaves.

Populist Party

Thomas E. Watson was this party's last nominee for President, receiving just over 29,000 votes in 1908. Watson had earlier risen to prominence as this party's Vice-Presidential nominee during a year in which the nominee for this party did not belong to it. That year was (*) 1896. In its first year and most successful year, this party gained 8% of the vote and carried 5 states under James Weaver on the Omaha Platform of 1892. Agrarianism and free silver were two major tenets of this party. For 10 points, name this late 19th-century political party that derived its name from its attempt to appeal to the people.

English Civil War

Thomas Wentworth was executed in the leadup to this war. Following this war, one man declared he would "not build Jericho again." Prince Rupert of the Rhine lost the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby in this war, and the more efficient New Model army was commanded by Thomas Fairfax. During this conflict, one group suffered (*) "Pride's Purge", and that group later became known as the powerless "Rump Parliament." The victor of this war declared himself Lord Protector, and essentially became a military dictator that briefly ended the monarchy. For ten points, name this 17th-century war between the Cavalier army of Charles I and the Roundhead army of Oliver Cromwell.

Warsaw Pact

Though not Croatia, the first leader of this body led Operation Whirlwind, which deposed men including Pál Maléter. One nation refused to establish diplomatic relations with a member of this body, as stated in the Hallstein Doctrine. Gustáv Husák took power after an event that prompted Albania to leave this alliance. In(*) 1956, Imre Nagy attempted to leave this alliance, leading to its removal of the Hungarian government. This alliance suppressed Alexander Dubček's ["Doob-check's"] reforms by invading Czechoslovakia in 1968. For 10 points, name this alliance of communist nations that opposed NATO.

Governor of Arkansas

Two candidates for this position were supported by factions known as "Minstrels" and "Brindletails" during the Brooks-Baxter War. Winthrop Rockefeller held this position in the early 1970's. David Hale claimed that a holder of this position had pressured him into providing loans to Jim and Susan (*) McDougal. The 101st Airborne division was brought in to prevent one holder of this position from stopping nine African-American students from entering a high school. For 10 points, name this position which was formerly held by Orval Faubus and Whitewater scandal participant Bill Clinton.

prisons (or jails; or penitentiaries; or any obvious synonyms; accept Eastern State Penitentiary or Attica Correctional Facility or Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary; prompt on island after "1962" is read)

Two competing design systems behind these institutions in America were the Auburn and Pennsylvania, the latter being used at an "Eastern State" one of them in Philadelphia. A 1971 hostage crisis at one of these places ended when state police were used by (*) Nelson Rockefeller. Touring these institutions was the original goal of Alexis de Tocqueville's trip that produced Democracy in America. The Attica riot took place at one of them, and in 1962, three people used an inflatable raft in a one-of-a-kind incident to leave one of them. For 10 points, name these institutions, one of which housed people like Al Capone on the island of Alcatraz.

Scotland (or Rìoghachd na h-Alba; prompt on Great Britain or United Kingdom until "southern neighbor" is read; do not accept or prompt on "England")

Two female martyrs living in this country were tied to stakes and drowned by the rising tide as part of a period of religious violence known as the "Killing Time." The Darién scheme tried to establish a colony of this country in (*) Panama. This country's southern neighbor attempted to force a political marriage on its infant queen in the Rough Wooing, which also aimed to break up the Auld Alliance between this country and France. The House of Stuart originated in this country, and James I of England was also James VI of this country. For 10 points, name this country joined by the 1707 Act of Union to England.

Divorce

Under Constantine I, attempting to do this to a person without proving them "a murderer, a preparer of poison, or a disturber of tombs" could result in being deported to an island. Cherokee could perform this action by placing a deerskin outside of their dwelling and placing a person's belongings on it. A "Velvet" one of these actions was opposed by Vaclav(*) Havel and split Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. "The Great Matter" was the term Henry VIII use to refer to this action, which he managed to perform with Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this action, historically involving remission of a dowry, by which a couple's marriage ends.

Theresa Mary May

Under the leadership of this figure's predecessor, this politician served as Minister for Women and Equalities. In 2002, this politician stated at a party conference that their party needed to repair its image as the "Nasty Party." In December 2017, this figure was the target of a (*) thwarted Islamist assassination plot, months after this person defended "pluralistic British values" in a speech before eking out a deal with the Democratic Unionist Party to maintain government control. For 10 points, name the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who began the formal Brexit process in 2017.

Chairman Mao Zedong

Wax replicas of mangos were made in a loyalty frenzy after some were gifted to this leader by Pakistani Foreign Minister Pirzada. This person noted that "the people alone, are the motive force of history" at the beginning of an influential book. After the (*) Lushan Conference, this leader purged Peng Dehuai from his government after Peng criticized one of this leader's five-year plan that created people's communes. This leader of the Red Army led his troops to Loushan Pass to escape Kuomintang forces in the Long March. For 10 points, name this first Chairman of the People's Republic of China who began the Cultural Revolution.

Tammany Hall

William Leggett led an opposition group to this organization originally known as the Equal Rights Party, which acquired its nickname after this group attempted to disband one of its meetings by shutting off the gaslights. That faction was better known as the Locofocos. William Mooney was the first Grand (*) Sachem of this group, that helped Al Smith secure the presidential nomination in 1928. This organization's power grew immensely after the arrival of Irish immigrants who escaped the Potato Famine, and its most famous leader was depicted with a sack of money in place of his head in a Thomas Nast cartoon. For ten points, name this 19th century political machine in New York, once led by Boss Tweed.

Carthage

With the help of Segestan allies, forces loyal to this polity defeated and killed Prince Dorieus. This city's influence on a certain island weakened following a defeat by Gelo and Theron at the 480 B.C. Battle of Himera. This city's most famous general's brother was killed and decapitated at the Battle of the (*) Metaurus River. This city experienced quasi-dynastic rule by the Magonid family and later the Hanoian family for several hundred years. This city's cothon is an example of an ancient circular harbor. One of this city's generals, a frequent target of Cato the Elder, led a daring crossing of the Alps. That man was Hannibal. For 10 points, name this North African Phoenician city-state that fought three wars with Rome.

Louis XIV

. One of this man's best generals was killed at the beginning of the Battle of Salzbach in 1675, which was part of a war that ended at the Treaty of Nijmegen. This monarch employed the Vicomte de Turenne as one of his field marshals. This husband of the Spanish Maria Theresa attempted to expand his domains in a war that ended at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668. That was the (*) War of the Devolution. Early in his reign, this king faced the Fronde Rebellion. This ruler's reign was dominated by Cardinal Mazarin until Mazarin's 1661 death, and this king notably constructed Versailles. For 10 points, name this French Bourbon king who was the Sun King.

Lyndon Baines Johnson

. This man acquired the nickname "landslide" following an 87 vote victory in a highly-contested 1948 Senate primary. This man became the most junior senator to ever become party leader in 1952, which he did by gaining the support of the "conservative coalition." This man ran for the presidency in (*) 1960, but was selected as the nominee's running-mate in that year. This man declined to run for his party's nomination for a second full term, after being heavily maligned for his role in the Vietnam War. For 10 points, name this man, who passed Great Society and civil rights legislation after succeeding John F. Kennedy as President.

War of the Austrian Succession

1. Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was defeated at the Battle of Adyar by Governor-General Dupleix in the First Carnatic War, a theatre of this war. Thomas Carlyle coined the name for another theatre of this war, where the British wanted to force the Spanish to honor asiento. This war, which included the War of Jenkins' Ear, featured the Battle of Dettingen, the last time that the (*) English king led troops in battle. France gave the barrier towns to the Dutch and Frederick II gained Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle that ended this war. For 10 points, name this war involving most of Europe that supposedly began over the violation of Salic Law by Maria Theresa.

Iran-Contra scandal

1. Several months after this event, the President explained his denial about it by saying that "my heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not." Robert McFarlane came up with the scheme that led to this scandal, which resulted from a violation of the Boland Amendment. The Tower Commission implicated (*) John Poindexter and Oliver North in this scandal. For 10 points, name this Reagan-era scandal, in which money from weapon sales in a Middle Eastern country where diverted to fight the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.

Pope

10. One holder of this position declared that "absolute truth must be unchangeable." Another holder of this position, Formosus, was exhumed and tried posthumously. A legendary female holder of this position was named either Agnes or Joan. One holder of this position had the Donation of (*) Constantine forged to negotiate with Pepin the Short. Another holder of this position forced Henry IV to make a barefoot pilgrimage to Canossa as punishment for his actions during the Investiture Controversy. The seat of this position was moved to Avignon during the Babylonian Captivity. For 10 points, name this position, whose holder is the head of the Catholic Church.

Kingdom Cambodia

11. Barays formed an integral part of the irrigation system of an empire centered in this modern-day country. Ramesuan captured the capital of that empire, which contained the temple complex of Badong. Zhou Daguan is responsible for the largest surviving account of that empire in this country, which was founded by Jayavarman II. A later ruler of this country instituted a (*) Year Zero policy that resulted in the creation of the Killing Fields and engaged in an extensive land-mine placing campaign. Democratic Kampuchea was established by the Khmer Rouge in this modern-day country. For 10 points, name this country, ruled by Pol Pot from Phnom Penh for several decades.

Rome

12. A woman who betrayed this city was crushed to death after she asked for what the soldiers had on their arms. The second ruler of this city, who disbanded the Celeres and initiated the "leaping priests," was Numa. The first law code of this city was formed by two decemviri and was known as the Law of the (*) Twelve Tables. The final king of this city was overthrown by Lucius Junius Brutus following the rape of Lucretia. Tarpeia opened the gates of this city in hopes of obtaining some golden bracelets following the rape of the Sabine women. For 10 points, name this city, the seat of a republic that ruled much of Italy.

House of Tudor

12. An early member of this house named Owen Meredith had a father who took part in Owen Glendower's rebellion. The first king from this house established the Court of the Star Chamber to try nobles. That king from this house strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth of York. A king of this dynasty was served by (*) Thomas Cranmer and Thomas More, and used the first Act of Supremacy to annul his first marriage. That king from this house also executed his second wife, Anne Boleyn. For 10 points, name this royal house of England that gained the throne after the Wars of the Roses and included Henry VIII.

Tamerlane

12. Stefan Lazarevic commanded the left wing of an army against this ruler at a battle where one side was crippled by the desertion of the Anatolian beyliks. This man called himself an Islamic warrior after taking Smyrna from the Knights Hospitalliers. This man captured Bayezid I and allegedly used him as a footstool after the Battle of (*) Ankara. That battle came after this ruler's sack of the Delhi sultanate. This man, who ruled from Samarkand, claimed descent from Genghis Khan and acquired his name from a hip injury he received as a youth while stealing sheep. For 10 points, name this ruler, known as "the Lame."

Kurdish people

12. This ethnic group's national anthem declares they are "children of the Medes and Kai Khosrau." Showings of the documentary A Handful of Ash have been credited with a drop in rates of "khatana,"or female circumcision, in this ethnic group. This ethnic group speaks the Sorani and Kurmanji dialects. A member of this ethnic group is the imprisoned Marxist thinker Abdullah Ocalan, who created "Apoism" and founded the (*) PKK. Members of this ethnic group living on Mount Sinjar practiced the Yazidi religion. For 10 points, name this Aryan ethnic group whose Peshmerga defend their autonomous province of Northern Iraq.

Macedonian empire

13. A ruler from this place threatened Sparta with destruction if he invaded, but received a reply consisting solely of the word "If." That ruler of this empire replaced his troops' dory spears with the sarissa and was assassinated by Pausanias after the Battle of Chaeronea. This empire's most famous ruler won the Battle of the (*) Hydaspes River against King Porus in India, after which he lost his beloved horse Bucephalus. That ruler of this empire conquered the Persian empire after the battles of Gaugamela and Issus. For 10 points, name this empire led by Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Hungary

14. A leader of this country was promised safe haven in the Yugoslav embassy, only to be executed after the temporary resolution of the Tito-Stalin split and his extradition to the Soviet Union. Ferenc Szalasi led this country's fascist Arrow Cross party during World War II. Under Janos Kadar's (*) goulash communism, this country achieved some of the goals of an uprising crushed by a Soviet tank invasion, which occurred after Imre Nagy attempted to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact in 1956. For 10 points, name this Central European country, whose capital consists of the unified cities of Buda and Pest.

Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck

14. Churchill refers to this man as a "singular genius" with a "cold passion" before quoting him as saying that his country "must never let Russian friendship grow cold." This leader was challenged to choose which of two sausages had trichinella by Rudolf Virchow, a long-time opponent of this man who eventually supported the May Laws promulgated by this man's education minister Adalbert (*) Falk. Virchow was the first person to refer to this man's struggle against the Catholic Church's influence cas a "Kulturkampf." This man claimed that the questions of the age will be settled by "blood and iron." For 10 points, name this "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia.

Caesar Augustus

15. Tacitus and Cassius Dio claim that this man died after eating some figs poisoned by his wife. Popular opinion turned against this leader after he took an enemy's secret will from the temple of the Vestal Virgins. This leader allegedly cried, "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" after his forces were smashed by those of Arminius at the Battle of (*) Teutoburg Forest. This man gained the title of princeps, or "first citizen," after he defeated Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium. For 10 points, name this nephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Roman emperor.

Catherine the Great

15. This ruler forced the end of the War of the Bavarian Succession by threatening to invade. The Dniester was established as a border in the Treaty of Jassy during this ruler's reign. This ruler created the First League of Armed Neutrality to combat British sea power. An advisor of this ruler engineered the coup that overthrew this ruler's predecessor, Peter III. Grigory (*) Orlov advised this ruler until his enemies at court accused him of seducing his cousin. Another advisor to this ruler built fake villages in Ukraine to impress her and was named Grigory Potemkin. For 10 points, name this "enlightened despot" and Empress of Russia.

Iran

16. A revolution in this country included the burning of the Cinema Rex movie theatre. A leader of this country was overthrown with the involvement of the CIA in Operation Ajax. Operation Eagle Claw was a disastrous attempt at rescuing several Americans trapped in this country. The SAVAK police force was used to keep public order by the second member of the House of (*) Pahlavi to rule this country. Ayatollah Khomeini's forces took the U.S. embassy in this country, which began its namesake "hostage crisis." For 10 points, name this country, which is currently governed by Hassan Rouhani from Tehran.

Crete

16. A scholar of a civilization centered on this island determined that due to their unfortified center, they had a namesake non-Roman "pax." Quintus Caecilius Metellus gained his epithet by driving pirates off this island. While under Venetian control, this island was called the Kingdom of Candia. Bull-leaping iconography was found on frescos from this island. (*) Linear A and Linear B were discovered by Arthur Evans on this island, where he unearthed the palace of Knossos. For 10 points, name this Mediterranean island, once the home of the Minoan civilization.

India

16. This nation is the site of the world's largest Parsi population, which practices Zoroastrianism. The apostle Thomas founded several churches for Nasrani Christians in this nation. In this nation, a political party ended its "rath yaga" chariot journey shortly before a mob destroyed the Babri Masjid. This country has separate churches for Catholic Dalits in its state of (*) Goa. The final Tirthankara, Mahavira, founded Jainism in this country. B.R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in this country, prompting many "untouchables" to follow suit. For 10 points, name this country, home to the world's largest Hindu population.

Battle of Marathon

16. To commemorate this battle, 500 goats were sacrificed every year for several decades. This battle ended a campaign that retaliated against the burning of Sardis. The Plataeans contributed 1000 hoplites to the winning side at this battle. One side at this battle attacked during the Carneia, preventing Spartan reinforcements from arriving, but that did not save Datis and Artaphernes from being defeated by (*) Miltiades. This battle ended Darius I's invasion of Greece. According to legend, Pheidippides fell dead after reporting the result of this battle. For 10 points, name this battle, which lends its name to a 26.2 mile footrace.

Republic of Chile

17. An incident in this country in which young officers ceremonially rattled their sabers led to the establishment of the September Junta. A leader of this country ordered the assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, DC as part of Operation Condor. That leader from this country employed the Chicago Boys to develop his economy and had earlier overthrown a leader of this country who killed himself in La (*) Moneda Palace. For 10 points, name this country, where Augusto Pinochet overthrew Salvador Allende in a military coup in Santiago.

Opium Wars

17. During one of these conflicts, a coalition force under Michael Seymour captured the Dagu forts. That war is also known as the Arrow War, referring to a boat that was captured at its outset. Despite numerical superiority, the Eight Banners of one side in these conflicts were outmatched by the opposing side's more advanced rifles. Large quantities of a certain (*) commodity were destroyed at Humen in an incident prompting the first of these wars. The Treaties of Tianjin and Nanjing were two of the "unequal treaties" signed during these wars. For 10 points, name these conflicts in which European powers prevented China from stopping the trade of the namesake drug.

fall of the Soviet Union

17. This event led to a "Special Period" of economic depression in Cuba due to the dissolution of Comecon. Two years before this event, a human chain was formed across three countries on the 50th anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. An August coup during this event had its momentum killed after the new President made a speech while standing atop a (*) tank. This event led to the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and was accelerated due to the glasnost policies of Mikhail Gorbachev. For 10 points, name this event, in which many East European countries declared independence from a formerly Communist state.

William McKinley

18. A political cartoon depicts this man as a "straddle-bug", literally straddling the currency question. During this man's presidency, Congress passed the Teller Amendment in response to his declaration of war, which occurred after a certain vessel exploded in (*) Havana Harbor. This president won an election in which the "Cross of Gold" speech was given by William Jennings Bryan. During the Pan-American Exposition, this man was assassinated by the anarchist Leon Czolgolz. For 10 points, name this president who started the Spanish-American War and was succeeded by Teddy Roosevelt.

William the Conqueror

18. This man's victory over Geoffrey Martel at Varaville secured the independence of his duchy. This king attempted to resolve the York-Canterbury dispute with the Accord of Winchester, which he signed along with his wife Matilda of Flanders. This man's grandson, William Adelin, was killed in the White Ship disaster, which prompted the Anarchy. (*) Halley's comet appeared before one of this man's victories, which is recorded on the Bayeux Tapestry and resulted in the death of Harold II Godwinson. For 10 points, name this victor of the Battle of Hastings and first Norman king of England.

War of the Triple Alliance

2. One side of this war attempted to get Urquiza's support by invading Corrientes. Francisco Barroso won the most major naval battle of this war at Riachuelo. This war began when the Colorados defeated the Blancos in an election. The leader of a country in this war was killed at the Battle of Cerro Cora. The winning side in this war employed the Duke of (*) Caxias to reform their army. An estimated 90% of the males of one country in this war were killed, and that country was led through the war by Francisco Solano Lopez. For 10 points, name this South American conflict, fought between its namesake group of Bolivia, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay.

witch trials

20. Alse Youngs was involved in the first of these events to occur in New England. Another one of these events that took place in Wethersfield was prompted by Goodwife Ayres. One of these events included a test based on the "doctrine of effluvia" in which a cake was baked using urine and fed to a dog. Betty Parris and (*) Abigail Williams instigated one of these events by blaming fits on the slave Tituba. The discovery of poppets and tests involving throwing in water were often used in events of this type. For 10 points, name these pseudo-legal events, one of which occurred at Salem.

Afghanistan

20. In this nation, a mob murdered Farkhunda Malikzada over a false accusation that she had burned a Quran. This nation's president helped to organize the Loya Jirgas that selected its government leaders in 2002. This nation's first lady Rula is a Maronite Christian, and Abdullah Abdullah was named this nation's C.E.O. after losing a presidential election. In this nation's city of Kunduz, a U.S. airstrike attacked a hospital run by (*) Doctors Without Borders. Ashraf Ghani succeeded this nation's president Hamid Karzai. For 10 points, name this country where the USA fought the Taliban.

ships

20. Many of these objects are shown along the center of a Song dynasty scroll depicting the Qingming Festival. One type of these objects was used against the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi during his invasion of Korea and was given a nickname that referred to how its defensive covering resembled a turtle. One of these objects carried a (*) giraffe from Malindi back to the imperial court of China. During Kublai Khan's invasion of Japan, many of these objects redirected by kamikaze winds. For 10 points, name these objects exemplified by the junks commanded by Zheng He on his expeditions.

Election of 1864

20. The Republican convention in this year was held at the Front Street theatre, where the "Radical Democracy" party split from the Republicans. George Pendleton was the Vice Presidential candidate for the Democratic party during this election. The winner of this election declared (*) "malice toward none" and "charity for all" in his inauguration address. The loser of this election had been relieved of command after mistakes like failing to chase Lee's army after their defeat at Antietam. For 10 points, name this election in which George McClellan was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.

the Ku Klux Klan

20. This group killed five members of the Communist party in the Greensboro massacre. Superman radio programs revealed this group's code words after they were infiltrated by Stetson Kennedy, as they later would be by Jerry Thompson. This organization, whose first incarnation was targeted by the Force Acts, was founded at Stone Mountain by a group of men including (*) Nathan Bedford Forrest. One leader of this group described himself as a "racial realist." That man, David Duke, lead this organization after the cross-burning antics that they became known for. For 10 points, name this American hate group, famous for their white hoods.

Angela Merkel

20. This head of state was filmed telling a Palestinian refugee that "politics is hard sometimes" to explain why her family faced deportation, causing the girl to cry. In 2010, this leader said that multiculturalism had "utterly failed" in her nation. In 2015, she suspended the Dublin Protocol in order to accept hundreds of thousands of refugees from Syria (*) Wolfgang Schauble represented this leader's government in negotiations where she said "the most important currency" is "trust" to justify her support for Greek austerity. For 10 points, name this first female chancellor of Germany.

Portugal

3. Andre Massena's invasion of this country during the Napoleonic Wars was thwarted by the Lines of Torres Vedras. The motto 'Independence or death!' resulted in the loss of one of this country's colonies after the Cry of Ipiranga. This country's capital city endured an (*) earthquake on All Saint's Day. Antonio Salazar's Estado Novo in this country was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this country home to Prince Henry the Navigator, which colonized Brazil and experienced a 1755 earthquake in its capital of Lisbon.

diamonds

3. The advertising firm of N. W. Ayer created a slogan about the purported longevity of these objects that helped popularize them in the early 20th century. The Big Hole was formerly a site for the extraction of these objects, and the KPCS seeks to prevent illegal versions of these items from entering the global market. The (*) De Beers Company made its fortune off of the sale of this commodity, and Cecil Rhodes obtained his wealth off of this resource's mining in South Africa. Versions of these items that are sold in areas to fund insurgency are known as their "blood" types. For 10 points, name these valuable gemstones that are frequently fashioned into rings.

Napoleon

4. A man with this name wrote The Extinction of Pauperism while he was imprisoned in the Fortress of Ham after an attempted coup. Karl Marx wrote an essay on two men with this name that coined the aphorism, "history repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce". That essay was titled for "The 18th (*) Brumaire" of a man with this name. The most famous man of this name defeated Prussian forces at the Battle of Jena, and was later thwarted by the arrival of forces under Gebhard von Blucher during his Hundred Days. For 10 points, give this name held by the first French Emperor, who lost at Waterloo.

Tammany Hall

4. Eleanor Roosevelt feuded with the last leader of this organization, Carmine de Sapio. After this organization shut off the gaslights to silence their opposition, a group that opposed this organization started meeting under matchlight and became known as the locofocos. To gain power as a sachem of this society, "Honest" John Kelly aided Samuel Tilden in fighting this organization's (*) corruption. Thomas Nast depicted this organization as a tiger and depicted one of its leaders with his head replaced by a money bag. For 10 points, name this Democratic political machine based in New York that was once led by Boss Tweed.

Bernard "Bernie" Sanders

5. This man told pro-Palestinian hecklers to "Shut up!" at a town hall meeting in August 2014. Diane Rehm incorrectly asserted that this man had dual citizenship with Israel on her radio show. Marissa Johnson was booed during a moment of silence for Michael Brown after forcing her way on stage when this man was giving a speech in Seattle. This man's campaigns discourage the use of money from (*) Super PACs. This former mayor of Burlington is the only independent senator. For 10 points, name this democratic socialist from Vermont, who is currently running for the Democratic presidential nomination.

Supreme Court justice

6. A current holder of this position claimed that he was the target of a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks." A man who carried out the Saturday Night Massacre on Nixon's orders failed to get this position due to his anti-abortion stance. After Robert Bork was rejected from this position, his last name was used as a verb during a controversy in which a current holder of this position was accused of sexual harassment by (*) Anita Hill. FDR attempted to double the number of people who hold this position in a failed "packing scheme." For 10 points, name this position, held by people such as William Rehnquist and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Caligula

6. This emperor gave the governorship of Batanaea to his friend Herod Agrippa, who quickly turned against Herod Antipas. Soldiers on one of this emperor's aborted expeditions to Britain were given the task of collecting seashells from the English Channel instead. A prophet predicted that this man was no more likely to become emperor than to ride a horse across the Bay of Baiae, so he built a (*) floating bridge and rode his horse across that instead. This son of Germanicus may have attempted to make his horse Incitatus a consul. For 10 points, name this emperor, nicknamed for his "little boots," who succeeded Tiberius and was succeeded by Claudius.

West Germany

7. A leader of this country resigned after it was revealed that he inadvertently worked with the spy Gunther Guillaume. This country underwent a so-called "economic miracle" in the latter half of the 20th century. This nation gained the Saarland in 1957, and it had a capital at Bonn. This country, whose first chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, pursued a policy of (*) Ostpolitik under the SDP-led government of Willy Brandt. For 10 points, name this country that reunited with its Communist eastern neighbor after the fall of the Berlin wall.

Jews

7. One of these people, the author of Against Apion, survived a suicide pact in which every third person was executed. Lucius Quietus crushed a revolt of these people in the Kitos War. Antipater I was the first Roman procurator of a province that included many of these people. The fortress of these people at Betar was destroyed by Hadrian's army, ending their (*) Bar Kokhba revolt. Josephus was a member of these people, which included the extreme sicarii faction of the zealots. For 10 points, name these people, who repeatedly revolted against Roman governors in Messianic movements, such as that of their most famous member, Jesus.

fires

8. One of these events occurred in the Empire State Building due to the actions of a blinded B-25 bomber. Rose Schneiderman claimed that she could not "talk good fellowship" in a speech after one of these events. A committee headed by Frances Perkins put forth the 54-hour bill after one of these events. That 1911 event of this type occurred in New York's (*) Asch building. One of these events happened concurrently with another one in Peshtigo that jumped across Lake Michigan, and was apocryphally caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. For 10 points, name these events, a "Great" one of which destroyed much of Chicago in 1871.

Italy

9. A humanist philosopher from this modern-day country stated that humans could rise higher than angels in his work Oration on the Dignity of Man. Another philosopher from what is now this country wrote a dialogue with Lady Philosophy called The Consolation of Philosophy. A philosopher from this modern-day country explained free will as atoms swerving randomly in his book (*) On the Nature of Things. A text by a philosopher who lived in what is now this country included a dream vision of Scipio Africanus; that work is On the Republic. For 10 points, name this modern day country home to Boethius, Lucretius, and Cicero, who all lived in Rome.

tobacco

9. George Webb and Joseph Fore created the "burley" type of this commodity. Pierre Lorillard established a namesake company in the United States to process this commodity. The Advancement of Sound Science Center lobbies on behalf of this commodity. For some time, the processors of this commodity were required to fund TheTruth.com. A magnate in this industry named George Washington (*) Duke lends his name to a North Carolina university. The Virginia Company was saved from bankruptcy after John Rolfe introduced the cultivation of this plant. For 10 points, name this smokeable herb whose production financed Jamestown.

Yugoslavia

9. The Goli Otok labor camp was created in this country during a period that began in part due to disagreement over the Percentages Plan. The trial of Aloysius Stepinac in this country prompted an international outcry. This country, was the subject of a NATO bombing raid in Operation Noble Anvil. This country's Informbiro period resulted from its split with the (*) Soviet Union. During the rule of Slobodan Milosevic, this country broke up into modern-day countries such as Slovenia and Croatia. For 10 points, name this former country, which was led for a time by Josip Broz Tito.

Jawaharlal Nehru

9. This leader organized his country's states into four categories in the States Reorganisation Commission. This man implemented his "Forward Policy" by placing outposts across the McMahon Line, an act which angered Zhou Enlai. This man claimed that "the appointed day has come" and that "freedom and power bring responsibility" in his (*) "Tryst with Destiny" speech. This leader was unable to prevent Mohammed Ali Jinnah's Muslim League from forcing a split with Pakistan. For 10 points, name this father of Indira Gandhi, who became the first Prime Minister of India.

Brazil

A 1690s gold rush in this country began with the discovery of gold by bandeirantes near towns like Ouro Preto. Giuseppe Garibaldi assisted Bento Gonçalves and António de Sousa Neto in fighting the Ragamuffin War in this country. This country achieved independence after the Cry of (*) Ipiranga by Dom Pedro I and the Golden Law abolished slavery in this country under the reign of Pedro II. Explored by Pedro Cabral, this country was colonized by Portugal after the Treaty of Tordesillas. For 10 points, name this country whose most populated city is São Paulo, the largest in South America.

Ohio

A 1968 Supreme Court case upheld this non-New York state's use of "stop and frisk"-style policing, which is thus known as a Terry stop after that case. A court case from this state was the origin of Potter Stewart's comment "I know it when I see it" with respect to pornography. In 1969, a statute in this state was held to violate the free speech rights of a KKK leader named Clarence (*) Brandenburg. The Supreme Court found that prosecutors in this state could not use evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. For 10 points each, name this Midwestern state that fought a Supreme Court case against Dollree Mapp.

Catalonian independence from Spain

A 250 mile-long human chain was formed as a demonstration for this cause in 2013. Operation Anubis targeted supporters of this cause. Mariano Rajoy opposes Carles Puigdemont, a leader of this movement that largely began when the 2006 Statute of (*) Autonomy was challenged by the Spanish Supreme Court. Based on the results of an October 2017 referendum, a parliamentary majority signed a resolution affirming this cause, sparking a constitutional crisis. For 10 points, name this goal of nationalists in an autonomous Spanish region.

New Mexico

A Confederate attempt to seize control of this modern-day state led by General Henry Hopkins Sibley was thwarted at the Battle of Glorieta Pass. This state's city of Columbus was the target of a 1916 raid that led to a retaliatory expedition led by John Pershing. It is believed that members of the (*) Narvaez expedition were the first Europeans to visit this modern-day state. This modern-day state was the site of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule. The Los Alamos research center is located in this state, which served as the location of the nuclear Trinity Test. For 10 points, name this US state with a capital at Santa Fe.

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

A Dictabelt recording from a police motorcyclist's open microphone spawned many conspiracies about this event but was debunked because of the sound of vehicles rushing to Parkland Hospital after it occurred. Another well-known recording of this event is (*) Abraham Zapruder's silent film of this event. Governor John Connally was struck by a "single bullet" that also struck the target of this event. That single bullet theory originated from the Warren Commission, which investigated, for 10 points, what event, that resulted in the death of the thirty-fifth President on November 22, 1963 in Dallas?

it was a helicopter that Payet used, of all things)

A Frenchman named Pascal Payet has performed this type of action several times using the same type of vehicle. Monopoly sets with a red dot over the "Free Parking" space and structures named for "Tom," "Dick," and "Harry" have been used for this action. Benito Mussolini achieved this type of action through the (*) Gran Sasso Raid, and American POWs performed a "Great" one of these during World War II. Two people who tried to perform this action in 1962 using a makeshift raft are presumed to have drowned in San Francisco Bay. For 10 points, name this action by which one might illegally leave Alcatraz.

Mongols

A Nestorian named Rabban Bar Sauma tried to ally with France while serving as the ambassador to Europe of a dynasty of this empire. At Bach Tang, this empire lost to the Vietnamese, and they waged a costly war to conquer Champa. A dynasty of this empire, which took power after the Battle of Yamen, used a paper currency called the chao. Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew that dynasty of this empire and proclaimed himself the(*) Hongwu Emperor after the Red Turban Rebellion. The invasion of Japan by a leader of this empire, whose court was visited by Marco Polo, was repulsed with the help of "kamikaze" winds. For 10 points, name this empire ruled by Genghis and Kublai Khan.

Normandy (accept word forms, like Norman)

A book chronicling the "Deeds" of "Dukes" from this region was written by William of Jumièges. Feudalism was introduced to this region during the reign of its ruler Richard the Fearless. Charles the Simple granted this region as a namesake duchy to the Viking (*) Rollo. One man born in this region ordered a census that was recorded in the Domesday Book, and that man would sail a fleet from this region in 1066 to invade England before winning the Battle of Hastings. For 10 points, name this northern French region, where, nine hundred years after the birth of William the Conqueror, Allied forces would storm a beach on D-Day.

Justinian I

A building constructed by this ruler was the subject of a poem by Paul the Silentiary. This leader was described as a demonic figure with a detachable head in Procopius' Secret History. A general of this ruler used a disused aqueduct to invade Naples; that general, along with Mundus, was earlier sent by this ruler to put down an uprising that attempted to crown(*) Hypatius. This ruler's wife Theodora convinced him not to flee that uprising, declaring "purple is the noblest shroud." This emperor sent Belisarius to quell the Nika riots. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor, who ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia.

Election of 1876

A cartoon by Joseph Keppler that depicts this election shows Mephistopheles standing behind one of its candidates, who walks away with the "Solid South." A controversy during this election emerged when Oregon Governor La Fayette Grover revealed that John Watts was not an eligible elector. The Greenback Party ran a ticket for the first time during this election under Peter (*) Cooper. Democrats refused to accept this election's results unless federal troops were withdrawn from the South, thereby ending Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this election which saw Samuel Tilden defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes.

Byzantine Empire

A certain history asserts that one ruler of this polity was a demonic figure who could make his own head vanish. Nikephoros Xiphias led the forces of this polity to victory over the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion, and following that battle, the epithet "Bulgar-Slayer" was given to a future emperor of this polity, (*) Basil II. Procopius wrote a "Secret History" of a ruler who was the subject of a revolt that emerged from a chariot race, the Nika riots and Tribonian compiled a law code for this empire, the Corpus Juris Civilis. Iconoclasm became dominant in this empire, whose capital housed the Hagia Sophia. For ten points name this empire that Theodora and Justinian I ruled, with capital at Constantinople.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

A city in this country lies in the shadow of Mount Entoto and is home to Meskel Square. The extremely hot and volcano-laden Danakil Depression is in this country. A staple food of this country is injera flatbread, and a province in this country is home to most of the Afar people. (*) Coffee originated in this country. Lake Tana, the source of the Nile, is located in this nation. This most populous landlocked country in the world is bordered to the east by Somalia. For 10 points, name this country located on the Horn of Africa, a neighbor of Djibouti with its capital at Addis Ababa.

Australian Aborigines (accept any answer about native/indigenous Australians or Tasmanians; prompt on natives or indigenous peoples or any answers not mentioning a place until "Australia"; prompt on Australians; prompt on Tasmanians; accept any specific tribes listed on the Wikipedia page for "List of Indigenous Australian group names" because I don't want this answerline to be three pages long)

A dispute over ownership of a beached whale led to a massacre of these people at the Convincing Ground. Members of this ethnic group were led by Charles Perkins on a non-American "Freedom Ride" against discrimination. The Black War was a (*) genocide against these people. John Howard notably did not participate in a "National Sorry Day" apologizing to people of this ethnicity for government seizure of their children, an act which created the "Lost Generation." The population of these people is concentrated in the Northern Territory. For 10 points, name these people who have historically been oppressed by the white population of Australia.

guns (or firearms; or subtypes such as rifles, revolvers, handguns, pistols, etc.; prompt on weapons)

A door in a house built by a woman who got rich from this industry opens to a sheer drop to the ground below, allegedly to confuse the evil spirits haunting a namesake "Mystery House." An object in this industry was designed by Captain Samuel Walker, and they're not cotton gins, but a Connecticut businessman in this industry pioneered (*) interchangeable parts in manufacturing. One of these objects named the "Peacemaker" was said to have "won the West," and notable makers of them included John Browning, Oliver Winchester, and Samuel Colt. For 10 points, name these objects, the ownership of which is protected by the Second Amendment.

accept swarthy swashbucklers)

A draconian code of conduct for people in this profession was drafted by the former prostitute Ching Shih. Gotland headquartered of a group of these people called the Victual ["vittle"] Brothers. A woman of this profession named Mary Read died in (*) Port Royal, a noted hangout for people of this profession. This profession was legally sanctioned by letters of marque and reprisal, and notable examples included Calico Jack, Anne Bonny, and corsairs. Vehicles used by them included the Queen Anne's Revenge, and they flew the Jolly Roger to signal their arrival. For 10 points, give this occupation of Blackbeard.

Northern Ireland

A failed operation in this region was called the Border Campaign. In a city in this region, nine people were killed in tumult after a 1935 Orange Order parade. A general strike in this region caused the collapse of the Sunningdale Agreement. In a 1981 hunger strike in this region protesting removal of "Special Category Status," Bobby Sands died. Eventually, self-government through "Power-sharing" was restored to this region in the (*) Good Friday Agreement. A twentieth-century conflict in this region included 1972's "Bloody Sunday," was called "The Troubles," and involved the provisional IRA. For 10 points, name this largely Protestant region of the United Kingdom with capital Belfast.

salt

A famous location that produced this substance in medieval times is located in Wieliczka, Poland. This non-animal resource was required for the production of garum in ancient Greece and Rome. A black-colored type of this resource was used as currency known as amoles in Ethiopia. In his travelogues, Marco Polo described the process of creating a paste of this substance by (*) boiling it in pans. The term "salary" is so named because Roman soldiers were sometimes paid with this edible commodity, which was often traded for gold by West African empires. For 10 points, name this mineral whose "table" variety is used to season food.

volcanic eruption

A famous one of these events occurred at Danan, Perboewatan ("per-BA-wa-tawn"), and Rakata. The largest known one of these events occurred at the site of Lake Toba before the lake formed. On February 20, 1943, one of these events began suddenly in the (*) cornfield of Dionisio Pulido. One of these events caused a nuee ardente that destroyed Saint-Pierre on Martinique, and another caused "the year without a summer" and occurred at Mount Tambora. Plinian events of this type release much pumice. One of these events at Eyjafjallajökull ("eh-ya-fyat-la-yo-coolt") caused widespread air travel shutdowns due to the ash created. For 10 points, name these events, in which a mountain expels lava.

Vienna

A famous saying about this city states that, while the situation in a nearby city is serious but not desperate, the situation in this city is desperate but not serious. That saying has been attributed to the Hungarian Count Istvan Tisza ("EESHT-von TEE-sa"). The ransom of (*) Richard the Lionheart legendarily paid for this city's walls. Those walls have since been replaced by this city's famous ring road. A charge that stopped Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha's attempts to take this city was notably led by John III Sobieski's winged hussars. Schonbrun and Hofburg Palace are here. For 10 points, name this Austrian city at which European forces defeated Islamic invasions in 1527 and 1683.

Augustus

A first-person account of this man's reign, the ​Res Gestae, is inscribed on a temple in Ancyra. This man exiled his daughter by Scribonia to Pandateria, and he was the dedicatee of the ​Architecture of Vitruvius. This man called out to Quinctilius Varus to "give back my legions!" after the latter's defeat at the Battle of the (*) Teutoburg Forest. This friend of Agrippa survived his young nephew, Marcellus, and was succeeded by Tiberius. He gained power after expelling Lepidus from the Second Triumvirate and winning the Battle of Actium over Marc Antony. For 10 points, name this first emperor of Rome.

Battle of Actium

A formal declaration of war and preparations for this battle began after the opposing leader's will was published by the traitor Plancus. Before this battle, one leader traveled as far upland as Corsica, before retiring to winter at Patrae, while most of his forces were at the Ambracian Gulf. The "Liburnian" (*) vessels of the winning side of this battle outmaneuvered the opposition's quinqueremes and quadriremes. The commander Agrippa led those forces to victory in this battle. For 10 points, name this 31 BC naval battle, in which Octavian's forces defeated those of Marc Antony and Cleopatra.

Irish republicanism (or Irish nationalism; or basically any answer about making Ireland independent or free from Great Britain; do not accept or prompt on "Home Rule")

A funeral oration in support of this cause ends by calling its enemies "the fools, the fools, the fools!" before saying that the opposite situation "shall never be at peace." Thomas Henry Burke and Frederick Cavendish were murdered in Phoenix Park by advocates of this cause known as the "Invincibles." Following the failure of (*) Charles Stewart Parnell's more moderate Home Rule movement, the more radical Sinn Féin ["shin-FAYN"] group arose supporting this cause. The Easter Rising was a movement in favor of, for 10 points, what effort to create a sovereign country with a capital at Dublin?

Labour Party

A government led by a prime minister of this party granted independence to India and Pakistan. During the Winter of Discontent in the late 1970's, trade unions insisted on higher pay in response to actions of the James Callaghan-led government of this party. After a decade of unbroken rule by their main opponent, this party's Neil (*) Kinnock campaigned with the slogan, "It's Time for a Change." In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald became the first prime minister from this party, and in 1997, Tony Blair led this party in rebranding itself as "New" and shifting its appeal to "middle England". For ten points, name this British political party currently led by Jeremy Corbyn, opposed to the Conservatives and Liberals.

Macedonia

A history of this kingdom was written by the man who compiled the works of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus. This kingdom was opposed by the Aetolian League while it led the Achaean League. It was ruled by the usurper Cassander before being taken over by the Antigonid dynasty. This kingdom destroyed the Sacred Band of (*) Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea. A ruler of this kingdom was succeeded by generals like Seleucus, called the Diadochi. Aristotle tutored a ruler of this kingdom whose victories at Issus and Gaugamela destroyed Darius III's Persia. For 10 points, name this Greek-speaking Ancient kingdom, ruled by Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Scotland

A king of this country married Madeleine of Valois and Marie of Guise, and died after this country's loss at the Battle of Solway Moss. A king from this country put forth the divine right of kings in his Basilikon Doron, and also wrote Daemonologie. A 1540s war fought for the hand of this country's queen was called the (*) Rough Wooing. That queen of this country supposedly wrote the Casket Letters and was killed for her role in the Babington Plot. This country's Reformation was led by John Knox, the founder of Presbyterianism. Elizabeth I executed this country's queen Mary Stuart. For 10 points, name this country that James I unified with its southern neighbor, England.

Poland-Lithuania

A king of this country was also king of Sweden before being kicked out by Charles IX. In 1697, the Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism to become this country's king. This country elected France's Henry III to be their king. This country was attacked in the Deluge and it was later ruled by Augustus the Strong. This country was united in the Union of (*) Lublin while it was ruled by the Jagiellonians. The 1683 Siege of Vienna was turned back by this country's king John III Sobieski. This country, which was once ruled together with Lithuania, was home to the Winged Hussars. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country that Prussia, Austria, and Russia "partitioned."

Edward

A king of this name issued the Hundred Rolls census, which led him to establish quo warranto proceedings. That king with this name invented the use of yellow stars as "Jew badges." Another king with this name was supposedly killed by a hot poker shoved up his rectum. That king of this name was overthrown by his wife Isabella of France and her lover (*) Roger Mortimer, and was likely a lover of Hugh le Despenser and Roger Mortimer. That king with this name lost the Battle of Bannockburn, after his father of this name had had William Wallace killed. For 10 points, what royal name was held by men nicknamed "Longshanks" and "the Confessor"?

Henry (accept the additional number of any Henry mentioned in the tossup, i.e., in order, Henry VII, Henry V, Henry VIII, and Henry II)

A king of this name signed a free trade agreement benefitting his country's cloth merchants called the Intercursus Magnus. One king of this name agreed to marry Catherine of Valois as part of the Treaty of Troyes. After Parliament passed the Act of (*) Supremacy, a king with this name seized the property of British monasteries. In response to an angry outburst by a king of this name, four knights killed Thomas of Beckett. Thomas Cranmer advised a monarch of this name who attempted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, give this regnal name, the eighth of whom married six wives.

Republic of Haiti

A king of this non-Prussian country built the Sans-Souci ["Sahns Soo-see"] Palace and committed suicide with a silver bullet. This nation was ruled by Henri Christophe and a ruler who attempted to reconquer a neighboring country, Faustin I. A revolutionary in this country was defeated at the battle of Crete-à-Pierrot by Charles(*) Leclerc. Two more recent leaders of this country used a secret police force called the Tonton Macoute. "Papa Doc" Duvalier and Jean-Jacques Dessalines are two former leaders of this country. For 10 points, name this country in the Caribbean, whose independence was declared after a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

James​

A king with this name was supposedly the lover of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Henry Brooke led a failed attempt to replace a king of this name with his cousin Arabella, in the Main Plot. Another king with this name issued the Declaration of Indulgence, which was rejected by the (*) ​Immortal Seven. That king of this name was the father of Queen Anne. The first English king of this name was targeted by the Gunpowder plot and also ruled Scotland; the second was deposed by William III in the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, give this name of the Stuart kings who were the father of Charles I and the son of Charles II.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

A kingdom in the north of this modern country conquered Dhu Nuwas and his Jewish Himyarite Kingdom. This country erected the tallest stele in the world, including an "obelisk" that was returned to this country in 2005. Thirteen churches were built by excavating directly into the ground rock in this country's city of Lalibela. After Georgia and Armenia, a kingdom in this modern country was the third state to (*) convert to Christianity. This country defeated Italy's colonization attempt at the Battle of Adowa, and its northern part was once ruled by Axum. For 10 points, name this country in the Horn of Africa, once ruled by the Rastafarian Messiah, Haile Selassie.

Ethiopia

A large plateau in the north of this country hosts a monastery only accessible by climbing a rope. The remains of medieval castles in this country, built by a ruler of the Solomonic dynasty are found in Gondar. A group of churches in this country sit in 40-foot holes, carved out of the surrounding rock, and includes Bet Giyorgis. One church in this country claims to house the Ark of the Covenant in(*) Axum. The Akobo and Pibor rivers make up part of this country's border with South Sudan, and this country disputes control of the Ogaden region with Somalia. For 10 points, name this nation with capital Addis Ababa.

Huns

A leader of these people invaded the Gallipoli peninsula and won the Battle of Chersonesus, which forced Theodosius II to pay over two thousand pounds of gold annually by the Peace of Anatolius. A group of barbarians who invaded the Ming dynasty, the Xiongnu, were thought to be related to these people, and after the death of Rugila, two (*) brothers co-ruled this people. Flavius Aetius allied with the Visigoth king Theodoric I to defeat these people at the Battle of Chalons in 451, and they became unified under Bleda and his brother, a "Scourge of God". For ten points, name this nomadic tribe of horsemen who invaded Eastern Europe in 370 AD, once led by Attila.

South Vietnam

A leader of this country developed the "Person Dignity Theory" as its governing ideology to oppose the spread of communism. That man's brother would defeat the former emperor of this country in a 1955 referendum but would lose power following his disastrous handling of the Buddhist Crisis. (*) Afterwards, Duong Van Minh staged a coup in this country and executed both Ngo Dinh Nhu and Ngo Dinh Diem. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country reunified with its northern neighbor following the withdrawal of U.S. forces.

IRA

A leader of this group organized an assassination squad that he nicknamed his "Twelve Apostles," who assassinated 12 members of the spy ring known as the Cairo Gang. The primary opponents of this group opened fire on civilians attending a football game at Croke Park in a non-Russian Bloody Sunday. This group fought the Black and(*) Tans during a war of independence when they were supported by a political party called "we ourselves," or Sinn Fein ["Shinn Fayn"]. This group stopped organizing armed struggle after signing Tony Blair's Good Friday Agreement. For 10 points, name this organization, whose "Provisional" wing fought the British presence in Northern Ireland.

Teutonic Knights

A legend about this group states that its standard was taken up by a shoemaker, Hans von Sagan, during the Battle of Rudau. The Lizard League was formed to combat this organization. This organization was officially dissolved in the 1525 Treaty of Krakow. This organization lost much of its power following its defeat at the (*) 1410 Battle of Grunwald, at which a combined Polish-Lithuanian force overwhelmed its Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen ("yoon-GHIN-ghen"). Men from this organization were defeated by Alexander Nevsky in 1242. For 10 points, name this knightly order that shares its name with a common term for the German people.

hurricanes (accept any specific hurricanes)

A leptospirosis outbreak occurred in the aftermath of one of these events, which also led to the deployment of the USS Wasp and temporary suspension of the Jones Act. Representative Peter King tweeted that New York would not "abandon" a state affected by one of these events, which was the subject of the "Deep from the Heart" (*) benefit concert. Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency in anticipation of another of these events, which caused massive power outages in Southwest Florida and flooded the Florida Keys. For 10 points, name these severe weather events in 2017 with names like Maria and Harvey.

Brexit referendum

A main advocate for this event kissed a wild salmon on his last day of campaigning for it, and that man burned a giant check to "show what happens to our cash every week" as a result of this event not occurring. One campaign pushing for this event said it would give the National Health Service 350 million (*) pounds every week, and Nicola Sturgeon suggested a vote for the independence of her country as a result of this event. This event caused Marine Le Pen to insist for a similar referendum in France, saying that nation "had a thousand more reasons to leave". For ten points, name this June 23, 2016 referendum which voted that a certain country should leave the European Union.

Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (or Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves)

A man from this country responded to a king's refusal to expel all Muslims by cutting off the ears of the king's priest, then sewing dog ears onto his head to replace them. Rulers of the Kingdom of Kongo were converted by missionaries from this country, which conquered Asian ports such as Malacca and (*) Goa. Pope Alexander VI split the Western Hemisphere in the Treaty of Tordesillas between this country and Spain. This country was the birthplace of Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this European country whose explorative efforts were encouraged by Prince Henry the Navigator.

Rockefeller

A man with this surname cofounded a company with Samuel Andrews and Henry Flagler that was later criticized in McClure's magazine. That man cofounded the University of Chicago. A different man with this surname utilized tear gas and the National Guard in suppressing the (*) Attica Prison Riots, and served four terms as Governor of New York as well as one term as Vice President under Gerald Ford. Ida Tarbell conducted detailed interviews on a magnate owned by a man with this surname. For ten points, name this surname shared by Nelson and the founder of Standard Oil, John.

Rockefellers

A man with this surname prevented the Rothschilds from taking over the world copper industry by buying out Anaconda Copper. Another member of this family, whose brother was William, donated land and funded expansion projects in Acadia National Park and the Great Smoky Mountains. A member of this family sent the National Guard to end a prison riot in (*) Attica, New York. The patriarch of this family founded a company, which was the subject of an Ida Tarbell expose. For 10 points, name this family whose patriarch established Standard Oil, and whose members included Nelson and John.

Sherman

A man with this surname promoted the bill known as the "Crime of '73" and was nicknamed the "Ohio Icicle." A different person with this surname refused the presidency by saying, "I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected." That man with this surname was a Union general, whose(*) scorched earth tactics included rails that were heated and tied around trees, his "neckties."The first American antitrust act was named for a senator with this surname. For 10 points, give this surname of the brothers John and William, who marched the Union Army through Georgia.

the 2016 attempted coup in Turkey (accept descriptions, as long as the words coup and Turkey are mentioned)

A mass message during this event called for people to resist a "narrow cadre" by taking "to the streets." The TRT building was seized during this event and used to declare a "Peace at Home Council." This event was carried out by a group previously targeted by (*) "Ergenekon" court case, and it was followed by a crackdown on the Gülen movement by members of the AKP, or Justice and Development Party. This event began as two bridges over the Bosphorus were forcibly closed, and it attempted to replace President Erdoğan ["air-duh-wan"]. For 10 points, describe this 2016 attempt by the military to take control of a government based in Ankara.

Glorious Revolution (accept Bloodless Revolution until mentioned)

A mass panic called the Irish Fright took place near the end of this event, and Richard Price compared this English event to another on in his sermon A Discourse on the Love of Our Country. Henry Sydney was among the Immortal Seven who delivered a letter to help begin this event. This event was sparked after Mary of Modena gave birth to a son, and an attempt to reverse it failed at the (*) Battle of the Boyne. This revolution was also called the "Bloodless Revolution," and it led to the ascension to the throne of a Dutch Prince of Orange. For 10 points, name this "Revolution" that established William and Mary on the throne of England.

2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland (or RNC; accept #RNCinCLE; prompt on just national convention)

A member of Code Pink unfurled a banner at this event. This event was split into three parts labeled with a common phrase and the words "Safe," "Work," and "First." An attempt to introduce a "conscience clause" during it was overridden by Steve Womack, and Peter (*) Thiel spoke at this event. The phrase "your word is your bond" was plagiarized in a speech at this event, and Reince Priebus chairs the group that organized this event that took place in Cleveland. At this event, Ted Cruz notably failed to endorse its central figure. For 10 points, name this 2016 event in which delegates for a US political party formally nominated Donald Trump for president.

Five Good Emperors

A member of this group supposedly died at his home in Lorium, after having eaten too much Alpine cheese and vomiting the night before. Another member of this group sent forces to face the Jews in the Kitos War. This group included Antoninus Pius, and 155 scenes wrap around a monumental "column" commemorating a conquest by a member of this group. The name for this group was coined by Edward(*) Gibbon, and the last member of this group was succeeded by his son Commodus. For 10 points, name this group of effective emperors of Rome, that included Trajan and Marcus Aurelius.

Soviet Union (or the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics; or the Sayuz Sovetskich Socialističeskich Respublik; or the CCCP; prompt on Russia)

A military vehicle developed in this country had fuel tanks attached to its rear doors, which would explode when hit and burn the infantry sitting inside alive. This country built the BMP-1, as well as planes nicknamed the "Flogger" and "Fishbed." The Mosin-Nagant was the main infantry rifle of this country during (*) World War II, during which it also built the T-34 tank. Aircraft built in this country include the Tu-95 "Bear" and several jets with the prefix "MiG" [pronounced like "mig"]. The flag of Mozambique features the most popular assault rifle in the world, a weapon invented in this country by Mikhail Kalashnikov. For 10 points, name this country, the birthplace of the AK-47.

Kingdom of Hawaii (or Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi)

A monarch of this kingdom who was targeted by the Wilcox Rebellion is celebrated in the yearly Merrie Monarch Festival. The Missionary Party led by Lorrin A. Thurston formed most of the Committee of Safety in this nation, and the Morgan and Blount reports studied the legality of a coup in this kingdom whose ruler's power was drastically limited by the (*) Bayonet Constitution. Sanford Dole and other magnates of the sugarcane and pineapple industry conspired to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani of this kingdom and imprison her in 'Iolani Palace. For 10 points, name this kingdom which eventually became the 50th U.S. state.

accept Mary, Queen of Scots; accept Mary Stuart; accept Mary I of Scotland)

A monarch with this name ruled England when it lost its last possession on the European continent, Calais. Evidence that one royal of this name had colluded with the Earl of Bothwell to blow up Lord Darnley was presented in the "Casket Letters." That ruler of this name was executed after the (*) Babington plot was discovered by Frederick Walsingham. One monarch of this name ascended to the throne after overthrowing Lady Jane Grey. That ruler of this name earned a sanguine nickname due to the persecution of Protestants and was married to Philip II of Spain. For 10 points, give this regnal name shared by Elizabeth I's sister and a "Queen of Scots."

Britain

A monument left by early inhabitants of this territory is a white chalk-filled figure cut into the hillside in the shape of a horse, which gives that figure its nickname of the "White Horse of Uffington." Caligula's planned invasion of this territory ended after he told his troops to attack the water and collect seashells. The Battle of Watling Street ended a revolt in this territory, which was led by the queen(*) Boudica. The slaughter of the Banduri women of Mona in this territory was described by Tacitus, and a revolt in this territory by the Iceni burned the town of Londinium. For 10 points, name this island, where Hadrian's Wall was created to separate the Romans and Celts.

black (accept Edward the Black Prince, the Black Army, the Black Hand, the Black Hole of Calcutta or the Black Death)

A noble associated with this color led the Siege of Limoges, and Matthias Corvinus led a Hungarian military force named for this color. A group named for this color was led by a man named "Apis" and performed its most famous feat after a driver took a (*) wrong turn on the way to a hospital. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a group named for a "hand" of this color, and an overpacked dungeon in Calcutta was known by this color. An event named for this color was spread by merchant ships carrying infected rats. For 10 points, name this color that names an epidemic of bubonic plague in 14th-century Europe.

the Renaissance

A poet from this period popularized paradoxical lines like "I...fear, and hope; and burn, and I am ice." Many incunabula belong to this period. Jules Michelet popularized its name, and a major history of it was written by Jacob Burckhardt. During this period, the Donation of Constantine was proven to be a forgery. Well-born men of this time period were supposed to have (*) sprezzatura, according to The Book of the Courtier. It was fed by an influx of Greek scholars after the fall of Byzantium. During this period, scholars like Pico della Mirandola promoted Humanism. For 10 points, name this "rebirth" of Classical learning that "ended" the middle ages.

Kingdom of Cambodia

A polity in this present-day country used the baray irrigation system and declared independence from "Java" under Jayavarman II. That polity in this country fought against its eastern neighbor, Champa, and built the world's largest religious monument. It was bombed in Operations Menu and Freedom Deal in a continuation of nearby Operation Rolling Thunder. Its king Sihanouk was deposed by (*) Lon Nol. A communist regime that took over this country in 1975 conducted mass executions of intellectuals at the Killing Fields, including near the Angkor Wat. For 10 points, identify this state in Southeast Asia, ruled from 1975 to 1979 by dictator Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

Mexican-Americans (or Mexicano/a(s); or Chicano/a(s) before mention; prompt on Hispanics; prompt on Latino/as)

A prominent journalist of this ethnicity was killed during a Vietnam War rally when a police tear gas canister struck him in the head. MEChA campaigned for the rights of these people whose immigration to the U.S. had been curtailed by an "Operation" led by Joseph Swing. These people were discriminated against following the (*) Sleepy Lagoon murder, and they'd been encouraged to move to the U.S. through the Bracero program. Two people of this ethnic group founded the United Farm Workers, which went on strike against California grape growers. For 10 points, name this ethnic group whose members include Cesar Chavez and other Chicanos.

William the Conqueror

A relative of this ruler was put on trial for stealing churchlands from Lafranc, and this man summoned his nobles and made them swear loyalty in the Oath of Salisbury. This successor to Edgar Aetheling wrote a letter to Lafranc ordering that his half-brother Odo be freed from jail. This king ordered for a destructive campaign to gain control of Northumbria in his (*) Harrying of the North, and he ordered for the compilation of a written record of England, the Domesday Book. This king led the Norman conquest of England, and his most famous victory is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. For ten points, name this English king who defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.

Ukraine

A revolution in this country began after the editor Georgiy Gongadze was murdered, allegedly on the orders of President Kuchma. After learning that Peter the Great might replace him as the hetman of this modern-day country's cossacks, Ivan Mazepa aided Swedish king Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. A state in this modern-day country was founded by(*) Rurik, as described in the Primary Chronicle. This country's Exclusion Zone includes Pripyat and was formed after a nuclear disaster at Chernobyl ["Chair-NO-bill"]. For 10 points, name this modern-day country, where the Rus state was centered in Kiev.

Kingdom of Sweden

A ruler of this country founded the Arcadian Academy in Rome after being converted to Catholicism by Pope Alexander VII. That ruler of this country invited Hugo Grotius and René Descartes to come to it, and they both died in it. This country's golden age started after the death of its King Charles (*) XII and the Treaty of Nystad. A king of this country won the Battle of Breitenfeld but was killed by Albrecht von Wallenstein's troops at the Battle of Lützen. That king of this nation was known as the "Lion of the North" during the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this country home to Queen Christina and Gustavus Adolphus, with capital Stockholm.

Attila the Hun

A shepherd is legendarily said to have discovered this man's sword, which he claimed belonged to Mars. Valentinian III's sister Honoria begged him to help her out of an arranged marriage, whereupon this man married her instead. Jordanes claims this man came to power after killing his brother (*) Bleda during a boar hunt. A coalition of Flavius Aetius and Theodoric I's Visigoths stopped this man's invasion of Gaul, and he reportedly died from a nosebleed on his wedding night. Pope Leo I supposedly dissuaded this man from invading Italy. For 10 points, name this "Scourge of God," a leader of the Huns.

Evacuation from Dunkirk

A shield with a lion and dolphin sits in front of St. George's Cross on a flag commemorating this event. Gustave Mesny and Jean-Baptiste Molinie defended the city of Lille during this event to ensure its success, and an event similar to this one, known as Operation Cycle, was done at (*) Le Havre. This event, which was codenamed Operation Dynamo, was only able to succeed because German tanks got stuck in mud. Eight hundred fifty "little ships" sailed from Ramsgate during this event. For 10 points, name this event which saw thousands of British and French troops being evacuated from the namesake French city.

Glorious Revolution

A ship involved in a landing prior to this political event, the Brill, bore the slogan "For Liberty and for Religion" on its quartered standard, which was the motto of the ultimate victor in this event's ancestor during a lengthy revolt. Gaspar Fagel published many letters in support of this event, mainly criticizing the (*) religious tolerance of this event's target. This event targeted a ruler who had been forced to put down Monmouth's Rebellion near the start of his reign. An attempt to reverse this event was defeated in Ireland at the Battle of the Boyne. For 10 points, name this 1688 event which led to the replacement of James II by William III and Mary II.

Republic of the Philippines (or Republika ng Pilipinas)

A social phenomenon in this country blames several killings on arguments over singing of Frank Sinatra's "My Way." The body of Michael Siaron is cradled by his mother in a Pieta-like photo taken here. This country's president failed to meet with (*) Obama at a summit in Laos after calling him a "son of a[n expletive]." People accused of being "pushers" have become victims of vigilante killings in this country spurred by a former mayor of Davao, and its president Rodrigo Duterte began a national wave of violence against dealers and addicts. For 10 points, name this country undergoing a brutal drug crackdown centered in Manila.

Syrian Civil War

A special forces officer named Alexander Prokhorenko became a hero during this conflict when he called an airstrike onto his own position. That action took place during the liberation of a city in which the Moscow Symphony Orchestra staged a performance in an ancient Roman theater. That city, (*) Palmyra ("pal-MYE-rah"), contained Roman monuments later destroyed during this conflict by forces who pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Factions in this conflict include the SDF, the FSA, the Islamic State, and government forces under President Bashar al-Assad. For 10 points, name this conflict that has engulfed a country with a capital at Damascus.

Benedict Arnold

A stone monument of this man's boot now stands on the site of one of his victories, and he successfully used rumors exaggerating the size of his force to break the siege of Fort Stanwix. He had a sniper kill Simon Fraser at Bemis Heights. Forces under this husband of Peggy Shippen joined Richard Montgomery's failed attack on Québec, where this man's leg was shattered. He built an impromptu fleet on Lake Champlain, but (*) Horatio Gates relieved him of command. John André was hanged for involvement with this man's plot for West Point. The hero of the Battle of Saratoga, this is, for 10 points, what American Revolution general who defected to the British?

Ramesses II (or Ramesses the Great before the end; prompt on Ramesses; prompt on Ozymandias before read)

A temple complex built by this ruler at Beit el-Wali claims he defeated a Nubian force without any assistance from his soldiers. This ruler's sheltering of Mursili III angered Mursili's successor, Hattusili III, and he engaged in a battle in which the enemy had to swim across the (*) Orontes River. This son of Seti completed the hypostyle hall at Karnak, commissioned a giant statue of himself at Abu Simbel, and signed the world's first peace treaty with the Hittites following a huge chariot battle at Kadesh. This ruler was known in the Western world as Ozymandias. For 10 points, name this Egyptian pharaoh honored as "the Great."

United States presidential election of 1912

A vice-presidential candidate in this election was an advocate of a movement in Milwaukee, whose nickname was coined by Morris Hillquit. That candidate in this election was Emil Seidel. John Schrank attempted to kill a candidate during this election, but his bullet was slowed by an eyeglass case. With six percent of the vote, this election was the fourth and most successful for(*) socialist Eugene Debs. Incumbent William Howard Taft finished third in this election, behind "Teddy" Roosevelt and the Bull Moose Party. For 10 points, identify this election won by Woodrow Wilson.

Japan​ and Russia​

A war between these two nations ended with the destruction of one side's Sixth Army at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol. The U.K. almost entered a war between these two countries after the Dogger Bank incident. These two nations are currently disputing the Kuril Islands. A war between these two countries began after a surprise attack on ships like the Pallada in Port (*)​ Arthur, and ended with them sharing control of Sakhalin Island. That war between these two countries ended after Teddy Roosevelt negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth, after the lopsided Battle of Tsushima Straits. For 10 points, name these two nations that fought while being led by the Meiji Emperor and Tsar Nicholas II.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

A war in this country was where the leader of a coup attempt in the Seychelles, Mike Hoare, first gained prominence. Many nationalist leaders in this modern country were part of the évolué middle class. An Adam Hochschild book titled for a king's ghost documents crimes in this country's colonial predecessor, which was also the subject of the (*) Casement Report. In 1960, this country's first prime minister, Patrice Lumumba, was shot in its breakaway region of Katanga. In 1997, this country changed its name after Laurent Kabila ousted dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Belgium once colonized—for 10 points—what large Central African country with capital Kinshasa?

massacres of Native Americans

A war named for William Kieft was started after one of these events. One of these events inspired Mochi to become a warrior. James Forsyth was removed from command after one of these events occurred at Pine Ridge. Another of these events was led by John Mason and took place near the (*) ​Mystic River during the Pequot War. John Chivington carried out one at Sand Creek. Spotted Elk, the leader of the Ghost Dance movement, died during one of these events at Wounded Knee. For 10 points, name these events typically perpetrated by U.S. soldiers, in which large numbers of Native Americans were killed.

Medici

A woman with this last name forced her husband's mistress to trade Chenonceau ["shnaw-SOH"] Castle for Chaumont ["shoh-MAW"]. That woman with this last name begat the short-lived Charles IX and Francis II. Another woman with this last name married the former lover of Gabrielle d'Estrées and led the Day of the Dupes revolt. People with this last name founded a (*) Platonic Academy and were targeted in the Pazzi Conspiracy. Popes Leo X and Clement VII had this last name, as did the wives of Henry II and Henry IV of France. People of this last name were expelled by Girolamo Savonarola. Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent were members of—for 10 points—what banking family of Florence?

Constantine I

A work by Lorenzo Valla proved that this man was not responsible for the promulgation of a certain document. Abantus was defeated by forces led by this man's son, Crispus, in the Battle of the Hellespont. That son was later put to death, supposedly because of indiscretions involving this man's wife, whom he left to die in an overheated bath. This man, who defeated Licinius at the Battle of (*) Chrysopolis, stabilized currency by reissuing the solidus. This ruler called the First Council of Nicea and issued the Edict of Milan, and he was told "under this sign you will conquer" before winning the Battle of Milvian Bridge. For ten points, name this man, the first Christian Roman emperor.

spice s

Acapulco was established as a port for the trade of this commodity. Early trade in this commodity was dominated by Kerala. A trade route for it was secured by Afonso de Albuquerque. The trade in this commodity was ended by the Ottomans in 1453, before which (*) Venice had had a monopoly on its trade. The production of this commodity in the Banda and Maluku Islands made the Dutch East India Company rich. Demand for this commodity caused Portuguese sailors to go East, sparking the Age of Discovery. For 10 points, name these culinary commodities that include nutmeg, cloves, and pepper.

ostracism (accept word forms; prompt on synonyms like banishment or voting for someone to go into exile until mention)

According to Plutarch, an illiterate man asked Aristides to perform this action because he was tired of hearing Aristides called "the Just." Pericles' father Xanthippus underwent this action due to the schemes of a politician who would later undergo it himself after leading the victorious (*) navy at Salamis. This action occurred to Themistocles, and Plutarch states that this action required 6,000 consenting citizens and customarily lasted for ten years. This practice derived its name from the pottery shards used to choose its victims. For 10 points, name this Athenian practice of exiling a citizen by a popular vote.

Alfred the Great

According to legend, this man was scolded for letting cakes burn following his defeat at the Battle of Chippenham. This man forced the conversion of Guthrum to Christianity. Although he is not William the Conqueror, this man created a doom book, and this man fought against Ivar the Boneless at the Battle of Ashdown. He lead an army against the Great (*) Heathen Army and succeeded his brother, AEthelred the First, as king. For 10 points, name this King of Wessex, who, along with Canute, was one of only two kings stylized with the epithet "The Great."

Great Britain

According to the Res Gestae, two kings of this region, Dubnovellaunus and Tincomarus, fled to Rome to seek Augustus's assistance. After winning the Battle of Mons Graupius, Agricola successfully conquered this region for Rome. Caligula aborted an invasion of this region, instead telling his soldiers to collect seashells. The Battle of (*) Watling Street took place in this region against the rebellious queen of the Iceni, Boudicca, and a structure built in this region was made to protect its citizens from the invasions of the Picts. For 10 points, name this island that contains Hadrian's Wall.

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

After 18 days of fighting, this city's governor surrendered on "Black Christmas." Thousands of squatters were evicted from a former military fort in this city in 1987 to 1993. In 2014, the use of tear gas on protesters in this city led them to use (*) umbrellas as shields. Deng Xiaoping's "one country, two systems" policy allowed this metropolis to retain its government whose current chief executive is Carrie Lam. On the east bank of the Pearl river, this autonomous territory neighbors Macau. For 10 points, name this special administrative region of China given back in 1997, formerly a British colony.

Klemens von Metternich

After Lajos Kossuth gave a speech during the Hungarian revolution of 1848, this man was overthrown by a mob. This man arranged for the marriage of Napoleon and Archduchess Marie Louise, and he disbanded the Burschenschaft after the murder of the playwright August von Kotzebue. Karl von Hardenberg and Viscount Castlereagh were among ministers present at an (*) assembly led by this man, in which he denounced the Holy Alliance proposed by Alexander I. Along with representatives such as Charles Talleyrand, this statesman arranged the Concert of Europe. For ten points, name this Austrian statesman who issued the Carlsbad decrees and chaired the Congress of Vienna.

Genghis Khan

After an ambassador sent by this man was executed, he invaded the Jin dynasty and won his largest victory at the Battle of Badger Mouth. The Uyghur script was adopted by this man as his people's official written system, and in an effort to urge absolute obedience, he implemented the Yassa Law Code. Before defeating the Kievan Rus at the Battle of Kalka River, this man demolished the (*) Khwarezmian empire. This husband of Borte ruled over the largest contiguous land area of any ruler in history, and he was succeeded by his son Ogedei, who was succeeded by his grandson Kublai. For ten points, name this emperor alternatively known as Temujin, the founder of the Mongol Empire.

the Populist Party

After making fun of his opponent's silk socks, a congressman from this party earned the nickname "Sockless Jerry" Simpson. Simpson is depicted in a cartoon about this party riding a patchy balloon filled with "hot air." A representative from this party started out as a racial progressive, but later led lynch mobs in Georgia. This party of Tom Watson adopted the reformist Omaha Platform for its (*) 1892 Presidential campaign, which was led by former Greenback James Weaver. At its founding, this party was led by the Farmer's Alliance, and it declined after its 1896 endorsement of William Jennings Bryan. For 10 points, name this left-wing third party of the late 1800s.

Māori

After one of these people was whipped by a sea captain, they killed and ate more than 60 crew of the Boyd. These people's namesake "King Movement" is meant to emulate the monarchy of European settlers, whom they call pakeha. Thousands of these people died in conflicts named for the imported guns that caused an inter-tribe arms race, the so-called (*) Musket Wars. These people signed over much of their sovereignty in the Treaty of Waitangi, and their modern population is concentrated on North Island around the city of Auckland. For 10 points, name this largest indigenous ethnic group of New Zealand.

Hundred Years War

After one side in this war captured Bordeaux, General John Talbot was killed with an axe at its Battle of Castillon. Forces lead by Hugues Quieret and Nicolas Behuchet were demolished in an early naval battle of this war, whose history was chronicled by Jean Froissart. One king in this war was ransomed back to his country after being captured at (*) Poitiers, and that ransoming spurred the Jacquerie rebellion. A battle fought on St. Crispin's Day in this war saw the heavy use of longbows on a muddy battlefield, and its Siege of Orléans was broken by Joan of Arc. Henry V won the Battle of Agincourt in, for ten points, what war between England and France that, despite its name, actually lasted 116 years?

Iran-Contra Affair

After surviving a plane crash, Eugene Hasenfus spoke in a press conference with his confessions on this event. In the leadup to this event, Michael Ledeen, a consultant of Robert McFarlane, requested assistance from Shimon Peres. This event, which acted in violation of the Boland Amendment, saw the conviction of John (*) Poindexter and Oliver North, as well as Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. The American president who oversaw this scandal claimed that he was "committed to securing the release of the hostages". For ten points name this political scandal during Reagan's second term that involved the secret sale of arms to a certain Middle Eastern country.

Roe v. Wade

After this case, Sarah Weddington, who represented the plaintiff, was elected to three consecutive terms in the Texas House of Representatives. In a 1989 case from Missouri, Justice O'Connor refused to reconsider the holding in this case. Three years later, she co authored a joint opinion on this case with Justices Kennedy and Souter, adopting an undue burden standard, and rejected Harry (*) Blackmun's "trimester" framework. This case resulted in the creation of the Hyde Amendment, and in it the plaintiff Norma McCorvey admitted of falsely accusing rape after becoming pregnant with her third child. For ten points, name this Supreme Court case that resulted in the legalization of abortions.

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 (accept synonyms for protest; accept "massacre" or "incident" and synonyms in place of protests; accept June 4th incident before mention)

After this event, leaders of one side such as Örkesh Dölet fled to France with the aid of Operation Yellowbird. One group during it rallied around a papier-mache statue of the "Goddess of Democracy," and it took place in a location containing the (*) Monument to the People's Heroes and a state mausoleum. The end of this event was the June 4th incident, and it was triggered by the death of Hu Yaobang ["hoo yaow-bang"]. A photograph showing a man standing in front of a line of tanks was taken during it. For 10 points, name this 1989 event in which protesters were brutally cracked down on in the namesake Beijing square.

Simón (José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad) Bolivar (y Palacios)

After this man declared himself president in the "Organic Decree," the September Conspiracy organized against him but failed due to the actions of his mistress Manuela Sáenz. This man urged unity in a letter written in exile from (*) Jamaica, and he legalized violence against European-born residents not supportive of his cause in the Decree of War to the Death. His most trusted subordinate was Antonio José de Sucre, and he met at the Guayaquil Conference with José de San Martín. For 10 points, name this first president of Gran Colombia, a South American "liberator" who fought against Spanish colonial rule.

Shaka Zulu

After this man was healed by Henry Francis Fynn following an assassination attempt, he allowed Europeans to settle at Port Natal. This ruler was succeeded by his half-brother Dingane ["Din-gah-nay"], who killed him after this man ordered for crops not to be planted to mourn his mother Nandi's death. This leader's introduction of the broad-bladed assegai throwing spear and the iklwa ["ik-ul-wah"] short spear were among his many military innovations, including inventing the(*) "loins," "chest," and "horns" of the "buffalo" formation. For 10 points, name this African warrior, who unified the Zulu people.

Angela Dorothea Merkel (accept Angela Dorothea Kasner)

Alexander Gauland declared his party would "hunt" this leader in September 2017, and Alexander Lindner contrasted this leader's immigration policy with his own "four-door" policy. This leader spoke of an "extraordinary challenge" in a speech promising "good politics" to win back those who voted for the (*) AfD. This leader unsuccessfully sought a Jamaica coalition after the SPD initially declined to continue its grand coalition with the Christian Democratic Union. This leader led her party to victory in the 2017 Bundestag elections, and is considered the de facto leader of the European Union. For 10 points, name this first female chancellor of Germany.

tobacco

Alexander Speirs and John Glassford, who made their fortunes from this good, were part of a group of its namesake "Lords" in Glasgow. John Hawkins brought this good across the Atlantic. A 1730 Inspection Act allowing the destruction of low-quality stocks of this good was prompted by the House of Burgesses. John (*) Rolfe was the first American merchant of this good, developing it around the James River. Sir Walter Raleigh helped popularize it in England. This crop was most dominant in the Tidewater—around the Chesapeake and North Carolina—as opposed to the Deep South's cotton. For 10 points, name this cash crop of the American colonies used in cigarettes.

Abbasid Caliphate

Along with its Tibetan and Karluk allies, this dynasty suppressed expansion of the Tang dynasty at the Battle of Talas. This caliphate, which built the Al-Ukhaider fortress in Karbala, experienced internal conflict and the rapid succession of four caliphs in nine years during the Anarchy at Samarra. This dynasty rose to prominence after its army defeated Marwan II at the Battle of the (*) Zab, and it saw advancements in algebra by al-Khwarizmi and optics by Ibn al-Haytham. This caliphate had a large influence in Sunni Islam until forces led by Hulagu Khan destroyed its capital of Baghdad. For ten points, name this successor of the Umayyad caliphate, centered at Baghdad.

Mexico

An 1856 law in this country broke up large estates and forced the Church to sell the bulk of its land. This country passed the Ley Lerdo and other reforms in late 1850s, leading to its Reform War. A ruler in this country was installed by the Army of the Three Guarantees. This country's 19th-century history was defined by (*) "Plans" named after places. The husband of Carlota of Belgium was installed as ruler of this place by Napoleon III's troops. In Querétaro, a European emperor of this country was executed by its president Benito Juárez. For 10 points, name this country whose leaders included Emperor Maximilian I and Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Cyrus the Great

An account of this man's death written by Ctesias claims that he was killed by a revolt led by the Derbices, while another says that the queen of the Massagetae dunked his head in a jar of blood. This man came to power after killing his grandfather, Astyages, to overthrow the Median empire, and he defeated Croesus at the Battle of (*) Thymbra to conquer the Lydian empire. This ruler created the capital of his empire at Pasargadae, and his namesake cylinder proclaims his rule over Babylon. For ten points, name this founder of the Achaemenid Empire.

assassination of John F. Kennedy (accept any equivalent answer that indicates the death of Kennedy)

An ad apparently sponsored by the "American Fact-Finding Committee" was published on the day of this event. Orville Nix was present at this event, and figures associated with it include the "umbrella man," and the "three tramps." Police officer J.D. Tippit was killed shortly after this event, and both James Tague and Governor (*) Connally were also injured in it. Despite theories that the Zapruder film showed involvement from a figure on the grassy knoll, the Warren Commision resolved that a single bullet was involved in this event. For 10 points, name this event on November 22, 1963 in which the sitting president was killed.

witches (accept sorcerers or wizards, though "witch" applied to any gender)

An apparent one of these people named Johannes Junius wrote a letter to his daughter from jail, after he was caught up in an event in Bamberg named for its focus on hundreds of these people. Henrich Kramer published a book centering on these people titled (*) Malleus Maleficarum, and tests like dunking or pricking were used to find them. Thousands of people died due to a "craze" in the 1600s that believed they were wildly prevalent, and it was a common belief these people could not drown. For 10 points, name these practitioners of black magic who might be subjected to "trials" or "hunts."

Medici family

An assassination attempt was made on two members of this family by the rival Salviati and Pazzi families during an Easter service. One ineffectual ruler from this family carried the epithet "the gouty", and a woman of this family married the son of Pope (*) Innocent VIII for political reasons. This family first accrued wealth via the textile trade and gained political power away from their early rivals, the Albizzis. Popes Leo X, Leo XI, and Clement VII were members of this family. For 10 points, name this wealthy Italian banking family which ruled Florence during the Renaissance.

Korea (or Korean peninsula; accept North or South Korea; accept Republic of Korea or Democratic People's Republic of Korea; anti-prompt

An assassination plot in this modern day country was led by the "six martyred ministers." The Gapsin Coup and Imo Mutiny both took place in this country. The American merchant ship General Sherman was destroyed by this country after attempting to (*) trade with it, and the elites of this country were known as "men of the sacred bone," or "yangban." Sejong the Great led this country during part of its 500-year rule under the Joseon dynasty, and this country's isolationist policy gave it the nickname of the "Hermit Kingdom." For 10 points, name this modern day country now split along its namesake peninsula into North and South segments.

Nicolae Ceausescu

An attempt to portray this man's wife as a legitimate chemist failed miserably after she pronounced the formula of carbon dioxide as codoi, or "koh-two," during a speech. This man was inspired by Mao Zedong to declare a "cultural revolution" in his (*) July Theses. In an effort to increase his country's population, he outlawed almost all forms of contraception in Decree 770, and he employed a secret police known as the Securitate. A revolution growing out of protests in Timisoara overthrew this successor of Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej ["gyor-gyu dej"], who was then executed with his wife Elena on Christmas Day 1989. For 10 points, name this Romanian Communist dictator.

Printing Press

An early form of this technology was improved by Wang Zhen, and later by Hua Sui, by including bronze. Many Dutch consider Laurens Koster as having invented this technology, and it was introduced to Romania by an Albanian called Basil the Wolf. William Bullock was killed while working on the web rotary version of this technology, which allowed it to use continuous rolls of(*) paper. The man credited with developing this technology used it in Mainz to create a 42-line Bible. For 10 points, name this technology credited to Johannes Gutenberg, that used movable type.

Washington, D.C.

An event in this city was described as "a circus" in a speech that criticized that event for having "lost its militancy." The Poor People's Campaign took place in this city, and an event in it was organized by Bayard Rustin and the Big Six, who included the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, (*) A. Philip Randolph. The Daughters of the American Revolution tried to stop Marian Anderson from singing a concert in this city. A speech made in this city imagines a time when a man's "four little children" would "not be judged by the color of their skin." Martin Luther King gave the "I Have a Dream" speech during a 1963 "March on"—for 10 points—what city?

Boxer Rebellion

An expedition led by Alfred Gaselee helped to end this conflict, during which one country invaded over the Amur River. In this conflict, 40 missionaries were killed in the Taiyuan Massacre. The German minister Clemens von Ketteler's execution of a young boy during this conflict led to the burning of the (*) Legation Quarter. During this revolt, a Muslim force known as the Kansu Braves allied with Dowager Empress Cixi and was defeated by the Eight Nation Alliance. The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists waged, for 10 points, what 1899-1901 anti-Western revolt in China?

Alt-Right

An important group associated with this movement publishes the journal Radix and is headquartered in the town of Whitefish, Montana. The head of that organization, which is called the National Policy Institute, was filmed being (*) punched in the face by a leftist protester in Washington, D.C. That man is Richard Spencer. Milo Yiannopoulos and White House Chief Strategist Steven Bannon are often associated with this ideology. For 10 points, name this emerging ideology that seeks to mix social conservatism and nationalism and draws its name from the fact that it is different from traditional conservative politics.

Wounded Knee Creek

An incident at this location was followed by the Drexel Mission Fight. In 1973, a group led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means was besieged by FBI Agents and U. S. Marshals at its location. An incident at this location was sparked after a deaf man didn't hear a soldier's orders to give up his rifle, and was exacerbated by some supposedly bulletproof shirts. Dee Brown wrote a 1970 book titled (*) Bury My Heart at [this location]. Black Coyote was killed at this location, along with many practitioners of the Ghost Dance at Pine Ridge Reservation. For 10 points, name this South Dakota location of an 1890 massacre of over 150 Lakota Sioux.

the army of Sparta (accept equivalents and synonyms, like military for army; prompt on partial answer)

An initiate into this organization stole a fox and hid it in his cloak, then let it maul him to death rather than admit to stealing it. Those incapable of joining this organization were sent to the "Deposits" at Mount Taygetus, and it was symbolized by a capital lambda. The (*) agoge was a training system for this organization, and Lycurgus helped to create it. This group was defeated at Leuctra, and like many similar organizations, it employed hoplites and the phalanx formation. Forces under Xerxes I demolished part of this group at Thermopylae. For 10 points, name this arm of a Greek city-state, 300 members of which were once commanded by Leonidas.

Fidel (Alejandro) Castro (Ruiz)

An interview by Herbert Matthews helped this man gain fame, and he was the target of Operation Verano. Troops from this man's nation fought against South Africa in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale while helping the MPLA in Angola. This leader waged a campaign from the Sierra Maestra mountains, and he read a four-hour speech in court after leading an attack on the (*) Moncada Barracks. During this man's rule, U-2 pilot Richard Heyser found a military base at San Cristobal. This man, who gave the "History Will Absolve Me" speech, caused a crisis by allowing the U.S.S.R to deploy ballistic missiles in his country. For 10 points, name this long-time President of Cuba.

Republic of Chile

Arturo Alessandri was president of this country during the drafting of its 1925 constitution. A leader of this country faced the March of the Empty Pots and narrowly won the 1970 election as head of the Popular Unity party. That leader from this country gave a final speech at La Moneda Palace before being (*) overthrown by a military coup and committing suicide with an AK-47. This country's copper mines were nationalized under Salvador Allende, who was overthrown by Augusto Pinochet. For 10 points, name this South American country with capital at Santiago.

Benjamin Disraeli

As Prime Minister, this man ordered Napier's expedition against Tewodros II of Ethiopia. This man's successor, Lord Salisbury, was the last prime minister to come from the House of Lords. While not in politics, this man authored the novel Sybil, or the Two Nations. This man first became a national political figure during the "Who? Who?" ministry, and the first Delhi Durbar was held to celebrate his crowning (*) of Queen Victoria as Empress of India. This Prime Minister led the Conservative party for much of the 1860s and 70s. For 10 points, name this only Jewish prime minister of the UK, the long time rival of William Ewart Gladstone.

Red

At a location described by this adjective, fire ships were successfully used by Huang Gai to burn down Cao Cao's fleet. After being subjected to the Fifth Encirclement Campaign, a military force described by this adjective was forced to retreat from (*) Jiangxi to Shaanxi. This is the first of two adjectives that describes a rebellion led by White Lotus society member Zhu Yuanzhang, who then became the Hongwu emperor. For 10 points, a "turban" rebellion that overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and Mao Zedong's communist army were described by what color?

Hannibal Barca

At the Battle of Eurymedon ["Yur-EE-mee-don"] River, this man advised Syrian forces under Antiochus III. This man started a conflict by laying siege to Saguntum. This man fought against the "delaying" strategy of Fabius Maximus and ambushed Gaius Flaminius at Lake Trasimene. He used a double-envelopment to defeat Paullus Varro in the Battle of(*) Cannae. This son of Hamilcar was defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. Only one of this man's war elephants survived his crossing of the Alps. For 10 points, name this Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War.

Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi

At the World Food Summit, this leader gave a lecture to 500 Italian girls in an attempt to convert them to Islam. It's not Nasser, but his Free Officers movement launched Operation Jerusalem to depose the Senussi monarchy. This leader pitched his bulletproof (*) Bedouin tent on one of Donald Trump's estates after not being allowed in Central Park. An all-female unit nicknamed the Amazonian Guard protected this leader, who published his political philosophy in The Green Book and unsuccessfully supported a Pan-Arab Union. For 10 points, name this former Prime Minister of Libya who was killed on live TV in 2011.

Battle of Verdun

At this battle, the largest defensive structure was captured by a group of less than one hundred men on its first day because it had been judged that the development of massive siege howitzers made it obsolete. That structure was Fort Douaumont ("DOO-oh-mont"). One of the primary French commanders at this engagement, Robert (*) Nivelle, declared "They shall not pass!" A different French general who served at this battle, Philippe Pétain, would go on to lead the collaborationist Vichy government during the Second World War. For 10 points, name this major 1916 World War I battle in which German forces failed to break through French lines at a famous salient.

Battle of Kadesh

Before this battle, one side gained intelligence from two Shashu that falsely reported that the enemy army was in Aleppo. Sheridan and N'earin forces fought for a side in this battle, whose commanders included Paser and Prince Khaemwaset ["Kha-em-wah-set"]. Records of this battle were contained at Hattusa, the capital of one belligerent, and it was fought near the(*) Orontes ["Oh-ron-tes"] River. After this largest chariot battle in history, the world's oldest surviving peace treaty was signed. For 10 points, name this battle in which Muwatalli II's Hittite army was defeated by the Egyptians under Ramses II.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Before this event happened, a B-26 bomber had its cowling intentionally damaged and made a faux emergency landing at Miami International Airport in an effort to deceive the media. The group Operation Forty was designed to seize control after this event. This event's failure led Allen(*) Dulles to be forced to resign. Over 1,400 exiles, who were organized in Brigade 2506 ["twenty five oh six"], were defeated by government forces during this event. For 10 points, name this failed 1961 invasion of Cuba, approved by the Kennedy administration.

Jerusalem

Campaigns focused on this city were documented by Odo of Deuil ["doy"] and Fulcher of Chartres ["shart"]. A man who died en route to this city is usually known by a mistranslation of his last name, which means "without having" in French. Part of an expedition to this city was briefly taken over by Leopold V of Austria. This city surrendered to a siege following the Battle of the (*) Horns of Hattin. An attempt to take this city only managed to capture Acre, and led to the death of Frederick Barbarossa. Philip Augustus and Richard the Lionheart failed to take this city from Saladin. For 10 points, name this holy city, the goal of the First and Third Crusades.

Captain James Cook

Captain Charles Clerke succeeded this man in his last command. During the 1758-59 invasion of Quebec, this man mapped the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, facilitating a successful British assault. This figure, although not trained as a scientist, nevertheless received the Royal Society's Copley Medal for techniques that he developed to prevent his crew from contracting (*) scurvy on lengthy Pacific voyages. This explorer landed at and named Botany Bay in 1770, and this man's most famous ship was the HMS Endeavor. For 10 points, name this British naval captain who was the first European to reach eastern Australia.

Taiping Rebellion

Charles George Gordon commanded the Ever Victorious Army after the death of Frederick Townsend Ward during this event. Soldiers on one side of this conflict who wore their hair down were labelled as "hair rebels". Major ethnic groups that participated in this (*) rebellion were the Zhuang and the Hakka. The suppression of this rebellion was led by Zeng Guofan while the rebel leader claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus and sought to establish a Heavenly Kingdom of Peace. For 10 points, name this Chinese rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan that lasted from 1850 to 1864 and attempted to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

Henry Clay Sr.

Charlotte Dupuy sued this man for her freedom after being a slave at his hemp plantation at Ashland. He presided over the first meeting of the American Colonization Society and ran on the National Republican ticket in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat Andrew Jackson. This man proposed the (*) "American System," and he became Secretary of State after supporting John Quincy Adams in the "Corrupt Bargain." This man's most famous nickname alludes to his role in agreements named for "Missouri" and "1850." For 10 points, name this "Great Compromiser," a politician from Kentucky.

Presidential secret tapes

Description Acceptable: One of these items contains a plea to Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq concerning TWA Flight 847. The initial equipment to produce these items was provided by David Sarnoff in 1940 and involved a lamp. On one of these items, Admiral George Burkley is asked about blue pills. A subpoena for these items from(*) Archibald Cox was the impetus for the "Saturday Night Massacre." For 10 points, Trump tweeted that "James Comey better hope" there weren't any of what items, whereby a President surreptitiously could have a record of a conversation?

expeditions to Antarctica (accept South Pole in place of "Antarctica"; accept any answer that generally conveys an attempt to go very, very south)

Description acceptable. "Uncle Bill" Wilson and Henry "Birdie" Bowers died during one of these events. A journal covering one of these events notes, "The worst has happened," and that Lawrence Oates said, "I am just going outside and may be some time." The Quest and Discovery were notable vehicles in these actions, and the death of (*) Ernest Shackleton after previously using the Endurance marks the end of the "Heroic Age" of them. Shortly after discovering a Norwegian flag, Robert F. Scott perished during one of these actions, and Roald Amundsen led one of them. For 10 points, describe these attempts to reach the southernmost place on the Earth.

crossing the English Channel

Description acceptable. Caligula backed down from performing this action and collected seashells instead. One instance of this action targeted Dubris and started at Itius Portus. Another instance of it was facilitated by Hobart's Funnies and Mulberry Harbours. It was performed this action in 55 BC after the Veneti were subdued in northern Gaul by (*) Julius Caesar. A plan to do this was called Operation Sea Lion. It was done in Operation Neptune, the first phase of Operation Overlord, including the assault of Omaha Beach. For 10 points, name this action conducted by William the Conqueror shortly before the Battle of Hastings.

Gallic Wars

Description acceptable. During this conflict, Divico's failed embassy preceded his defeat at the Battle of Bibracte. Aulus Hirtius wrote part of a history of it. High tides and unfamiliarity with chariots hindered the attacking force in this conflict, which was led by a proconsul of Illyricum who lost the Battle of Gergovia. This conflict was precipitated by the Aedui being pushed out by the (*) Helvetii. It was ended after the Battle of Alesia. A set of "commentaries" on this war begins by stating that its namesake region is divided into three parts. For 10 points, name this war in which Julius Caesar fought Vercingetorix and the Celtic tribes of what is now France.

Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (accept Exclusion Zone or Zone of Alienation before either is read; accept basically anything mentioning Chernobyl)

Description acceptable. In 2004, Elena Filatova claimed to have ridden through this region alone on a motorbike. The typically elderly residents of this place are termed "samosely," and an object at its center is nicknamed the "sarcophagus." The Wormwood Forest in this area was nicknamed for its distinctive (*) red color, and it's also known as the Zone of Alienation. This "Exclusion Zone" is centered near the town of Pripyat, and it's become home to flourishing wildlife due to cessation of any human development, though it still contains many active "hot spots." For 10 points, name this thirty kilometer area in Ukraine that surrounds a nuclear reactor meltdown.

European wars of religion

Description acceptable. One of these conflicts was partially resolved in the Peace of Passau. Another of these conflicts began with a massacre in Vassy perpetrated by the target of the Amboise conspiracy. Yet another of these conflicts saw Heinrich Bullinger take over for a leader killed in the Battle of Kappel. In one of these conflicts, Francis I surprisingly allied with the (*) Schmalkaldic League. Another of these conflicts climaxed with the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. These conflicts paused in the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Augsburg and in France after the Edict of Nantes. For 10 points, name this series of 16th- and 17th-century European conflicts that pitted Catholics against Protestants.

Norman conquest of Ireland

Description acceptable. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor legally accomplished the goal of this campaign, although disputes would continue for centuries. Part of the justification for this event was given by Adrian IV when he issued a bull calling for this thing in order to implement the Gregorian reforms. A marcher lord with the nickname (*) "Strongbow" was instrumental in this campaign's success. This military victory for Henry II targeted a country ruled loosely by a "High King." The effects of this medieval campaign were not reversed until 1922. For 10 points, name this process by which an island that contains the cities of Cork and Dublin was subdued.

Mongol invasions

Description acceptable. The Persian historian Wassaf documented deaths during one of these events in Iraq, as well as a failed one against King Kertanegara. The Battle of Mohi and the Battle of Legnica marked two of these events in Poland and Hungary. The 1279 Battle of Yaman saw the success of one of these events, which led to the establishment of the (*) Yuan dynasty. Because of a "divine wind", the Kamakura Shogunate was able to twice repel one of these attacks led by Kublai Khan. For 10 points, name these events in which a nomadic people often led by Khan's attempted to conquer land.

invading India

Description acceptable. The Russian Emperor Paul I had a secret plan to perform this action, his namesake march, which involved crossing of the Caspian Sea. Some scholars speculate that the Aryan peoples ended a civilization that created the "dancing girl" statue in the process of doing this. (*) Alexander the Great began an attempt to do this thing following his defeat King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 B.C. A British multinational company famously carried out this process successfully, ultimately subduing numerous independent states. For 10 points, name this action in which a force attempts to enter a county which has its modern capital at New Delhi.

women's suffrage

Description acceptable. This cause suffered a blow when Minor v. Happersett held that it could not be enacted through the Fourteenth Amendment's citizenship clause, and it was later addressed in Leser v. Garnett. The Silent Sentinels picketed the White House to support this cause, led by NWP leader Alice Paul, who was often at odds with rival organization NAWSA. Years after (*) Wyoming became the first state to grant this right, President Wilson signed a similar amendment that was ratified in 1920, thanks to Carrie Chapman Catt's efforts. For 10 points, identify this cause realized via the nineteenth amendment, which gave people like Susan B. Anthony the right to cast ballots.

Reconquista

Description acceptable. This period began with Pelagius's defeat of Munuza at the 722 CE Battle of Covadonga. The revolt of Boabdil led to the end of this period. After a civil war during this period, small kingdoms called taifa cropped up. At the 1086 Battle of Sagrajas during it, the Almoravids took control over (*) al-Andalus. Later in this period, the Almohads were defeated at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Its end was marked by the fall of Granada to the union of Aragon and Castile in 1492. For 10 points, name this term referring to the time period during which the Iberian Peninsula slowly fell out of the control of Muslim rulers.

Republic of India (or Bhārat Gaṇarājya)

During World War I, an independence movement in this modern day country was named after the silk letters written to conspirators. A leader from this country nicknamed "Netaji" controversially allied with Axis powers during World War II. Rebels in this modern day country were strapped to cannons and blown apart after revolting in response to (*) lard-coated cartridges. A "salt march" and protests based on the satyagraha principle of non-violence occurred in this country. For 10 points, name this modern day country that gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 with the help of protests led by Mohandas Gandhi.

William the Conqueror (accept William the Bastard or William I; prompt on "William")

During his childhood, this man's guardians included Gilbert of Brionne and Osbern. This man consolidated power by marrying Matilda of Flanders and enforcing a Truce of God. This man received a blessing from Pope Alexander II to perform his most famous action, which he claimed was sanctioned by (*) Edward the Confessor. After the success of that invasion, this man defeated the Revolt of the Earls and commissioned the Domesday Book and the Tower of London. For 10 points, name this victor at the Battle of Hastings and the first Norman King of England.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

During his exile in the 1850s, this man sailed merchant ships like the Commonwealth and the Carmen across the Pacific and Atlantic. This man's most famous action was prompted by a rebellion against Francis II in Messina and Palermo. This man allied with Brazil and the Colorados during the (*) Uruguayan Civil War, thus earning the nickname "Hero of Two Worlds." This man's military actions were publicized by Giuseppe Mazzini and consolidated by Count Cavour. For 10 points, name this leader of the Redshirts, whose Expedition of the Thousand conquered Sicily en route to unifying Italy.

The War of 1812

During one battle in this war, Laura Secord warned James FitzGibbon of an impending attack from a force marching from Fort George. A lack of food in Amherstburg forced Robert Barclay to attack and lose to an enemy naval squadron based at (*) Put-In-Bay. That naval battle was won by Oliver Hazard Perry. After the Battle of Bladensburg, a freak storm prevented one side's capital city from burning to the ground. Andrew Jackson fought in the Battle of New Orleans during, for 10 points, what war ended by the Treaty of Ghent?

Second Boer War (prompt on just "Boer War"; do not accept or prompt on "First Boer War")

During one battle in this war, a commander ordered posts with no barbed wire put up after realizing the enemy couldn't tell the difference. Emily Hobhouse's investigations of strategies used during it led to the Fawcett Commission, and Robert Baden-Powell became a national hero for resisting the Siege of (*) Mafeking during it. The Treaty of Vereeniging ended this conflict. Lord Kitchener employed concentration camps in this conflict, and one side in it consisted of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. For 10 points, give this war in which the namesake group of Dutch settlers were defeated by the British in South Africa.

War of the Austrian Succession

During one campaign in this war, Count Minuzzi was dealt a defeat at Simbach by Prince Charles of Lorraine. Louis XV voluntarily relinquished territories won during this war back to the defeated enemies, saying he was "King of France, not a merchant". This war began based on a dispute over (*) Salic Law, and saw France and Prussia pitted against the Dutch Republic and Great Britain. This war ended with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and included the First and Second Silesian Wars. For 10 points, name this war over Maria Theresa's accession to the Habsburg throne in Vienna.

John Quincy Adams

During one election, this man's opponent accused him of providing prostitutes to the Czar while he served as Ambassador to Russia. This man is the only former president to become a member of the House of Representatives. As Secretary of State, this man drafted the Monroe Doctrine and signed a treaty with Luis (*) Onis that gave Florida to the U.S. This president made Henry Clay Secretary of State in the "corrupt bargain," which helped him win the Election of 1824 against Andrew Jackson. For 10 points, name this sixth president of the United States and son of a previous president.

labor strikes

During one of these events, Attorney General Richard Olney had the Federal government issue writs of injunction. John Mitchell led one of these events in 1902 that prompted a commission appointed by Teddy Roosevelt. One of these events led to an assassination plot by Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. One of these events began in Martinsburg in July (*) 1877. Henry Clay Frick hired the Pinkertons to stop one of these events. Grover Cleveland sent Federal troops to an 1894 one organized by Eugene Debs's ARU. The Homestead Steel Works and Pullman Railroad were hit by—for 10 points—what events in which workers refuse to work?

Babylon

During the reign of this city's Amorite dynasty, it conquered the Mari and Yamhad kingdoms. After winning the Battle of Opis, Cyrus the Great conquered this city from its king, Nabonidus. Esarhaddon reconstructed this city after it had earlier been destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Etemenanki (*) Ziggurat was built in this city, whose Ishtar Gate was the entrance to another building in it. A ruler of this city codified laws such as "If a son strikes his father, he shall have his fingers cut off." For 10 points, name this city once ruled by Hammurabi, whose Hanging Gardens were once a wonder of the world.

Battle of Midway

During this battle, Station HYPO cracked the losing side's encryption. This battle notably did not see the participation of the Shōkaku and Zuikaku because of damages sustained a month earlier. This battle saw the United States sink the Akagi and (*) three other carriers, while it lost only the USS Yorktown. Ishikoro Yamamoto's crushing defeat at the hands of Chester Nimitz at this battle left the Imperial Japanese Navy incapacitated. For 10 points, name this 1942 battle decisively won by the United States Navy, the turning point of the Pacific Theatre.

Battle of Yorktown

During this battle, the commander of Lauzun's Legion unhorsed cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton. Charles O'Hara presented the sword of the losing commander at this battle to the winner, who gave it to Benjamin Lincoln. Reinforcements for this battle led by Thomas(*) Graves were blocked by the Comte de Grasse from entering the Chesapeake Bay. Land support at this battle was given by the Comte de Rochambeau ["Roh-sham-bo"] and the Marquis de Lafayette. For 10 points, name this battle in which General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington, ending the American Revolution.

Third Century (accept 200s CE to 300 CE, but be very careful in figuring out which the player is referring to; accept Crisis of the Third Century)

During this century, Valerian the Elder was captured at the Battle of Edessa. Severus Alexander was assassinated during this century, and some of the emperors during it included the co-ruling Pupienus and Balbinus as well as the Gordians. A (*) "Crisis" of this century ended with the rise of an emperor who issued the Edict of Maximum Prices and split the empire into a tetrarchy; that emperor near the end of this century was Diocletian. This century began a little under 200 years after the death of Augustus, and it began 276 years before the canonical Fall of Rome. For 10 points, give this century that began about 200 years after the birth of Christ.

Yom Kippur War

During this conflict, one side mistook Japanese characters for Chinese ones on farm equipment at the site of one battle. In another theater of this war, an engagement at the Valley of Tears stopped one side's advance towards the city of Haifa. One side's Prime Minister was criticized for (*) her decision to not launch a preemptive strike on two neighbors and resigned after this conflict. Anwar el-Sadat and Hafez al-Assad coordinated assaults on the Suez Canal and the Golan Heights that started, for 10 points, what war pitting Israel against Egypt and Syria, named for its beginning on a high holy day?

California Gold Rush

During this event, 150 Wintu Native Americans were killed in the Bridge Gulch Massacre. The location of this event was the land where the former Swiss colony of New Helvetia was located. This event came to the attention of the public after the publisher of The Star, Samuel Brannon, ran through the street yelling about a discovery made by James(*) Marshall. During this event, German immigrant Levi Strauss began selling blue jeans near John Sutter's mill. For 10 points, name this event, where "forty-niners" attempted to find a precious metal in a western state.

Boxer Rebellion

During this event, Clemens von Ketteler was murdered, and a speech was made claiming that a certain group would "never again dare to look cross-eyed at a German". A woman's brigade known as the Red Lanterns formed during this event, which began a year after the Hundred Days' Reform and included a siege of the Legation Quarter. The (*) Open Door policy was formulated in response to this event, which was ended by the Eight-Nation Alliance and sparked by anger towards the unequal treaties. It was supported by Empress Dowager Cixi ["SUH-shee"], and it lasted from 1899 to 1901. For 10 points, name this Chinese anti-foreigner revolt led by the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists."

Unite the Right Rally

During this event, a synagogue was forced to hire private security after local police refused to station an officer nearby. During this event, a helicopter crash led to the deaths of two state troopers. This event saw a member of the (*) IWW, Heather Heyer, killed in a terrorist attack by Alex Fields. This event, spearheaded by David Duke and Richard Spencer, led to criticism of the President after a press conference in which he discussed good people being "on both sides." For 10 points, name this event where protesters with tiki torches attempted to stop the removal of Confederate statues in the town housing the main campus of the University of Virginia.

Homestead Strike

During this event, the New York Times reported that William Foy was the first to be wounded. George Snowden led state militia troops ordered by Governor Robert Pattison to help resolve this event. This conflict rose to national attention when anarchist (*) Alexander Berkman attempted to assassinate one of this conflict's leaders. This event centered around a fortified facility dubbed "Fort Frick", and this conflict saw fighting between workers and the Pinkerton Agency. For 10 points, name this Pennsylvania labor dispute between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company.

Pierre Trudeau

During this leader's tenure, a group including Paul Rose abducted Trade Consul James Cross and a man whose body was found in the trunk of a car. This head of state's terms were interrupted by Joe Clark. When this leader was accused of mouthing profanity at opposition members, he claimed to have said "fuddle duddle," and he improved his nation's welfare system in the "Just Society" program. After Pierre(*) Laporte's death, he declared "Just watch me" before invoking the War Measures Act against the FLQ to resolve the October Crisis. For 10 points, name this Canadian prime minister whose son, Justin, is the current prime minister.

Ronald Reagan

During this man's presidency, two Libyan jets were shot down by F-14 Tomcats in the Gulf of Sidra incident. At the Reykjavik Summit, this president failed to persuade his opponent to implement the "double-zero" proposal. The Tower Commission investigated this president's cabinet, who had previously violated the (*) Boland Amendment. This president told his wife "Honey, I forgot to duck!" after John Hinckley Jr. shot him. For 10 points, name this Republican president whose term saw the Iran-Contra Affair take place, a former California governor who famously stated, "Tear down this wall."

Ivan the Terrible

During this man's reign, the cossack Yermak won the Battle of Kalshiq, helping conquer Siberia for the Stroganovs. His suspicion of Archbishop Pimen during a war against a coalition including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to a massacre at Novgorod. This loser of the Livonian War used a secret police force called the(*) Oprichniki ["oh-prich-nee-kee"] and convened the first Zemskii Sobor. This ruler ordered the construction of a church with nine onion-domed towers. This ruler ordered the building of St. Basil's Cathedral, and the death of his son Feodor I sparked the Time of Troubles. For 10 points, name this Tsar of Russia whose epithet reflects his cruelty.

Russian Revolution of 1917 (accept February Revolution until mention; accept October Revolution until mention; do not accept or prompt on "Russian Civil War" or "Russian Revolution of 1905")

During this period, one thinker first posited a "dual power" held between an illegitimate government and the people. Anna Anderson falsely claimed to be one person imprisoned during and executed after this war, and one leader was smuggled to the site of this conflict by train from Switzerland and explained his (*) April Theses upon his arrival. This war had "February" and "October" phases, the latter of which toppled a Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky. Nicholas II abdicated as a result of this conflict. For 10 points, give this general term referring to the conflict that led to the end of tsarist rule in Moscow.

United States Presidential Election of 1920

During this presidential election year, Tennessee became the first state of the former Confederate States of America to vote for a Republican candidate since the failure of Reconstruction. This election year also featured the national political debut of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the vice-presidential running-mate of the ultimate loser, Democrat (*) James M. Cox. As the 19th amendment was ratified several months before the election, this year was the first to feature female voters in every state. For 10 points, name this election year in which Republican Warren G. Harding scored a decisive victory, the first post-World War I US presidential election.

Seven Years' War

During this war, John Byng was executed for failing to stop the "fall" of Minorca. In a theater of this war, twelve Mingo warriors helped win the Battle of Jumonville Glen. This war spilled over into a more local war where the Battle of Plassey was won by Robert Clive. A commander in another theater of this war had to surrender at Fort Duquesne. A theater of this war was won by Britain after the Marquis de (*) Montcalm was killed at the Plains of Abraham. It followed the War of the Austrian Succession in a series of "world wars." The French and Indian War was the American theater of—for 10 points—what war that lasted from 1756 to 1763, the namesake period of time?

if you're playing this in England, I guess prompt on Civil War)

During this war, William Dowsing was commissioned to destroy "superstitious" artifacts by the Earl of Manchester, who led a group of forces called the Eastern Association. The Solemn League and Covenant was drawn up during this war, and Thomas Pride led a namesake "purge" during this war that created the (*) "Rump Parliament." At the Battle of Naseby in this war, forces known as the "Roundheads" defeated the "Cavaliers," who supported Charles I. For 10 points, name this 17th-century conflict which ended with the establishment of a Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell.

Second Boer War

During this war, the relief of the town of Kimberley started a rise in fortunes for John French and Douglas "Butcher" Haig. The Fawcett Commission investigated so-called "refugee camps" set up during the last stage of this war, in which diseases such as measles and typhoid ravaged the camp population. A (*) telegram sent by Kaiser Wilhelm II to the State President of one country involved in this war, Paul Kruger, stirred public fury in the other country involved. In this war, a 217-day siege took place at Mafeking, and it was preempted by the Jameson raid. For 10 points, name this conflict between the British and a namesake group of Dutch settlers.

Singapore

Early 1300s visitors to this city referred to it as Long Ya Men, Dan Ma Xi, and Temasek. Several hundred patients and staff were massacred in this city at the Alexandra Hospital during a battle that ended with Arthur Percival's surrender. Colonial era leaders of this city negotiated with the Sultan of (*) Johor for British control of this city, which was later the site of the largest military capitulation in British military history. Lee Kuan Yew was a longtime authoritarian leader of this microstate. For 10 points, name this independent Southeast-Asian "Lion City," a wealthy major port and financial center at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula.

Henry VII (prompt on just Henry)

Early in this man's reign, John de la Pole revolted, trying to pass off Lambert Simnel as the Earl of Warwick. This man's son Arthur, Prince of Wales died of sweating sickness after earlier being married to Catherine of Aragon, who then married this man's (*) other son. After arriving from France in Pembrokeshire, this man came to power after winning the Battle of Bosworth Field against the hunchbacked Richard III to end the Wars of the Roses. For 10 points, name this man who founded the Tudor dynasty and was succeeded by a man of the same name who notably had six wives.

Battle of the Little Bighorn (or Custer's Last Stand before "Custer" is read; or the Battle of the Greasy Grass before it's read)

Eight days before this event, George Crook had been defeated at the Battle of the Rosebud, preventing him from helping this battle's losing side. The losing commander of this battle earlier refused an offer of two Gatling guns, and an instruction to "bring packs" in this battle was ignored by Frederick Benteen, who instead reinforced Marcus (*) Reno's troops. This battle was known as that of the "Greasy Grass," and its losing commander led an expedition that discovered gold in the Black Hills. For 10 points, name this 1876 battle at which the 7th Cavalry was destroyed by forces under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, leading to the death of George Custer.

Czechoslovakia

Ethnic Germans in this country were expelled by the Benes Decrees. Jan ["yahn"] Masaryk died under suspicious circumstances in this country, and his father Thomas was the first president of this country. The arrest of the psychedelic band Plastic People of the Universe in this country led to the creation of Charter 77. The (*) Brezhnev Doctrine was first enforced in this country, from which Adolf Hitler annexed the Sudetenland. The "Velvet Divorce" led to this country to dissolve in 1993, and Alexander Dubček ["DUB-check"] called for "Socialism with a human face" in it. The 1968 Prague Spring happened in—for 10 points—what Warsaw Pact country named for two modern countries?

Piracy

Female members of this profession included figures such as Ching Shih and Mary Read. A famous practitioner of this profession was despised by Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood and died at Ocracoke Island. The Brethren of the Coast was a multinational alliance of these people based in Port (*) Royal, where they were commissioned to operate by the English crown. The seas surrounding the Persian Gulf and the Barbary Coast were well-known for being full of these people. For 10 points, name this profession of hunting down maritime shipping, historically common in the Caribbean.

Peace of Westphalia

Fighting between two countries that was not initially ended by this treaty was ended by the Treaty of the Pyrenees. Innocent X denounced this treaty in his bull Zelo Domus Dei. This treaty granted independence to Switzerland and the (*) Dutch low countries. As part of this treaty, which consisted of separate agreements at Osnabruck and Munster, the tenets of the earlier Peace of Augsburg were reaffirmed. For 10 points, name this treaty which ended the Thirty Years' War.

Republic of Rhodesia

Forces loyal to this nation conducted a daring cross-border raid in Operation Eland. This country's only leader was severely wounded in an aircraft accident while piloting his Hurricane fighter during the Second World War. That man led this country's namesake Front party for over twenty years. The (*) Lancaster House agreement ultimately led to this country's demise. This nation's president, Ian Smith, issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. This country was engaged in a 15 year namesake Bush War against ZIPRA and ZANU terrorists led by Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe respectively. For 10 points, name this historical white-ruled nation in modern-day Zimbabwe.

French Protestants (accept Huguenots until mention; accept French Calvinists; prompt on French Christians, I guess)

Fort Caroline in Florida was established to shelter these people, who were forced to house troops known as dragoons. After accidentally killing Henry II at a jousting tournament, Gabriel Montgomery became a leader of these people, another leader of whom may have been killed by Henry, (*) Duke of Guise. Gaspard de Coligny died when Catherine de'Medici ordered a massacre of these people on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, and the end of Henry IV's membership in this group was accompanied by the quote, "Paris is well worth a mass." For 10 points, the Edict of Nantes granted religious liberty to what denomination, known in France as Huguenots?

Olmecs

Hair braids on the back of an artwork by this civilization were cited by Ivan van Sertima as evidence of contact with Ethiopia. A ceremonial axe-head made by this culture is an example of their use of jade. Motifs in this culture's artwork include the elongated man and the were-jaguar, which may have been their supreme deity. Matthew Stirling named one site of these people San Lorenzo, and a large earthen cone is found at another site of these people in (*) La Venta. These people worshipped a sky-dragon, and possibly invented the ballgame later associated with the Aztecs. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican civilization, best known for its gigantic stone heads.

Solidarity (or Solidarność; or Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity")

Handwriting analysis of agreements signed with the codename "Bolek" were published in 2017 indicating a leader of this group was a paid informant for the secret police. This group published a poster using an image from the film High Noon and this group's distinctive logo in a thick (*) red font with a flag. This group helped remove Secretary Kania and Wojciech Jaruzelski ["voy-CHEK yuh-roo-ZEL-ski"] from power, and the Gdansk Agreement and the Roundtable Talks eventually led to a leader of this group being elected as Prime Minister in 1989. This group was led by a shipyard electrician named Lech Wałęsa ["vah-WEN-suh"]. For 10 points, name this anti-communist trade union that formed in Poland.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

He's not Plato, but this man wrote a dialogue called De re publica. This man asks a man when he means to "cease abusing our patience" in a work in which he decries "Oh the times! Oh the morals!" This man wrote the original fiery "philippics," and the rediscovery of this man's letters in the 14th century is widely credited with initiating the Renaissance in Europe. This man attacked a conspiracy being led by (*) Catiline, and Plutarch's Parallel Lives pairs this man with Demosthenes. This man was killed and his corpse displayed in the Forum in revenge for his political speeches. For 10 points, name this widely influential Roman orator.

names censored to avoid giving high schoolers ideas; also, this question was literally written by our social chair)

Henry D. Cogswell and Simon Benson were noted for building machines named for the fact that they did not contain this substance. Riots named for a type of this substance occurred in Portland, Maine, as a result of the actions of mayor Neal S. Dow. First Lady Lucy Hayes earned her nickname due to her (*) opposition to this product, in which she was joined by Wayne Wheeler and the WCTU. This is the product whose sale is most commonly controlled via "blue laws." This substance was the subject of the Volstead Act and was violently destroyed by Carrie Nation. For 10 points, name this good whose sale was prohibited by the 18th Amendment.

Battle of Kadesh

Hugo Winckler discovered tablets in Boghazkoy that described peace negotiations after this battle. The Poem and the Bulletin describe this battle in great detail, and after this battle was finished, its winner sacked Dapur and Tunip. Two Shasu spies were captured during this battle, which saw mercenaries from the Amurru and (*) Ptah divisions force one side to retreat across the Orontes River. After this battle, Muwatalli II and its victor signed the first-ever recorded peace treaty. For 10 points, name this largest chariot battle which saw Ramesses the Great defeat the Hittites.

Lebanon

In 2014, protests concerning the overuse of a landfill took place in this nation's town of Naameh, and its highest point is Qurnat as Sawda. An International Festival is held in its city of Baalbek, which is in its Beqaa Valley. Though not Libya, this country's second-largest city is Tripoli. The militant group(*) Hezbollah is headquartered in this nation, in which cities like Tyre were once inhabited by Phoenicians, and it disputes parts of the Golan Heights with its southern neighbor, Israel. For 10 points, identify this Middle Eastern nation whose flag depicts a cedar and that has a capital at Beirut.

Secretary-General of the United Nations

In January 2017, the younger brother of one holder of this position was charged with bribing Malcolm Harris to have a sovereign wealth fund purchase the Landmark 72 building complex in Vietnam. After the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, a former holder of this position announced he would not (*) run for President of South Korea. The current holder of this position took office in January 2017 and is the former Prime Minister of Portugal. For 10 points, name this chief administrative office of the United Nations, formerly held by Ban Ki-Moon and currently held by Antonio Guterres.

fires

In March, 2017, the East Bay Times published emails showing prior knowledge of the problems that caused one of these events at the Ghost Ship in December 2016. Sir Martin Moore-Bick is leading a public inquiry into one of these events, which officials believe originated from a (*) Hotpoint fridge-freezer. In June 2017, Sadiq Khan criticized bad safety protocols for causing over 70 deaths due to one of these disasters at the Grenfell Tower. Thirty-six people died in one of these disasters at an Oakland warehouse. California saw a series of, for 10 points, what disasters that burned over 245,000 acres of land?

Kim Jong-Un

In May of 2017, a lumberjack wielding biochemical weapons was allegedly hired to assassinate this man. This figure was reportedly enrolled in the International Baccalaureate in a Swiss school under an alias but it is unclear whether he received a diploma. (*) Dramatic photos of this man are commonly broadcasted by the KCNA to intimidate his enemies. This biggest fan of Michael Jordan had his uncle Jang Song-Thaek executed for treason. For 10 points, name this eternal first-secretary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

In Plutarch's Parallel Lives, this man is paired with the Spartan general and strategist, Lycander. While serving as pro consule to the province of Cilicia, this man was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Along with Crassus, this man defeated Samnite forces at the Battle of Colline Gate. Earlier, as quaestor, this man captured (*) Jugurtha. This general was elected consul for the first time in 88 B.C. after his success in the Social War. The proscriptions were issued by this man after his first march on Rome. For 10 points, name this rival of Marius, leader of the Optimates, and Roman dictator.

Gary Johnson

In a 2012 debate, this politician stated that his "neighbor's dogs have created more shovel-ready jobs than this administration." This politician was referred to as "Puff Daddy" by Clinton drug czar Barry McCaffrey for his endorsement of marijuana legalization. This man initially failed to answer a Chris Matthews question about his "favorite(*) foreign leader," and in a previous gaffe, he answered a question about Syria with "what is Aleppo?" For 10 points, name this former New Mexico governor, who ran with Bill Weld in the 2016 Presidential election as the Libertarian candidate.

Boer Wars

In a battle during the first of these conflicts, Joachim Ferreira's superior marksmen took Gordon's Knoll, after mistakenly anticipating an attack at Laing's Nek. An expedition that started the first of these conflicts consisted of 600 men, who surrendered at Doornkop. The first of these wars included the Battle of Majuba Hill, and was sparked by the Jameson Raid. During the second of these wars, the founder of the Boy(*) Scouts, Robert Baden-Powell, defended Mafeking. These wars ended with the annexation of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. For 10 points, name this pair of wars between the British and namesake Dutch farmers, which were fought in South Africa

William Jennings Bryan

In a famous political cartoon from Judge Magazine, this man wears a red cape as he stands on the Bible with an oversized cross in his hand. In an article for the New York Times, this politician declared that he would "rather speak on religion than on politics" after giving "The Prince of Peace", which was among the speeches he gave while on the Chautauqua Circuit. This man represented the (*) prosecution against Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial, and advocated for his belief of "free silver" in his most famous speech. For ten points, name this three-time Democratic presidential nominee who denounced the gold standard in the "Cross of Gold" speech.

Bloody Sunday

In a photograph of an event with this name, the priest Edward Daly waves a bloody handkerchief. David Cameron apologized for that event of this name after the publication of the Saville Report. That event with this name was investigated in the Widgery Tribunal and took place in the Bogside area of Derry. In another event with this name, a crowd singing "God save the Tsar" was led by Father (*) Gapon to the Winter Palace. That event with this name led to the October Manifesto by Sergei Witte, which created the Duma. For 10 points, give this nickname of days when protesters were shot at by police, including a 1905 massacre in Russia and a 1972 massacre in Northern Ireland.

Jawaharlal Nehru

In a speech, this man declared that "a new star rises, the star of freedom in the east;" "May the star never set and the hope never be betrayed!" This man claimed the "light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere," in response to the assassination of his mentor. The former speech by this man came just months after he agreed to the 1947 partition with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and is known as the (*) "Tryst ["Trisst"] with Destiny" speech. This leader was aided by Mohandas Gandhi during the movement for independence. For 10 points name this first Prime Minister of India.

Malcolm X

In a speech, this man proclaimed "today, it's time to stop singing and start swinging," since "singing" didn't help Cassius Clay "to become the heavyweight champion of the world." After this man described John F. Kennedy's assassination as "chickens coming home to roost," Elijah(*) Muhammad ordered him to remain silent for ninety days. This giver of the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech was assassinated in 1965 by three members of his former organization in the Audubon Ballroom. For 10 points, name this black nationalist who broke with the Nation of Islam.

Sharia law

In his 2008 book about this system, Jan Michiel Otto identified four aspects of it: the divine, the classical, the historical, and the contemporary. This system is interpreted through the lense of the public good using Maslaha. To enforce this system, officials in one nation carry out (*) beheadings in Dira Square, as that punishment is considered hudud or mandatory for some crimes. Under this system, there are no lawyers or juries. Muftis are a type of ullama that specialize in fiqh, the interpretation of this. They issue fatwas. Attempts to cite portions of this religious law code in court cases in Western nations has generated controversy. For 10 points, name this Islamic religious law code.

Kingdom of Cambodia

In his accounts on the customs of this country, Zhou Daguan recorded that its people only wore a piece of cloth at the waist and lived in homes without furniture. In 1177, the Champa sacked the capital of a polity located primarily in this country, Longvek, and that empire was founded by Jayavarman II. After leading a coup against Norodom Sihanouk, (*) Lon Nol became the President of a certain party in this country, which came to power following Year Zero. Victims of a genocide in this country were buried in several Killing Fields. For ten points, name this Southeast Asian country home to Angkor Wat, where Pol Pot once led the Khmer Rouge.

Cleopatra VII Philopator

In one anecdote recounted by Pliny, this figure takes one of the largest pearls in the world and dissolves it in a cup of vinegar before drinking it. This ruler's chief minister Pothinus usurped control of the throne and replaced (*) this ruler with the puppet ruler Ptolemy XIII. This ruler would return to power after having her sister Arsinoe killed on the steps of the Temple of Artemis, and she gave her country up to Roman rule in order to maintain it. For 10 points, name this Egyptian queen who famously had a relationship with Julius Caesar.

Ramses II

In one campaign, this ruler crossed the Dog River and conquered land as far north as Dapur in the region of Amurru. This ruler celebrated fourteen Sed festivals, the most by any holder of his position. Following a dispute over extradition, this ruler and Hattusili III signed the world's earliest known (*) peace treaty. This leader led campaigns into Nubia and Syria, where he defeated Hittite forces at the Battle of Kadesh. For 10 points, name this Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Century B.C.E. known for his many building projects, whom the Greeks referred to as Ozymandias.

Los Angeles

In this city, Latasha Harlins was shot while purchasing a bottle of Orange Juice. One event in this city started after Marquette Frye was pulled over for drunk driving. In the wake of an event in this city, its namesake asked "Can we all get along?" That event is referred to as "Sa-I-Gu" by this city's Korean-Americans. Returning servicemen assaulted (*) Latinos wearing the titular outfit during this city's Zoot Suit Riots. The acquittal of four police officers who were caught on videotape beating an African-American man on the ground led to 1992 riots in this city. The Watts and Rodney King riots hit—for 10 points—what large city in southern California?

(Most Serene) Republic of Venice (or Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia)

In this city, several Cretan nobles sought the protection of St. Titus in an unsuccessful rebellion. The Council of Ten forced the abdication of one of its rulers, Francesco Foscari. An annual festival in this city was conducted on a giant ship called the Bucentaur and required its ruler to throw a (*) ring into the sea. Rivals of this city formed the League of Cambrai. Four bronze horses on this city's main basilica were looted from Constantinople, part of a crusade called for by its leader Enrico Dandolo, who held the title of doge ["doh-jay"]. For 10 points, name this powerful Italian city-state of the Middle Ages, whose residents got around on its many canals.

México

In this country, the passage of the Lerdo Law angered General Zuloaga's pro-Catholic Church conservatives, leading to a civil war. Another anti-Catholic Church law passed in this nation, the Calles Law, sparked the Cristero War. José Yves Limantour, the Secretary of Finance, was the most influential científico of the period of this country's history known as the (*) Porfiriato. In March 1938, this country nationalized its oil industry, creating the state-owned enterprise Pemex. For 10 points each, name this country that signed the North American Free Trade Agreement with the United States and Canada.

United States Presidential Election of 2000

In this election, the nasty South Carolina primary featured accusations that a candidate's adopted child was actually born out of wedlock. A candidate in this election was derided for proposing a federal "rainy day fund," and was the first major-party candidate with a Jewish running mate. In this election, Joe (*) Lieberman ran with a man who said he "took the initiative in creating the Internet." In this election, many voting errors came from "butterfly ballots" and "hanging chads." In this election, Green Party candidate Ralph Nader won 2.7% of the vote and recounts in Florida were halted by the Supreme Court. For 10 points, name this election that Al Gore lost to George W. Bush.

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

In this modern country, a British army led by William Elphinstone was almost completely destroyed by Wazir Akbar Khan. The People's Democratic Party of this country seized power in the Saur Revolution. King Zahir Shah ruled this country from 1933 to 1973, and the border between this country and its southern neighbor is known as the Durand Line. (*) Russia proposed this nation as a "buffer" state during the Great Game. Stinger missiles were supplied to the mujahideen in this country, and it fought from 1979 to 1989 in a war often considered the "Soviet's Vietnam." For 10 points, name this country whose Taliban was overthrown in a 2001 invasion.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts

In this state, Barnett Walensky was convicted of negligent homicide after 492 people died in a fire at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub. A distillery holding tank in this state's largest city burst in 1919, causing a flood of molasses that killed 21 people. A trial presided over by Webster Thayer in this state centering around a shoe factory robbery led to the execution of two (*) anarchist Italian-American immigrants. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in this state, which is also where Whitey Bulger's gang operated in its largest city's "Southie" neighborhood. For 10 points, name this most populous state in New England.

Tennessee

In this state, William Hazen defended the "Round Forest" during the Battle of Stones River. W.H.L. Wallace was mortally wounded defending a road in this state. A general got the epithet "Unconditional Surrender" from Simon Bolivar Buckner's surrender of Fort Donelson in this state. After Chickamauga, Ulysses S. Grant fought at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in this state to relieve the Army of the (*) Cumberland. Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston died in a battle in this state, which saw heavy fighting at the Hornet's Nest near Pittsburg Landing. For 10 points, name this Southern state, the site of Civil War battles like Shiloh, Chattanooga, and Memphis.

Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

It's not the First Amendment, but in US v. Cruikshank, the Supreme Court failed to incorporate this amendment's protections to the states, ruling against a group of freedmen. While the Court exercised the collective rights interpretation of this amendment in its decision in 1939's US v. Miller, that precedent was overturned in another case pertaining to this amendment, (*) DC v. Heller, in which the Court ruled that this amendment did not solely extend to a state's necessity to maintain a well-regulated militia. For 10 points, name this amendment to the Constitution, which outlines the right to bear arms.

Oliver Cromwell

John Lambert's Instrument of Government helped legitimize the rule of this man. This man's forces were opposed by the 23-year-old third son of Frederick the Winter King. This father-in-law of Henry Ireton chaired the Putney Debates. This man sacked Wexford and (*) Drogheda in an almost genocidal Irish campaign. His son was nicknamed "Tumbledown Dick." This man and Thomas Fairfax won the Battle of Naseby, leading the New Model Army to victory over the Royalists. For 10 points, name this Lord Protector of England who took power after the 1649 execution of Charles I.

City of Paris

Joseph Gallieni, a military governor of this city, helped win a battle to defend it. Patrice MacMahon attacked this city during "the Bloody Week." Later, during the Race to the Sea, this city's taxicabs were enlisted to transport defending troops. Auguste Blanqui was elected in absentia by a (*) revolutionary movement in this city, some of whose members subscribed to the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. That government in this city was crushed in 1871 after the fall of the Second Empire. For 10 points, name this city, which was ruled by a namesake Commune after the defeat of Napoléon III in the Franco-Prussian War.

abolitionism

Joseph Knight used a 1772 court decision to accomplish the aims of this movement in Scotland. The Somerset Case accomplished the goal of this movement within the borders of England and Wales. Elijah Parish Lovejoy advocated for this cause in the United States. The (*) Golden Law finally accomplished the goals of this cause in 1888 in Brazil. Pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood and activist William Wilberforce both supported this cause in the United Kingdom. Wedgwood names a medallion that depicts a chained, kneeling black man that was used by this movement. For 10 points, name this political movement that sought to end slavery.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Journalist Lorena Hickok may have been a lover of this patron of a planned community at Arthurdale, West Virginia. This figure angered the President by supporting Walter White, Edward Costigan, and Robert Wagner's federal anti-lynching efforts. With Harry Hopkins, this developer of Val-Kill spearheaded the National Youth Administration. After resigning from the Daughters of the American Revolution in protest, this later chair of the drafting of the U.N.'s Universal Declaration of Human Rights coordinated (*) Marion Anderson's 1939 concert at the Lincoln Memorial. Often at odds with her husband's New Deal advisors, this is, for 10 points, what longest-serving first lady, the wife of FDR?

Iranian hostage crisis (accept equivalents; accept seizure/capture/storming/synonyms of the American embassy in Tehran before "embassy" is read)

Ken Taylor helped shelter six people who escaped during this event. A flashpoint for this event was one man's trip to New York for lymphoma treatment, and its central location had been deemed a "den of spies." Several helicopters crashed during (*) Operation Eagle Claw, an attempt to end this event, and CBS anchor Walter Cronkite repeatedly reminded viewers of the length of this event. This 444-day event ended on the day of Ronald Reagan's inauguration, and it started after protestors inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini seized the U.S. embassy. For 10 points, name this event in which 66 Americans were held captive in Tehran.

the Bronze Age

Many drums were created during this time period by the Dong Son culture in the Red River delta. This period started in the Americas with the Moche culture. The Dorian invasion occurred at the end of it. Earlier in this time period, Greece had been home to the (*) Minoans. The end of this time period was a "collapse" including the fall of the Mycenaean and Hittite kingdoms. The earliest writing, and cities like Harappa and Uruk, appeared during this time period. For 10 points, name this time period in which early civilizations like Ancient Egypt flourished, which was preceded by the Neolithic and succeeded by the Iron Age.

pharaohs

Many of these people are known by alternate names from a list named for Turin. Menes was the first of these people, who were often depicted wearing the nemes. An early one of these people was depicted on a namesake "Palette," and was named Narmer. These people wore a combination of White and Red Crowns, called Hedjet and Deshret. Hundreds of diplomatic (*) letters written for one of these people have survived at his capital, Amarna. These people ruled in thirty-one dynasties, three "intermediate periods," and Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Their eighteenth dynasty included Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Akhenaten. For 10 points, name these rulers of ancient Egypt.

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (or al-Jazā'ir; or Dzayer; or Algérie)

Many protesters advocating for the independence of this modern-day country drowned after being thrown off a bridge by policemen led by Maurice Papon. Groups such as the Black Panthers and the IRA adopted terrorist strategies depicted in a film set in this country directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. Many ethnic Europeans known as (*) pieds-noirs fled this country after its independence war, which was a victory for Ahmed Ben Bella's FLN and was ended by the Evian Accords signed with Charles de Gaulle. For 10 points, name this North African country which fought a bloody war to free itself from French rule.

KGB (or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti; or the Committee for State Security; prompt on Soviet/Russian secret police or Soviet/Russian intelligence or Soviet/Russian spies or other descriptive answers)

Members of this organization commonly used a dust-like substance called nitrophenyl pentadienal, or NPPD to track their enemies. So-called "active measures" were pursued by this organization's First Chief Directorate. This non-American agency employed Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen. Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov was poisoned by this organization using a (*) ricin pellet hidden inside an umbrella, and it grew out of the earlier NKVD. Before leading their country, both Yuri Andropov and Vladimir Putin worked for this agency. For 10 points, name this chief intelligence agency of the Soviet Union.

NATO (accept North Atlantic Treaty Organization or North Atlantic Alliance)

Members of this organization participated in the Dragon-17 exercises, and Petro Poroshenko met with Jens Stoltenberg to discuss the enlargement of this organization. Montenegro formally joined this organization on June 5th, 2017, a few days after this organization held a summit at its headquarters in (*) Brussels. Article Five of the treaty establishing this organization treats an armed attack on a member state to be an attack on all member states. Its member states include Norway, Italy, and the United States. For 10 points, name this military alliance created in 1948 for mutual defense against the Soviet Union.

Equal Rights Amendment

Much of the opposition to this legislation stems from an interpretation of the Hayden rider. The potential for states to drop support for this legislation was declared moot in Idaho v. Freeman. The Eagle Forum was created to oppose this legislation, which was first written by Alice Paul in 1923. This legislation missed the mark for(*) ratification by its 1979 deadline, in part due to a campaign with the phrase "I am for Mom and apple pie" by activist Phyllis Schlafly. In 2017, Nevada became the 36th state to ratify this proposed amendment. For 10 points, name this unratified Constitutional amendment that aims to stop discrimination based on sex.

Samuel de Champlain

On one expedition, this explorer sailed with his uncle François Gravé du Pont aboard the Bonne-Renommée, but he took personal command of the Don de Dieu on his most famous effort. This explorer names a body of water that would be the site of a victory for Thomas Macdonough over the (*) British during the Battle of Plattsburgh. At the Battle of Sorel during the Beaver Wars, he allied with the Algonquin and Huron tribes to defeat the Iroquois. This man is referred to as the "Father of New France" for his founding of Quebec City. For 10 points, name this French explorer who names a lake on the border of Vermont and New York.

Camp David Accords

On signatory of this agreement was assassinated by Khalid Islambouli. That leader gave a speech at the Knesset where he argued for the implementation of Resolutions 338 and 242. Resolution 34/65 B was invoked by the United Nations to reject parts of this agreement because it did not respect (*) Palestine's right of self-determination. This agreement restored Egyptian control of the Sinai Peninsula and guaranteed free passage in the Suez Canal. Israel's Menachem Begin and Egypt's Anwar El Sadat signed, for 10 points, what accords mediated by Jimmy Carter at the title presidential retreat?

petroleum (or crude oil; antiprompt

On the recommendation of Mark Twain, Helen Keller's college education was paid for by a man who got rich from this resource named Henry Rogers. Croatian immigrant Anthony Lucas built a facility to produce this resource at the Spindletop, and it was first discovered in the United States by Edwin Drake in (*) Titusville, Pennsylvania. Members of this industry bribed Cabinet member Albert Fall in the Teapot Dome Scandal, and the muckraker Ida Tarbell published a "History" of this industry, whose largest company was broken up in a 1911 antitrust case. For 10 points, name this natural resource that made John D. Rockefeller rich.

Sir Henry Hudson

On this man's second voyage, he failed to replicate the route of Willem Barentsz's last voyage when he did not pass at Novaya Zemlya. This man sailed on the Hopewell on an early expedition. This man was employed by the Muscovy Company. He died after a winter in (*) James Bay when the crew of his ship Discovery mutinied and set him adrift in the Arctic on a small boat with his son and loyal followers. For 10 points, name this explorer who, while sailing on the Half Moon, claimed New Netherland for the Dutch in 1609, and has a namesake bay in northeastern Canada.

Standard Oil

One Chicago building formerly named for this company is now known as the Aon Center. This company was headquartered in Cleveland and New York but its holding company was based in New Jersey. The line "You could argue its existence from its effects, but you could not prove it" appears in reference to this company's structure in a book titled The History of this company by (*) Ida Tarbell. In 1911, this company was broken up under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Its modern day successors include Chevron and ExxonMobil. For 10 points, name this company founded by John D. Rockefeller which once controlled 90% of the oil market.

the unification of Italy (accept synonyms for unification or creation of Italy; accept Wars of Italian Independence; accept Risorgimento before mention; anti-prompt

One action in support of this effort was a boycott of tobacco, which led to riots called the "Five Days" of a major city that were put down by Joseph Radetzky. One commander during this campaign had led a regiment during the (*) Uruguayan Civil War and won the Battle of the Volturnus. During this event, Papal forces were defeated by the Expedition of the Thousand, which included the "Redshirts." Leaders of this campaign included Count Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Also known as the Risorgimento, for 10 points, name this 19th century campaign in which cities like Milan and Naples became part of the same country.

Qing

One campaign during this dynasty was fought to pacify the Jinchuan ["jeen-chwan"] hill peoples, and another led to the genocide of three-quarters of the Dzungar people. The Ten Great Campaigns were carried out by the Qianlong ["CHIN-long"] emperor during this dynasty that used the Eight Banners military system. The conquest of (*) Tibet and several border conflicts with Russia occurred in this dynasty. This dynasty's last ruler was the puppet emperor Puyi, who was a member of the Manchu people that established it. This dynasty followed the Ming and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. For 10 points, name this last dynasty of China.

1992 United States Presidential election

One candidate in this election claimed operatives were trying to stop his daughter's wedding and formed United We Stand America. Another candidate gained popularity by denouncing comments made by Sister Souljah. A keynote address in a convention during this election mentioned a "Culture war" going on "for the soul of America," and was given by Pat Buchanan. Another speech in this election talked about the "giant (*) sucking sound" that NAFTA would create. The winning candidate in this election said he "didn't inhale" and played the sax. Several 30 minute infomercials were made by Ross Perot in, for 10 points, in which election, where George H.W. Bush lost to Bill Clinton?

1960 United States presidential election

One candidate in this election pledged to campaign in all 50 states despite injuring his knee on a car door. 15 electoral votes were won in this election by the coiner of the term "massive resistance," senator Harry F. Byrd, and the losing vice presidential candidate in this election was Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. After refusing (*) makeup, the losing candidate in this election appeared sick and sweaty in the first televised presidential debates. The winner of this election would be assassinated three years later by Lee Harvey Oswald. For 10 points, name this election in which Richard Nixon was defeated by John F. Kennedy.

bananas (prompt on fruits before "group of 'wars'")

One company that exported this good bought most of the ice factories in New Orleans, thereby earning its president the nickname "Ice King." Businessman Sam Zemurray served as the president of a company that employed a "Great White Fleet" to sell this good. Smedley Butler's "War is a Racket" speech was inspired by his involvement in a group of "wars" named for this good and concerning US influence over (*) Central America. After escaping to Honduras, O. Henry called the country a "[this fruit] republic" because of the dominating presence of the United Fruit Company. For 10 points, name this fruit sold by enterprises such as Dole and Chiquita.

Dreyfus Affair

One document about this event accused the "root of it all" as being Lt. Colonel du Paty de Clam, and Hubert-Joseph Henry slit his own throat after earlier forging a letter during this event. A cartoon showing a family fighting over dinner symbolized the divisive effect of this event on French society. (*) Ferdinand Esterhazy was actually responsible for the actions in this event that led to a man being imprisoned at Devil Island. Émile Zola published the open letter "J'Accuse!" lambasting the government for covering up this event. For 10 points, name this "Affair" in which a French Jewish officer was framed as leaking espionage secrets.

Catherine the Great

One foreign minister under this leader was replaced by Ivan Osterman after the failure of a Northern Accord. This ruler quoted Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws while creating a replacement for Muscovite law codes called the (*) Nakaz. A rebellion against this leader attempted to abolish serfdom, but its forces were defeated by this ruler's troops at the Battle of Kazan. In addition to Pugachev's Rebellion, this leader oversaw multiple partitions of Poland. With the help of her lover Grigory Orlov, this ruler came to power after the assassination of her husband Peter III. For 10 points, name this longest-reigning empress of Russia.

Kingdom of Prussia (or Königreich Preussen; prompt on Germany until "German")

One general from this kingdom criticized American troops during the Civil War, calling them "armed mobs" from which no military lessons could be learned. This country's military used the Dreyse "needle gun," which allowed this kingdom to win the Battle of (*) Königgrätz during the Seven Weeks' War. This kingdom led a confederation that won a conflict which was sparked by the Ems Dispatch and ended with the Battle of Sedan and the capture of Napoleon III. Frederick the Great led this nation, and it was unified with neighboring states by Otto von Bismarck. For 10 points, name this kingdom, the predecessor to modern Germany.

Texas

One governor of this state gained prominence through the radio with his band Pat O'Daniel and the Hillbilly Boys. A congressman from this state holds the record for longest tenure as Speaker of the House; that man is Sam Rayburn. One politician from this state claimed "the (*) vice presidency wasn't worth a bucket of warm piss." Another politician from this state used his namesake treatment to round up votes as Senate Majority Leader and later began a "War on Poverty" after becoming President. For 10 points, name this home state of John Nance Garner and Lyndon Baines Johnson, with capital at Austin.

Reconquista

One hero of this period was Gerald the Fearless, known for his use of surprise tactics to take the village of Évora. This period began following a revolt in Asturias. The end of this period was marked by the signing of the (*) Alhambra Decree. Alfonso Henriques was named the first King of Portugal in 1179 CE during this period, but conflicts with Castile would continue until 1297 CE. The Emirate of Granada was the last province to be retaken during this period. For 10 points, name this period when Iberian Christian kingdoms pushed out the Moors.

popes (accept Bishop of Rome until read; accept pontiff; accept Vicar of Jesus Christ)

One holder of this title employed the mercenary Sir John Hawkwood in a conflict against Florence known as the War of the Eight Saints. Following the issuance of the Unam Sanctam by one holder of this title and the urging of Philip the Fair, a holder of this title moved to France, beginning a (*) "Babylonian Captivity" as this title resided instead in Avignon. During the "Western Schism" several "anti-" holders of this title appeared, and Joseph Ratzinger held this title until 2013, when the holder of this position resigned for the first time in 600 years. For 10 points, give this title of the Bishop of Rome, currently held by Francis I.

King​s of Rome​

One holder of this title was persuaded to pursue it by his wife Tanaquil after an eagle took off his hat and then put it back on his head. Another holder of this title created the Compitalia festival and had his corpse run over by his daughter Tullia. That holder of this title divided his citizens into the the ​classis and the ​infra classem, and also divided his capital into four urban tribes. One of the (*) ​seven holders of this title was kicked out of town by Lucius Junius Brutus after his son raped Lucretia. Holders of this title included Numa Pompilius, Servius Tullius, and Tarquin the Proud. For 10 points, name this title given to monarchs from a city founded by Romulus.

Vice President of the United States

One man who held this U.S. office was sworn in in Cuba, where he died six weeks later, and may have been James Buchanan's lover. The only two men to hold this office during the Madison administration both died in office. (*) John C. Breckinridge was followed in this office by Hannibal Hamlin. While in this office, one man wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, outlining his doctrine of nullification. This position, the highest held by John C. Calhoun, casts the tie-breaking vote in the Senate. For 10 points, name this national office which was first held by John Adams.

Brutus (prompt on Junius; be kind and accept "Brute" from people who don't know Latin)

One man with this family name was killed by his cousin at the Battle of Silvia Arsia. Geoffrey of Monmouth claims a Trojan with this name founded Britain. A man with this name partnered with the husband of Lucretia to overthrow Tarquin the Proud, the last king of (*) Rome. A man with this family name lost the Battle of Philippi against the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, and the most famous man with this family name partnered with Cassius to preserve the Republic by carrying out an event on the Ides of March. For 10 points, give this Roman name that Julius Caesar potentially cried out after being literally backstabbed.

Washington

One man with this surname represented the Illinois 1st District before becoming Chicago's first black mayor. Another man with this surname was the first African American to be invited by a president to the White House; that man famously said, "cast down your bucket where you are". Another man with this surname surrendered (*) Fort Necessity and lost the Battle of Long Island. A man with this surname gave a speech called the "Atlanta Compromise" and served as director of the Tuskegee Institute. For 10 points, give this surname of a rival of W.E.B. Du Bois and of the first president of the United States.

House of Bourbon

One member of this family was the last ruler of Parma before it was annexed during Italian Unification. Another member faced criticism for an elephant hunting trip and oversaw the Spanish transition to democracy. A member of this house took power by executing Concino Concini and exiling his regent, (*) Marie de' Medici. Another ruler of this family would oversee the construction of the Palace of Versailles. During the French Revolution, King Louis XVI, another member of this family, was guillotined. For 10 points, name this French royal house whose members are descendants of Saint Louis through his grandson, Henry IV.

Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity

One member of this organization read a letter quoting Judge Alice Batchelder's decision in the case Russell v. Lundergan-Grimes at its first meeting. Comments this organization received via email were controversially released with the commenters' names and phone numbers still intact. The acting chair of this organization had to turn down his own request, due to(*) Kansas state law. For 10 points, name this Kris Kobach-led panel, that will submit a report on practices that enhance the American people's confidence in the process they use to select officials.

Romanov

One monarch from this family ordered the beheading of the brother of his mistress Anna Mons, after which the head was placed on display at his nation's first museum, the Kunstkamera. This house eventually merged with that of Holstein-Gottorp, and its first monarch was living in a (*) monastery when he was elected by the zemsky sobor. Anna Anderson claimed to be a lost member of this house. The Time of Troubles ended after its first monarch Michael ascended to the throne, and it succeeded the Rurik dynasty. For 10 points, name this dynasty of czars like Peter the Great, which ruled Russia from the 17th to the 20th centuries.

Henry Hudson

One of the only existing records of this man's voyages are the journals of Robert Juet. This man discovered the Hold-with-Hope peninsula in Greenland while commanding the Hopewell for the Muscovy Company. During one voyage, this man's crew became stranded over the winter in James Bay. A river that this man, who attempted to find the Northwest Passage, called the North River was actually discovered 80 years earlier by Giovanni da Verrazzano. After a (*) mutiny on his Dutch ship, the Half Moon, he was marooned in a body of water that now bears his name. For 10 points, name this English explorer who names a New York river and a large Canadian bay.

Whiskey Rebellion

One of the primary perpetrators of this event, David Bradford, escaped to West Florida following this movement's failure. He was later pardoned by President John Adams in 1799. Liberty poles were erected during this event to galvanize support, and this event began with an attack on (*) General John Neville's home of Bower Hill. The Watermelon Army under Light-Horse Harry Lee was instrumental in suppressing this revolt, which included a march on Pittsburgh. Alexander Hamilton proposed the excise tax that caused this event. For 10 points, name this 1791 uprising of farmers in Western Pennsylvania that takes its name from an alcoholic beverage.

Jewish revolts (accept equivalents such as uprisings, rebellions, or wars; accept Judean revolts; accept Jewish-Roman wars; accept more specific answers such as Great Judean Revolt, Kitos War; accept Bar Kokhba revolt before mention)

One of these conflicts began while an army was deployed to decide the "eastern question" once and for all, and was exacerbated by the governor Rufus. Josephus was a prominent historian of these conflicts, and one of these conflicts ended in a mass suicide after the invaders built a causeway to capture the fortress of (*) Masada. The Sicarii and Zealots agitated to begin one of these conflicts, and Simon bar Kokhba led one of these conflicts in a certain Middle Eastern Roman province. For 10 points, describe these military insurrections that occurred in the province of Judea and tended to cause the destruction of Jerusalem.

Punic Wars

One of these conflicts was caused in part by a Numidian invasion, and that conflict ended with one side taking over the other's possessions in Mauretania. An earlier one of these conflicts preceded the Mercenary War in the losing state. The most famous of these conflicts began after the siege of Saguntum, and featured major defeats for the eventual winner at (*) the battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae before Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal's side at the Battle of Zama. For ten points, name this series of three Roman conflicts that ended with the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire.

genocide (or the Herero and Namaqua genocide; or the Rwandan genocide; prompt on ethnic cleansing, which does not necessarily involve killing people; prompt on massacre or mass murder or any other answer without an emphasis on targeting a specific ethnic/religious/racial group)

One of these events started with the issuing of a document called the Vernichtungsbefehl after Lothar von Trotha won the Battle of Waterberg. Operation Turquoise was launched in reaction to one of these events, which was triggered by radio broadcasts to "cut down the tall trees." Paul Rusesabagina and the (*) Herero people of German South West Africa were involved in these events. One of these events began after Junvénal Habyarimana's plane was shot down near Kigali, and was depicted in the film Hotel Rwanda. The Hutus carried out this type of action against the Tutsis in Rwanda. For 10 points, name this type of mass killing directed at members of a specific group of people.

slave revolts

One of these events was planned by a lottery winner formerly known as "Telemaque." Another of them included an attempted march from the Stono River to Spanish territory. In the aftermath of one of these events, Roger Sherman Baldwin and John Quincy Adams served as lawyers for one party. Another of them ended at Belmont in Southampton County. A rare successful one occurred aboard the (*) ship Amistad. One of them near Richmond was planned by Gabriel Prosser, and one near Charleston was attempted by freedman Denmark Vesey. Often ending with mass lynchings and including one led by Nat Turner, these are—for 10 points—what insurrections feared by Southern plantation-owners?

Mexican-Americans

One of these people served as George W. Bush's second Attorney General, after John Ashcroft's resignation, before himself resigning. Another member of this group was Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Barack Obama and previously keynoted the 2012 D.N.C., while serving as Mayor of (*) San Antonio, Texas. The Zoot Suit riots targeted these people, including those who worked as part of the Bracero Program. The fourth largest ethnic group in the U.S. is, for 10 points, what group whose Chicano movement was led by, among others, Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez?

Vichy France

One of this government's fleets was sunk by Vice Admiral Somerville's Force H during Operation Catapult. Before one country could conduct Operation Anton, a version of Operation Attila, this government sunk another of its fleets at (*) Toulon. A group of 80 members of parliament dubbed for this government voted against the dissolution of the Third Republic. The unoccupied territory of this regime was set by the Line of Demarcation in a June 1940 armistice. Philippe Pétain led—and Charles de Gaulle opposed, for 10 points—which French government that collaborated with Nazi Germany?

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini

One of this man's economic policies created 5,000 farms near the Pontine Marshes and was known as the Battle for Wheat. This leader's body was hung on a meathook and later dug up by his supporters. This proponent of "corporate statism" was praised as the "Man of Providence" when he signed the (*) Lateran Accords in 1929. This leader successfully passed the Acerbo Law but faced a parliamentary boycott after the assassination of the socialist Giacomo Matteotti. In the March on Rome, this man came to power while leading the Blackshirts. For 10 points, name this Italian fascist nicknamed "Il Duce".

Mao Zedong

One of this man's marshals died in a mysterious 1971 plane crash in Mongolia. This man took control of one group after a dispute between Otto Braun and Bo Gu during the Zunyi Conference. Lin Biao allegedly plotted a coup against this leader. Killing sparrows and encouraging dissent were included in his Four Pests and Hundred(*) Flowers campaigns. His wife, Jiang Qing, was part of the Gang of Four, and he used backyard furnaces to aid industrialization in his Great Leap Forward. For 10 points, name this founder of the People's Republic of China, who started the Cultural Revolution.

Emperor Hirohito

One of this man's prime ministers was killed in the May 15 incident shortly after an attempted assassination involving a grenade thrown at his carriage. This leader discovered several species of hydrozoa while studying marine biology, and he was pictured with Douglas MacArthur shortly after he renounced his divinity in the Declaration of Humanity. This man announced his country's surrender in the (*) Jewel Voice Broadcast after the bombing of Nagasaki, and his country used the Mukden Incident to invade Manchuria during his rule, beginning a war with China. For ten points, name this man who was served by Hideki Tojo while he was Japan's emperor during World War II.

Alexander II Romanov

One of this ruler's military leaders was nicknamed "Mikhail the Hangman." He banned Polish after the January Uprising but made Finnish a national language. This ruler's successor restricted the rights of Jews with the May Laws. After winning a Russo-Turkish war, this ruler "liberated" Bulgaria in the Treaty of San Stefano. His predecessor was the target of the (*) Decembrist revolt. He instituted a local system of self-government called zemstvo. This tsar, who ended the Crimean War, had many of his reforms reversed after his assassination by "the People's Will" in 1881. For 10 points, name this Russian Tsar who freed the serfs.

1896 U.S. presidential election

One party in this election attacked its opponent for an "anarchy plank" in its platform and general "Altgeldism." Thomas Watson and Arthur Sewell were running mates of the same candidate in this election, and it ushered in the Fourth Party System. Mark (*) Hanna pioneered modern campaign techniques in this election by running a campaign from his candidate's "front porch" in Canton, as the opposing candidate meanwhile ran on a platform of Free Silver and delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech. For 10 points, name this election in which William McKinley first defeated William Jennings Bryan, the last election in its century.

Clinton

One person with this last name became Governor of New York by replacing Daniel Tompkins after losing a primary to James Madison. Two people with this name were investigated by Kenneth Starr in the Whitewater Scandal, and Starr later headed a committee that investigated one of those people with this last name who was under suit by (*) Paula Jones. That man with this last name had earlier claimed that he "did not inhale" when trying marijuana in college, and claimed that he "did not have sexual relations with that woman." For 10 points, give this last name, held by a former president, Bill, and his wife, a former secretary of state, Hillary.

Boxer Rebellion (accept synonyms for "rebellion;" accept the Yihequan Movement)

One precursor to this event was the murder by the Big Swords Society of two German missionaries. The Seymour Expedition was defeated during this event, during which Sugiyama Akira was murdered by the Kansu Braves. The (*) International Legations were besieged during this conflict that arose out of resentment over unequal treaties such as those of Wangxia ["wang-shah"] and Nanking. The Eight-Nation Alliance ended this event, which was supported by Empress Dowager Cixi ["tsi-shi"] and led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. For 10 points, name this anti-Western uprising in China named for its members' interest in martial arts.

Arab Republic of Egypt

One revolution in this modern day country was followed by formation of the Liberation Rally party and agrarian land reform under Law Number 178. The Wafd Party was among those dissolved after a July 23 revolution in 1952 in this country that was led by General (*) Naguib and the Free Officers movement, and which led to the deposition of King Farouk I. One of this country's presidents formed the United Arab Republic with Syria and kicked off an international "Crisis" when he nationalized the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this North African country led by Anwar Sadat and Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Tang dynasty (or Tang chao)

One ruler from this dynasty ate a locust in the hopes that it would transfer the people's suffering to himself. This dynasty ended a system in which land was doled out based on family size, the equal field system. Yang Guifei was a concubine reluctantly executed by Emperor Xuanzong in this dynasty. This dynasty was founded by (*) Li Yuan, and it was briefly interrupted by the rule of Wu Zetian, China's only female emperor. This dynasty put down the rebellion of An Lushan, and it came between the Sui ["sway"] and Song dynasties. For 10 points, name this dynasty marking the high point of Chinese history, ruling for most of the latter half of the first millennium.

Mughal Empire

One ruler of this empire allowed anyone to meet with him by ringing bells on the "chain of justice." The general Hemu was a noted enemy of this empire since he was loyal to the Suri dynasty which interrupted its rule. One leader of this empire built the House of Worship and created the religion (*) Din-i Ilahi, and it was founded after the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat. One of its rulers was so affected by his wife's death he built her a mausoleum in Agra known as the Taj Mahal. For 10 points, name this Indian empire ruled by Shah Jahan and Akbar the Great, the last before British rule began in 1857.

British Raj

One ruler of this territory replaced the princely state system with the policy of forming subsidiary alliances. This government's mismanagement of the Orissa famine led to nearly one-third of its population dying. This government formed after the previous government was bankrupted by the 1857 (*) Sepoy Mutiny. The Minot-Morley reforms granted Muslims in this government greater proportional representation. In an attempt to suppress the Swadeshi Movement, this government reorganized the province of Bengal. For 10 points, name this state responsible for the administration of India under Crown rule from 1858 to 1947.

Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton

One scandal during this man's tenure was related to a junior civil servant named John Vassall who helped transmit important naval technology to the Soviet Union. Another scandal involving this man's Secretary of War and a 19-year-old model named Christine Keeler called the Profumo affair helped lead to this man's 1963 resignation. In 1960, this leader gave the (*) "Winds of Change" speech at the Parliament of South Africa in which he criticized Apartheid. One of this man's major foreign policy initiatives was addressing the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. For 10 points, name this Conservative British Prime Minister who succeeded Anthony Eden.

women's suffrage (or right to vote for women before "right" is read; accept specific countries at any point, though it's only in the UK until "US" is read)

One speech in support of this cause declared "I am here as a soldier" and was given in Hartford, Connecticut. A non-Virginian Mud March occurred in support of this cause, as did the "[moderator: emphasize here] freedom or death speech." Emily Davison died after throwing herself in front of the King's (*) horse in support of this cause, and the Cat and Mouse Act attempted to combat hunger striking supporters of it. This cause was championed in the UK by Emmeline Pankhurst, at around the same time it was being led in the US by people like Alice Paul, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. For 10 points, describe this right for women to vote.

Catherine

One woman of this name wrote the popular devotional Prayers or Meditations, the first book to be published by an English queen under her own name. Another woman of this name had a rivalry with Diane de Poitiers but eventually won out after becoming regent to Charles (*) IX. A more famous ruler of this name partitioned Poland with Frederick the Great and corresponded with Diderot and Voltaire. For 10 points, identify this name shared by three wives of Henry VII, a long-reigning queen of France, and a "Great" Empress of Russia.

Nazi Party

Operation Anthropoid was an attempted assassination against a member of this group. "The White Rose" published leaflets denouncing this party. One member of this party was on a plane that crash landed in Scotland while on a diplomatic mission. That man would later commit suicide after being sent to (*) Spandau prison. Another member of this party was the target of an assassination attempt at Wolf's Lair and had earlier attempted a coup against the Weimar Republic in the Beer Hall Putsch. For 10 points, name this party which was led by the author of Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler.

Greece

Operation Mercury was an attempt to capture a place in this modern-day country. That operation consisted of paratrooper landings at the Maleme ("MAH-lee-may") airfield in this country, and was the first major invasion to use to use primarily airborne forces. The 4th of August government, more famously referred to as the (*) Metaxas Regime, was the target of of the aforementioned German invasion. This country was ruled by the dictatorial Regime of the Colonels following a coup orchestrated by Georgios Papadopoulos. For 10 points, name this Southern European nation with a capital at Athens.

Haymarket Square Riot

Oscar Neebe referred to Officer Michael Schaack's men during this event as "among the city's worst gangs." The newspaper Arbeiter-Zeitung called for this event; that newspaper's editor, August Spies, was executed for his actions during it. Governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned the participants during this event, which began as a (*) strike at the McCormick Reaper Factory. After Samuel Fielden gave a speech during this event, a bomb was thrown, killing several policemen. For 10 points, name this worker's riot for an eight-hour work day that took place in Chicago.

London

Prince Rupert won the Battle of Brentford a few miles west of this city. Bull-baiting was popular at Frost Fairs in this city, which was home to the Scriblerians. This city was especially affected by the eighteenth-century Gin Craze. Its official police was established in 1829, succeeding the (*) "Bow Street Runners," and was made of "Bobbies" or "Peelers." The anti-Catholic Gordon Riots took place in this city. Samuel Pepys ["peeps"] was a diarist in this city who recorded an outbreak of Bubonic Plague. Much of it was destroyed in a 1666 fire that scorched St. Paul's Cathedral. For 10 points, name this capital of England.

Battle of Gettysburg

Prior to this battle, its losing side had won at the Battle of Chancellorsville and Joseph Hooker resigned as general of the Army of the Potomac. Richard Ewell was unsuccessful in taking Culp's Hill at this battle, and Joshua Chamberlain led a bayonet charge by the 20th of Maine at (*) Little Round Top. On the final day of this battle, Confederate soldiers led a failed assault at Cemetery Ridge, an event known as Pickett's Charge, and Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia. For ten points, name this turning point of the Civil War, fought at the location in which Lincoln would later give a namesake "Address".

Geronimo

Prior to this man's death as a prisoner-of-war, he was expelled from a Dutch Reformation Church at Fort Sill for gambling issues. Many of this man's followers were massacred at Casa Grande by Mexican troops while under the influence of the mescal beverage. This (*) American Indian man surrendered to General Nelson Miles at the Skeleton Canyon conference on the condition that he would be permitted to return to Arizona. For 10 points, name this leader of the Chiricahua Apache, whose name is sometimes exclaimed by jumping skydivers.

Athens

Proceedings in this city's supreme court were judged by heliasts and dikasts. A man who reformed this city's constitution also introduced ostracism and created the Council of Five Hundred; that reformer was Cleisthenes. Upon the request of Lysander, Critias and Theramenes ruled an oligarchy in this city known as the Thirty (*) Tyrants, and this city led the Delian League. A statesman from this city who ordered many building projects gave a famous Funeral Oration before dying of plague. That man commissioned this city's Long Walls and constructed a temple dedicated to the goddess of knowledge at the Acropolis, the Parthenon. For ten points, name this Greek city-state whose Golden Age included Pericles.

Alfred the Great

Records of this man's ficus, or hemorrhoids, have been interpreted as a sign he had Crohn's disease. This ruler was chronicled by Asser, and he created a series of fortifications known as burhs. He is traditionally credited with founding the (*) English navy. This ruler formalized a restrictive area known as the Danelaw after defeating Guthrum at the Battle of Edington, and he personally translated Boethius's Consolations of Philosophy into English. For 10 points, name this enemy of the Vikings, a King of Wessex who was the only English-born monarch to hold the title "the Great."

Speaker​ of the United States House​ of Representatives

Rumors of an extramarital affair prevented this position from being taken by Bob Livingston. One man in this position claimed Ronald Reagan was "Herbert Hoover with a smile" and was succeeded by Jim Wright. Another man in this position founded the organization American Solutions for Winning the Future. That man in this position was officially reprimanded for providing false information to an (*) ​ethics committee and co-wrote the Contract with America. This position has recently been held by Tip O'Neill, Newt Gingrich, and John Boehner ("BAY-nur"). For 10 points, name this presiding officer of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Russia

Sailors from this nation started the Kronstadt rebellion. A major diplomatic incident occurred when this country's navy mistook some innocent British fishing vessels at Dogger Bank for enemy ships. Two political parties in this country turned acronyms into the nicknames "esers" and "kadets." Many workers from this country settled in Harbin. This country tried to take Port (*) Arthur but had its navy decimated at Tsushima Straits in a war that ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth. This country's city of Sevastopol was besieged by France, Britain, and the Ottomans in the Crimean War. For 10 points, name this country whose Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.

housing

Subsidies for this good are provided under the HOPE VI plan and Section 8 of the Wagner-Steagall Act. Restrictions on selling this type of good were struck down in Shelley v. Kraemer. Harry Truman's Fair Deal resulted in a 1949 act named for this good. This good was provided in bulk at Cabrini-Green. A mass-produced version of this good was created by William (*) Levitt. This good is massively undersold and then oversold in "blockbusting." In the 1950s and '60s, this good's acquisition by black people sparked selloffs called "White Flight." For 10 points, name this good that names a cabinet-level department along with "Urban Development."

Kingdom of Spain (or Reino de España)

The "Moscow Gold" referred to gold shipped from this country to the USSR for safekeeping and later used as evidence of Soviet attempts to spread communism abroad. A suspicious plane crash in this country killed the coiner of the term "fifth column." The Abraham (*) Lincoln Brigade was a group of American volunteers who fought in this country, which was also the site of the Nazi-sponsored Condor Legion's most infamous atrocity. The Falange was founded in this country by José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Guernica is in, for 10 points, what country whose civil war pitted the Republicans against Francisco Franco's Nationalists?

Saint Petersburg (or Petrograd; accept Leningrad before read)

The Amber Room was gifted to the ruling family here and housed at the nearby Catherine Palace. This city was built in the same location as the captured fortress of Nyenschantz, and a monarch was killed in this city by a bomb thrown at his carriage. The Decembrist Uprising against (*) Nicholas I began in this city, and it was built by Swedish prisoners captured during the Great Northern War. This city was founded by a monarch known as "the Great," who made it his "Window to Europe" during his modernization of Russia. For 10 points, name this city that was known as Leningrad during the Soviet era.

Hollywood, Los Angeles, California (prompt on Los Angeles or California)

The American Peace Mobilization was formed from a communist "Anti-Nazi League" based in this place, and Joseph Breen was responsible for applying a "code" to things produced here. The "Big Five" conglomerates based in this place included Loews Inc. and (*) RKO, and the growth of this place was spurred by patents owned by Thomas Edison. The studio system was prevalent during the "Golden Age" of this place in the 1930s, and companies like Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Columbia, and Paramount were based here. For 10 points, name this Los Angeles neighborhood that serves as the world capital of filmmaking.

Jewish ghettos

The Anielewicz Mound commemorates a mass suicide in a bunker in one of these places at 18 Mila Street. Hans Biebow was derisively given the epithet King while administering one of these places, and a speech given in one of them pleaded to "Give me your children." After the ZOB engineered a (*) revolt in one of these places, Jürgen Stroop was forced to burn that area block by block, and the one at Łódź was notably productive in industry. One of these areas in Warsaw carried out an "Uprising." For 10 points, describe these limited city quarters in which Jewish people were confined by the Nazis.

Huguenots

The Calas ("ca-LAH") affair involved the unfair torture and execution of a member of this specific group of people for the alleged murder of his son. Members of this group under Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon ("vee-yuh-gain-YON") established a foothold in Rio de Janeiro in 1555, and they were notably besieged at the Battle of (*) La Rochelle. Gaspard de Coligny's murder led to a 1572 event that prompted the Edict of Nantes, which was meant to protect these people. Members of this group were slaughtered en masse by Catholics on St. Bartholomew's Day. For 10 points, name this group of French Protestants who often fled persecution by settling in colonies.

Nikola Tesla

The Century Magazine published arguably the most famous photo of this man at work in his Colorado Springs workshop. J.P. Morgan was the primary investor in this man's ultimately-unsuccessful Wardenclyffe Tower, a scheme to compete with (*) Marconi by transmitting signals wirelessly. A device named after this man is often used to generate electricity, his namesake coil, which he invented the same year he became a naturalized citizen. This man's alternating current was the target of a negative campaign funded by his former employer, Thomas Edison. For 10 points, identify this Serbian-American inventor who is the namesake of a major producer of electric cars.

Netherlands

The Council of Blood was an effort to root out dissidents in this modern-day nation. The Beeldenstorm rocked this nation in 1566. Balthasar Gérard shot a man often associated with this nation's independence movement. The Peace of (*) Munster ended a longtime conflict in this country. The Sea Beggars operated in this nation, and the Treaty of Nonsuch allied this nation with Great Britain. The stadtholder once served as the head of state of this nation. This country gained independence following the 80 Years' War. For 10 points, name this European nation with its capital at Amsterdam.

Second Punic War

The Gallic chief Volcae lost the Battle of Rhone Crossing during this war. One side used a form of guerilla warfare developed by Quintus Fabius Maximus during this war, which led him to be nicknamed "Cunctator." (*) Massinissa's cavalry assisted one side during this war, which saw the forces of Scipio Africanus defeat one general at Zama. That general had earlier routed the Romans at Cannae. For 10 points, name this war which saw Rome defeat Carthage for a second time.

Wool

The Holy Trinity Church was built using funds made from the sale of this good. A "golden" object made from this good names a chivalric order founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. An English tax on this good was known as the "Great Custom," and William de la Pole was a notable trader of this good. Members of the Arte della Lana in Florence produced this good and primarily composed the participants of the (*) Ciompi Revolt. Flanders was most famous for producing this good, which it traded to England. For 10 points, name this good which is obtained from sheep.

Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (or TPPA)

The ISDS provision in this document was illustrated in an op-ed using the example of a French company suing Egypt. This document extends the TRIPS agreement, especially in regard to pharmaceuticals, and it formed as an extension of the P4 agreement. (*) "Fast track" legislation most recently passed in reference to this document, and Trump accused Clinton of calling it the "gold standard." China was notably excluded from this agreement, and its most controversial points include its copyright provisions and heavy slashing of tariffs. For 10 points, name this massive trade agreement between twelve countries circling the namesake ocean.

Republic of Zimbabwe

The Lancaster Agreement ended one conflict in this country, and the bishop Abel Muzorewa briefly served as its leader. A fifteen year civil war in this country was known as the Bush War, and ended a majority white government under Ian Smith. This country saw conflict between the British colonizers and the native Ndebele people. This country shares its name with an ancient kingdom and "Great" city, and was earlier named after the Governor of the Cape Colony. The current president of this country, who has led the(*) ZANU-PF party for over 40 years and won narrowly over Morgan Tsvangirai in 2008, is Robert Mugabe. For ten points, name this African country formerly known as Rhodesia, whose capital is Harare.

Battle of Waterloo

The Lion's Mound marks the place where William II of Orange was shot during this battle. The victorious commander at this battle used his famous "reverse slope defense." The Battle of Wavre ["Wavv"] took place at the same time as this larger battle, which prevented Marshal Grouchy from joining one side's forces. During this battle, a farm called Hougoumont was attacked, and Marshal (*) Ney ordered a costly charge to take La Haye Sainte ["La Haye San-tay"]. This battle ended the Hundred Days, and its loser was exiled to St. Helena. For 10 points, name this 1815 battle in which Gebhard von Blücher ["BLUE-ker"] and the Duke of Wellington dealt Napoleon his final defeat.

Jay's Treaty

The Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, which was negotiated with the Ministry of All the Talents, was an attempt to renew this treaty. The namesake of this treaty was quoted as saying that he could navigate across the country by the light of burning effigies. The two parties in this agreement conferred most favored nation status upon each other. This treaty was a (*) Federalist-supported attempt to re-establish trade relations between the United States and Great Britain, and to resolve boundary disputes left over from the 1783 Treaty of Paris. For 10 points, name this agreement that is named after a New York founding father who served as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

The Punto Fijo Pact was an agreement between this country's political parties to accept the elections of 1958. Britain, France, and Italy imposed a naval blockade on this nation when Cipriano Castro defaulted on its foreign debts. An economic boom caused by (*) oil in this founding member of OPEC lasted until the 1980's. This nation's 1999 left-wing populist movement, the Bolivarian Revolution, was led by Hugo Chávez. For 10 points, name this country whose current leader, Nicolás Maduro, has declared a state of economic emergency since 2015.

furs

The Scot Simon Fraser made his fortune trading this good. Men who worked in this profession in the Rocky Mountains often attended an annual Rendezvous from 1825-1840. Voyageurs often transported this good after it was harvested by independent (*) coeur de bois ("BWA"). Before they acquired a real estate empire, the Astor family made its original fortune by trading this commodity. Trade in this good formed much of the economy of the early French settlements in North America. Popular examples of this good in the modern day include mink and sable. For 10 points, name this commodity that is acquired by skinning mammals.

New York City

The Stamp Act Congress met in this city in 1765, and two decades earlier it had been the site of a panic regarding a plot by slaves and poor whites to burn this city down. This city was the site of an offshoot of a 1689 revolt in which Francis Nicholson was overthrown. That was (*) Leisler's Rebellion. The Flushing Remonstrance was issued in this modern city. Peter Minuit purchased the land that became this city from the local Lenape Indians in 1626, and Peter Stuyvesant was the long-time leader of what became this city. For 10 points, name this city, the largest by population in the United States, which contains the island of Manhattan.

books (or novels; or manuscripts; or texts; or really any answer referring to a bound collection of writing, or on any subject)

The Swiss saint Wiborada had her head cleaved by an axe while trying to defend these objects. A massive moving statue of one of these objects called the Ruhnama was constructed by the president of Turkmenistan. Abraham Lincoln addressed the creator of one of these objects as the (*) "little woman [..] that made this big war," and they were decorated in the process of "illumination" by monks. Mao Zedong made a "Little Red" one of these objects, and Nazi propagandists notably held events to destroy these things. For 10 points, name these objects that spread quickly across Europe after Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.

green (accept green armies, Battle of Goose Green, Green Revolution, Greenland, or Green Berets)

The Tambov Rebellion was carried out by an example of armies denoted by this color, and those armies of this color consisted of peasants in the Russian civil war. A battle during the Falklands War took place at a settlement named for the word "Goose" and this color, and Norman Borlaug is often credited as the "father" of a (*) Revolution of this color. Until 2011, the Libyan flag consisted only of this color, and it remains popular on many Islamic and African flags. According to popular legend, a name with this color was used by Erik the Red to convince people of an island's lushness. For 10 points, give this color of the beret some US special forces wear.

Tang Dynasty

The Three Kingdoms of Korea period was ended by a war between the Goguryeo and this dynasty. Like its predecessor, this dynasty abandoned the nine-rank system, and instituted a self-rule system called Jimi. By many accounts, the only female emperor ever interrupted this dynasty, which was attacked by a rebellion that lead to the execution of Yang Guifei, one of the Four Beauties. Emperor Xuanzong led this dynasty to its greatest extent, though he would later be attacked by a northern (*) Sodigan general in the An Lushan Rebellion. This dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu and featured poets like Du Fu and Li Po in its golden age. For ten points, name this Chinese dynasty that lasted from 618-907 AD between the Sui and Song dynasties.

Etruscans

The Tomb of the Leopards is an archaeological site associated with this specific society that D. H. Lawrence notably described in a 1932 book. Cloelia ("CLEE-lee-a") legendarily escaped from the captivity of a ruler of these people stealing a horse and swimming across a river. That king of Clusium was (*) Lars Porsena, and he is perhaps best known for attempting to restore Tarquin the Proud to the Roman throne. This people's language remains mostly untranslated. Veii was the richest city in one of this people's namesake leagues of twelve cities. For 10 points, name this Italian civilization that is often thought of as a precursor to the Romans.

Carthage

The Tribunal of One Hundred and Four was a judicial body of this city. After its downfall, this city was effectively supplanted by Utica, and it engaged with Dionysius I of Syracuse in the Sicilian Wars. This city once ruled by the Magonid dynasty was legendarily founded in the area (*) enclosed by a single cowhide. A delaying tactic known as the Fabian strategy was used against this city after its victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae, though this city later lost at Zama. A member of the Barca family from this city marched elephants over the Alps. For 10 points, name this city of origin for Hannibal that fought Rome in the Punic Wars.

Mughal Empire

The Tutinama, or Tales of a Parrot, was produced by this empire. Hemu's false retreat failed to defeat the forces of this empire commanded by Bairam Khan. That battle occurred at a site where, 30 years earlier, Ibrahim Lodi was defeated, marking the start of this empire. One ruler of this empire created the Din-i-Ilahi syncretic religion, and that emperor was victorious at the (*) Second Battle of Panipat. This empire was collapsing by the time they were defeated by Nader Shah, who took the Koh-i-Noor and the Peacock Throne, which was commissioned by Shah Jahan. For 10 points, name this Indian Muslim empire that reached its zenith under Akbar the Great?

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The United States fought against this country over control of the San Juan Islands during the Pig War. Diplomats John Slidell and James Mason were taken hostage from one of this country's ships in the Trent Affair. Daniel Webster signed a treaty that resolved a border dispute with one of this country's (*) colonies and also ended the Aroostook War. Protesters burned effigies of John Jay because he signed a treaty with this country that forced the withdrawal of its troops from the Northwest Territory. For 10 points, name this nation from which the United States gained independence.

Italy

The assassination of one king from this nation by an anarchist served as the inspiration for Leon Czolgosz's ("CHO-goss") killing of President McKinley. That king's son and successor had the nickname "little saber" owing to his extremely small stature. In (*) 1946, this country voted to abolish its monarchy, unseating Umberto II. For much of World War II, this nation was effectively led by a man who had been the publisher of the newspaper Avante!. For 10 points, name this country that had two kings named Victor Emanuel and was led by Benito Mussolini for over two decades.

Social Security

The board governing this policy was first chaired by former New Hampshire governor John G. Winant. This policy caused Senator Thomas Gore to ask, "Isn't this a teeny-weeny bit of socialism?" The Supreme Court case Flemming v. Nestor established that Congress can revise and amend this policy, which was expanded to include (*) disability in 1954. This program includes the spousal survivor benefit and is funded through FICA taxes. For 10 points, name this largest American entitlement program, which gives monthly payouts to people who are 65 and older.

Watergate Scandal

The catalyst for this event was Frank Wills discovering tape keeping some doors from latching. The men evolved in that portion of this event were found to be closely affiliated with CRP ["creep"]. The bulk of this event hinged on a refusal to release evidence despite a subpoena being issued for those (*) tapes. This event saw the President attempt to exercise executive privilege in order to avoid releasing those unedited tapes to a committee. For 10 points, name this scandal, named for the complex housing the DNC headquarters, the main cause of the resignation of Richard Nixon.

Cardinal Richelieu

The comte de Soisson led a conspiracy to the murder this man that involved this man's once protege the Marquis de Cinq-Mars. This man gained his most famous position after currying favor with the Concino Concini and the Queen Mother. During the Day of the Dupes, (*) Marie de'Medici nearly convinced the reigning monarch to remove this man, and he led the Siege of Rochelle against Huguenot troops. This man was nicknamed for the red shade of his clerical clothing, and he was succeeded in his position by Cardinal Mazarin. For 10 points, name this Frenchman, the chief minister of Louis XIII.

Henry

The creation of the Union of the Crowns was influenced by an agreement settled between Scotland and a ruler of this name; that agreement was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace. That king of this name, who married off his son Arthur with the Treaty of Medina del Campo, also suppressed rebellions from the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and (*) Lambert Simnel, who challenged his throne. A monarch with this name was advised by Thomas Cromwell and founded the Church of England to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. For ten points, identify this name shared by several English kings, the eighth of which had six wives.

Tokugawa shogunate

The crest of this government depicted three hollyhock leaves inside a circle, and Dutch traders were housed on an artificial island it created, Dejima ["DAY-jee-mah"]. This government took power after defeating Ishida Mitsunari ["Mit-su-nar-ee"] in a battle in which Kobayakawa Hideaki ["Koh-be-ya-ka-wa Hee-day-ah-kee"] defected to its side. The arrival of(*) Matthew Perry's "Black Ships" led to the Convention of Kanagawa, which opened the ports of this government to the U.S. This dynasty's founder, Ieyasu ["Ee-yah-soo"], defeated forces loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori ["Toh-yoh-toh-mee Hee-day-yore-ee"] at the Battle of Sekigahara ["Say-kee-gah-har-ah"], and it was ended by the Meiji ["MAY-jee"] Restoration. For 10 points, name this dynasty of shoguns that presided over the Edo period in Japan.

sultan of the Ottoman Empire (prompt on partial answer; accept caliph, emperor, khan. Shah, or other synonyms in place of sultan but do not accept or prompt on "Ottoman king"; accept head of the House of Osman before "Osman" is read)

The current heir to this office rose to it in 2009 after the death of Ertugul. This was the office most famously represented by a monogram called the tughra, and the "Valide" was the mother of its holder. This office sat atop a government metonymically called the Sublime Porte, and the "Chief (*) Black Eunuch" served this office by supervising the Seraglio. These rulers belonged to the Osman dynasty, and the Prime Minister under this ruler was called the Grand Vizier. For 10 points, name this office, held by people like Mehmet the Conqueror and Suleiman the Magnificent from their throne in what's now Istanbul, Turkey.

shipwrecks (accept sinking; accept more or less anything about bad things happening to ships or boats or other synonyms)

The current site of Harpo Studios in Chicago served as a makeshift morgue after one of these events that killed more than 200 Western Electric workers on their way to a picnic. William Adelin, the presumed heir to the English throne, died during one of these events, causing the (*) Anarchy. An object that suffered one of these events is the main attraction of the Vasa Museum. Robert Ballard found evidence of one of these events, whose survivors were aided by the Carpathia and were customers of the White Star Line. For 10 points, name these events, such as one that occurred in April 1912 when an iceberg collided with the Titanic.

Hittites

The early history of these people is recorded in the Anitta Text. The Chief of the Wine Stewards was a powerful office in this civilization, whose laws permitted execution only for murder, theft, or bestiality. This empire was toppled during the Bronze Age collapse, during which this kingdom's capital at (*) Hattusa was razed. One king of this civilization, Hattusili III, signed one of history's earliest peace treaties following this empire's defeat in the largest chariot battle ever. For ten points, name this ancient Anatolian civilization which fought against Ramses II of Egypt at the Battle of Kadesh.

2017 French Presidential Election

The father of one of the candidates in this election inspired the common political expression "21st of April" after he was soundly beaten in the second round of a 2002 election. It was revealed that two of the children of another candidate in this election accepted parliamentary salaries of nearly a million Euros without showing up to work. This election will feature (*) Emmanuel Macron, François Fillon, and Marine Le Pen. The winner of this election will succeed Socialist Francois Hollande. For 10 points, name this upcoming election in which the head of state of a nation with its capital at Paris will be chosen.

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

The first case argued before the United States Supreme Court originated from this state. In a case originating from this state, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the meaning of the "Guarantee Clause" of Article Four of the Constitution. That case from this state was Luther v. Borden, which grew out of Dorr's Rebellion. The founder of this state pleaded for a(*) "wall of separation" in The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. For 10 points, name this state, whose founder Roger Williams founded its capital of Providence.

Australia

The first prime minister of this country came to power following the Hopetoun Blunder. A leader of this country gave a speech calling the middle class "the forgotten people." A different leader of this country, whose first prime minister was Edmund Barton, expanded its role in Vietnam with the slogan, "All the way with LBJ." That shortest-serving leader of this country, Harold Holt, mysteriously disappeared while(*) swimming. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologized for the "Stolen Generations" to this country's Aborigines in 2008. For 10 points, name this country whose Prime Ministers have included Robert Menzies ["Ming-gus"], John Howard and Julia Gillard.

Nagasaki

The first-ever Indian-born saint, Gonsalo Garcia, was one of 26 Christians who were crucified in this city in 1574. This city was the site where scientific information known as "Dutch learning" entered the country it is located in. Because he returned to this city after a business trip, Tsutomu Yamaguchi became the only officially recognized (*) "double" hibakusha. This city was the object of a mission where a device known as "Fat Man" was used three days after the best-known mission of the Enola Gay. For 10 points, name this Japanese city where the second nuclear bomb was dropped, after Hiroshima.

Roman public baths

The fountain of the Piazza Farnese was believed to have been repurposed from one of these places. A section of one of these structures was converted into the Basilica of Saint Mary of the Angels and the Martyrs in 1563. One of these places located behind the Caelian Hill was used as a burial mound for pilgrims after Vitiges' capture of Rome. Visitors to these buildings would (*) undress in an apodyterium, and these buildings contained a frigidarium, tepidarium, and caldarium, which each varied in water temperature. For 10 points, name these buildings where Romans would often cleanse themselves.

The United States Declaration of Independence

The government addressed in this document secretly employed pamphleteer John Lind to publish a reply. This document was initially transmitted in the form of Dunlap broadsides. The Syng inkstand was used in this document's (*) signing. The resolution to adopt this document was called for Richard Henry Lee. Although a Committee of Five was assigned to write this document, Thomas Jefferson is generally recognized as the primary author. This statement was ratified on July 4th, 1776. For 10 points, name this document by which the fledgling United States declared its separation from Great Britain.

Bourbon dynasty

The last king of this dynasty survived an assassination attempt where an "infernal machine" was used by Giuseppe Fieschi. That king of this dynasty came to power following the July Revolution. A queen of this dynasty led the Day of the Dupes, which was thought to have ended the political career of Cardinal(*) Richelieu. The founder of this dynasty issued the Edict of Nantes ["NAHNT"] after converting to Catholicism and declaring that "Paris is worth a mass." For 10 points, name this dynasty that ruled France after the Valois ["Val-wah"] dynasty, whose members included Henry IV and Louis XIV.

emperors of Rome (prompt on "Roman generals")

The lineage of several holders of this office is depicted on the "Great Cameo of France." Cupid rides a dolphin at the foot of a holder of this office who raises his right arm in a work found at Prima Porta. A monument to one of these people contains a spiraling (*) bas-relief around a column documenting the Dacian Wars. The original inspiration for the Arch of Triumph was commissioned by a holder of this office, and an arch next to the Colosseum is named for one of these people, Constantine. For 10 points, name this office held by people like Trajan, Augustus, and Marcus Aurelius.

Protestant Reformation

The main proponent of this movement meditated on the words "deliver me in thy justice", leading to his "tower experience". The start of this movement was partly inspired by a Dominican friar named Johann Tetzel in northern Germany, who was selling indulgences, claiming they would lead to heaven. Anabaptism, (*) Zwinglianism, and Calvinism were the results of this movement in Switzerland, and the Diet of Worms said that the leader of this movement, who hammered his 95 Theses to a Wittenberg church door, was an outlaw. For ten points, name this 16th century religious movement in Europe that was led by Martin Luther.

Miranda v. Arizona

The majority opinion in Dickerson v. United States struck down an attempt by Congress to legislatively overrule this case. This case was the subject of a dissent by Justice Tom Clark, and it built upon the decision in Escobedo v. Illinois. The defendant in this case was killed during a knife fight at the La Amapola bar. This case arose after a(*) Latino man was not informed of his Fifth Amendment rights before confessing to kidnapping and raping a woman. For 10 points, name this 1966 Supreme Court case which ruled that police officers must inform arrestees of their right to remain silent.

Idi Amin (Dada)

The memoir A State of Blood was written by this man's former minister Henry Kyemba. He ordered the killing of Dora Bloch in response to an action that also led to the death of Jonathan Netanyahu, and India cut relations with this leader's country after he expelled the entire (*) Asian population. This man was overthrown after trying to annex Kagera from Tanzania, and he led a military coup of Milton Obote to gain power. This man anointed himself the "King of Scotland" despite ruling an African country. For 10 points, name this dictator of Uganda, frequently accused of insane acts like cannibalism.

9/11 Attacks

The night prior to this event, the perpetrators ate at a Pizza Hut and shopped at a Wal-Mart in Portland, Maine. One of those men, Mohammed Atta, was the subject of a phone call to Dallas-Fort Worth Airport by Betty Ong and led the "Hamburg Cell" that helped plan this event. An investigation into this event was led by a namesake (*) Commission. Todd Beamer said "Let's Roll" during this event before breaking into the cockpit of a Boeing 757. For 10 points, name this deadliest terror attack in history where three thousand died in the World Trade Center, Pentagon, and a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

Battle of Manila Bay

The only fatality on the winning side of this battle was Francis B. Randall, who died of heat stroke. Following this battle, marines seized control of the losing side's arsenal and forts in Cavite ("CA-vee-tay"). The losing commander at this battle was Patricio Montojo ("moan-TOE-hoe"). The flagship of the winning side at this battle was the (*) USS Olympia. The winning commander at this battle notably said, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." That man was George Dewey. For 10 points, name this 1898 Spanish-American War naval battle that occurred near the current capital of the Philippines.

Battle of Iwo Jima

The only non-posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor after this battle was Hershel W. Williams, and the Pima native American Ira Hayes became famous for his actions at this battle. Lieutenant General Holland Smith called the Japanese commander of this battle, Tadamichi Kuribayashi, "one smart bastard" since American casualties outnumbered (*) Japanese here. Mount Suribachi provided the setting for a famous photograph taken at this battle. For 10 points, name this early 1945 battle, the setting of a flag raising photograph by Joe Rosenthal.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The perpetrators of this event were exonerated as a result of Plenty Horses' acquittal. The day following this event, the 9th Cavalry "Buffalo soldiers," had to rescue the 7th Cavalry. This event began after a deaf man refused to turn over his (*) rifle. Two weeks after this event, the Drexel Mission Fight, saw "hostiles" from the Rosebud come over to the Pine Ridge Reservation, where this event took place. This event largely ended the Ghost Dance movement, which was founded to resist white expansionism. For 10 points, name this massacre of 1890 that caused the deaths of up to 300 Lakota Sioux.

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (or Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; accept South Vietnam; accept the Republic of Vietnam; grudgingly accept North Vietnam or the Democratic Republic of Vietnam since Stirm was held prisoner there, although all the other photos were taken in South Vietnam; prompt on Nam)

The photographer Dickey Chapelle was herself photographed in this country by Henri Huet as she received her last rites before dying. Sal Veder's photo Burst of Joy shows Lorrie Stirm running to hug her father after he returned from this country. Eddie Adams captured the moment of a (*) gunpoint execution in this country, which was also the location of a grim photo showing a girl running naked down the road in terror after her village was napalmed. For 10 points, name this country where the Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc's self-immolation was photographed in the streets of Saigon.

Mali Empire

The possessions of this empire, which included Siby and Jalo, were called the Twelve Doors. "Carriers of Quiver" were part of the legislative body of this empire, the Gbara, which was established under a constitution called the Kouroukan Fouga. Djinguereber ["Da-jin-gay-reb-err"] Mosque and Sankore University in this empire were built with mud bricks. After defeating the Sosso at the Battle of Kirina, this empire was founded by(*) Sundiata. A ruler of this empire devalued gold by distributing it during a Hajj; that ruler was Mansa Musa. For 10 points, name this West African empire named for a modern-day country, which contained Timbuktu.

First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The postmaster of New York was sued for violating this amendment in a case decided by Judge Learned ["LURN-id"] Hand. Clarence Brandenburg successfully challenged an Ohio law as unconstitutional under this amendment, and Eugene Debs argued his conviction violated his (*) rights granted by this amendment. The Supreme Court created the "clear and present danger" test of this amendment in a case involving Elizabeth Baer and Charles Schenck, resolving that it would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a crowded theater. For 10 points, name this constitutional amendment that prevents Congress from abridging the freedom of speech.

White House

The red, blue, and green rooms in this building were originally set in the French Empire style and served as its three state parlors. Designed by James Hoban, this building underwent major renovations commissioned by (*) Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. Its West Wing contains major executive offices including one called the Oval Office. For 10 points, name this official residence of the President of the United States that was set ablaze in 1814.

Partitions of Poland

The second of these events was the result of attacks by the Targowica Confederation. The first of these events was precipitated by the Bar Confederation's attempt to kidnap Stanislaw II August. After one of these events, the Constitution of May 3, (*) 1791 replaced the system of "Golden Liberty." The third and last of these events ended a failed uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko ["TAH-doysh koh-SHYOO-shkoh"]. They partly occurred because the sejm ["same"] parliament was paralyzed by any member being able to use the liberum veto. For 10 points each, identify these agreements in which Russia, Prussia, and Austria eventually removed a Central European country from the map.

Henry Clay

The slave Charlotte Dupuy sued for freedom from this man, who was later president of the American Colonization Society from 1836 to 1849. This man promoted a plan including protectionist tariffs and federal infrastructure projects like the National Road and the Maysville Road. This man lost to James (*) K. Polk in the Election of 1844, and he was part of a Senate "triumvirate" with John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster. The "American System" was promoted by this man, who became secretary of State for John Quincy Adams in the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824. For 10 points, name this perennial presidential candidate and "Great Compromiser," who was from Kentucky.

Battle of Trafalgar

The surgeon William Beatty authored an account of the single most famous event of this battle. This battle's losing commander was probably murdered on the orders of his sovereign several months after it. That man was Pierre-Charles Villeneuve ("vee-yuh-NEUV"). Villeneuve was captured along with his flagship the (*) Bucentaure here. As a result, Villeneuve was present at this battle's victor's public funeral at St. Paul's Cathedral. Before this battle, the winning commander famously signaled, "England expects that every man will do his duty" from the HMS Victory. For 10 points, name this 1805 battle at which Horatio Nelson soundly defeated a Franco-Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain.

Iranian Revolution

The term "Gharbzadegi" was propagated prior to this event by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad. Protests during this event were renewed following the Cinema Rex fire. The ruling government attempted to suppress this event, which responded to the land reform and trickle-down policies of the White Revolution, through the use of its (*) SAVAK secret police force. Soon after this event, 66 Americans were taken hostage in a US embassy. For 10 points, name this 1979 event that saw the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini as the ruler of its namesake country, governed from Tehran.

Cherokee

The traditional "booger dance" is performed by these people, and the Phoenix newspaper published by these people was the first Native American newspaper. John Berry owned a ferry these people had to wait to use during a harsh winter. Sequoyah was a member of this tribe who created its writing system, and against the wish of their leader John Ross, Major Ridge signed the Treaty of (*) New Echota on behalf of this tribe. Like other tribes such as the Choctaw or Creek, this tribe was forced from its home in Georgia due to the Indian Removal Act. For 10 points, name this Native American tribe that was forcibly relocated on the Trail of Tears.

Germany (or Deutschland; accept Weimar Republic until mention; do not accept or prompt on "Nazi Germany" or "The Third Reich" since none of these things happened during that period)

The ultranationalist group Organisation Consul assassinated an official of this country who'd signed the Treaty of Rapallo. An object known as the "blood flag" was inspired by a failed coup in this country, and Rosa Luxemburg led a revolt in it by a group known as the (*) Spartacists. A 1933 fire destroyed its main legislative building, leading to the signing of the Enabling Act. The government of this country was the target of the Beer Hall Putsch and was unable to control rampant hyperinflation following its loss in World War I. For 10 points, name this European country which was ruled by the Weimar regime until the rise of Adolf Hitler.

Battle of Austerlitz

The winning side of this battle sought to capture Pratzen Heights. Franz von Weyrother was named commander in chief of the Allied troops in this battle after Russian general Kutuzov was stripped of the title by Tsar Alexander I. This battle occurred following the Ulm Campaign, and the (*) Habsburgs were forced to pay 40 million francs to the victors in this battle. This battle culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Pressburg and was fought near an Austrian town. For 10 points, name this Battle of Three Emperors, a decisive victory by Napoleon that ended the War of the Third Coalition.

Roman Senate

The word "prince" derives from a title given to the "first" member of this organization. This organization created texts called consulta. Non-hereditary members of this organization were described by a term meaning "new man." Members of this organization wore dark red shoes and a purple (*) stripe. This organization issued "final" or "ultimate" decrees in extreme emergencies. At one point, this body was appointed by the censors. This body is juxtaposed with "the people" in the acronym SPQR. Members of this body passed through ranks like quaestor and praetor in the cursus honorum. For 10 points, name this aristocratic governing body of Ancient Rome.

speculative bubbles

These events are analyzed in the first chapter of Extraordinary Popular Delusions by Charles Mackay. Robert Walpole came to power in the aftermath of one of these events. One of these events in France was masterminded by the Scotsman John Law. Another of these events began after the British national debt was traded for the (*) asiento. The economies of France and Britain were devastated by events of this kind named for the Mississippi and South Sea Companies. The first one of these events hit the Netherlands in 1637 and was dubbed the "tulip mania." For 10 points, name these events in which speculators drive the price of a good up well past its real value.

migrants (accept immigrants and emmigrants, I guess; accept refugees or displaced peoples or any reasonable synonym; accept any country of origin; prompt on just "young children" and synonyms after "Alan Kurdi" is read)

These people are the focus of both the Dublin Regulation and the "EASY" system. Frontex's Operation Triton assists these people, and they are often targeted by Matteo Silvi and the Northern League. These people were the characteristic residents of the Calais (*) "jungle," and a Hungarian camerawoman was filmed kicking one of these people. Alan Kurdi was a three-year old one of these people photographed lying lifeless on a beach after drowning, and nearly half of these people from 2015 to 2016 were Syrian in origin. For 10 points, name these people fleeing often war-torn countries to enter more prosperous Western European countries.

Olmec

These people may have had writing, as demonstrated by the Cascajal Block. These people created many jade face-masks, and Matthew Stirling is best-known for his studies of these people. The art of these people often depicts "transformation figures" like the were-jaguar. Their major capitals were Tres Zapotes, the non-Aztec San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, and La Venta. After this civilization's decline, Monte Albán and (*) Teotihuacan rose to prominence. This empire was the first to use the ballgame and ritual bloodletting, and they created a lot of colossal stone heads. For 10 points, name this oldest major civilization of Mexico.

Kurds (accept word forms like Kurdish people)

These people overwhelmingly voted for the People's Democratic Party in an election for one country's Grand National Assembly. This group's military forces withdrew from Kirkuk in October 2017 and are opposed by the Popular Mobilization Forces, and members of it make up People's Protection Units and the (*) peshmerga, which fought against ISIS at Raqqa and Mosul. An autonomous region dominated by this ethnic group voted for independence in a referendum whose legality was rejected by the Iraqi government. For 10 points, name this ethnic group whose members are seeking an independent state comprising parts of Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.

Goths

These people settled as foederati ["fed-er-ah-tee"] across the Danube while being led by Saphrax and Fritigern. According to the Getica of Jordanes, a leader of these people was trampled after being thrown from his horse at a battle his army won while aiding Flavius Aetius. A leader of these people usurped Odoacer ["Oh-do-ay-sir"] and ruled the Italian peninsula from Ravenna. These people were defeated by the Franks at Toulouse and controlled(*) Spain until the arrival of Umayyad ["Oo-my-add"] forces. This tribe was led by Alaric I in a 410 sacking of Rome, which inspired St. Augustine to write The City of God. For 10 points, name this Germanic tribe, which split into "Visi" and "Ostro" branches.

Aztecs

These people were documented in a massive ethnography by Bernardino of Sahagún. Every fifty-two years, these people performed a "New Fire" ceremony called the Binding of the Years. These people organized in units called calpulli, and conducted most of their agriculture on "floating gardens" called (*) chinampas. These people were documented in the Florentine Codex. These people formed a "Triple Alliance" and their main center was a city built on artificial islands. These Nahuatl speakers were betrayed by La Malinche in the leadup to La Noche Triste. For 10 points, name this inhabitants of Tenochtitlan, who were ruled by Moctezuma and conquered by Hernán Cortés.

Aboriginal Australians

These people were targeted in the Myall Creek Massacre and Battle of Pinjarra, and they participated in the 1946 Pilbara strike. These people traded land for blankets, sugar, apples, and other items in Batman's treaty. National Sorry Day was created for these people after the publication of the report Bringing Them Home. That report documented a policy of taking children of these people and bringing them up in white culture. An apology for their (*) "Stolen Generations" was given in a Kevin Rudd speech about these people. For 10 points, name these indigenous peoples of Australia.

Battle of Saratoga

This battle was preceded by St. Leger's expedition and the Battle of Bennington. Ebenezer Learned and Enoch Poor commanded troops in this battle, during which George and James Clinton's diversionary attacks proved fruitless. An uncredited statue of a boot commemorates one hero of this battle, in which Timothy Murphy fatally wounded (*) Simon Fraser. Bloody fighting at Bemis Heights and Freeman's Farm in this battle forced the surrender of 6,000 starving British soldiers led by "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne. For ten points, name this 1777 American victory credited with turning the tide in the Revolutionary War.

Battle of Austerlitz

This battle was preceded by the Battle of Ulm, and von Buxhowden's forces drowned in Lake Satschan while marching to this battle. During this battle, troops led by Marshal Soult captured the Pratzen Heights, which caused Mikhail Kutuzov to retreat. The Treaty of (*) Pressburg was signed after this battle, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. For 10 points, name this 1805 battle where Napoleon Bonaparte's army defeated a coalition of Austrian, German, and Russian forces.

Battle of Bosworth Field

This battle was preceded by the winning side landing near the Earl of Pembroke's land by Milford Haven. Lord Stanley positioned himself between two armies at this battle. The winner of this battle, which was fought near Ambion Hill, secured power two years later at Stoke Field. The loser of this battle had earlier won at(*) Tewkesbury, and allegedly shouted "my kingdom for a horse," as depicted in a play by Shakespeare. For 10 points, name this battle in which Henry VII Tudor defeated Richard III, ending the Wars of the Roses.

The Prince

This book notes that "men forget more easily the death of their father than the loss of their inheritance." This book encourages risk-taking by saying that "fortune is a woman; and it is necessary, if one wants to hold her down, to beat her." The first half of this book is an analysis of new, hereditary, and ecclesiastical (*) states. It claims that the title figure must be both cunning like a fox and powerful like a lion, as evidenced by the success of Cesare Borgia. Written for Lorenzo de'Medici, this work famously states that if a ruler must choose one, it is better to be feared than to be loved. For 10 points, name this political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli.

Carthage

This city contained the Great Cothon and the Tophet of Salammbo. This city fought its former mercenaries in the Truceless War, during which it lost control of Corsica and Sardinia. Cato the Elder urged the destruction of this city, which was finally accomplished in 146 BC by (*) Scipio Aemillianus. In an earlier conflict, forces of this city crossed the Alps and won victories at the Battles of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae. That army was led by Hannibal Barca. For ten points, name this city-state on the North African coast which fought the Punic Wars with Rome.

Republic of Florence

This city led a coalition against Pope Gregory XI in the War of the Eight Saints, which helped to end the residency of the Popes in Avignon. The Albizzi family came to power in this city after Michele di Lando led a rebellion of wool carders, the Revolt of the Ciompi ["Chee-om-pi"]. In this city, the ruler's brother was killed by Bernardo Bandini, a member of the(*) Pazzi ["Pot-zee"] conspiracy. An event in this city was where musical instruments and mirrors were burned, and was Girolamo Savonarola's Bonfire of the Vanities. For 10 points, name this city in Tuscany that was ruled by Lorenzo the Magnificent and other members of the Medici family.

Berlin

This city was aided in an operation created by Lucius Clay. Operation Clausewitz was an attempt to defend this city, which is where Yevgeny Khaldei took a photo of two soldiers raising a Soviet flag over a government building. A 1961 tank standoff occurred when one of this city's four zones was blocked off. After Soviet troops blockaded the supply routes in this city, a 1948 (*) airlift was organized to deliver necessities to it. That structure was built by Walter Ulbricht and included Checkpoint Charlie. Ronald Reagan gave a speech telling "Mr. Gorbachev" to "tear down" a structure in this city. For 10 points, name this German city that was once bisected by a namesake Wall.

Tenochtitlan

This city was divided into four campans, or zones, each of which was further divided into 20 districts. The Stone of Five Eras was found in the ruins of this city in 1790. This city's Sacred Precinct was where Pedro de Alvarado killed several thousand people in a pre-emptive attack near the (*) Templo Mayor Complex. The chinampa system of floating gardens was common in this city. La Noche Triste occurred when men under Hernan Cortes tried to leave this city by crossing one of its iconic causeways in 1520. This city rested on islands in Lake Texcoco. For 10 points, name this ancient Aztec capital on which Mexico City was built.

Philadelphia

This city was home to an intellectual debate club called the Junto, as documented in an "American life" by Walter Isaacson. After murdering twenty-one Susquehannock in the Conestoga Massacre, the Paxton Boys marched to this city. Bifocal glasses were invented in this city, which was taken after the Battle of (*) Brandywine. Poor Richard's Almanac was published in this city, as was a Gazette that printed a political cartoon of a cut-up snake captioned Join, or Die. This city hosted both Continental Congresses and the Constitutional Convention. For 10 points, name this city founded by William Penn, which was home to Ben Franklin.

Damascus

This city's involvement in the silk trade made it the namesake of a kind of woven fabric where the pattern can be seen from both sides. Somehow, an ancient material named for this city includes carbon nanotubes that make it super-strong. In this city, eight Roman columns were used in the Dome of the Treasury, in a Great Mosque decorated with Byzantine mosaics. This city became a capital under (*) Muawiyah. Many swords with wavy surfaces were made from this city's namesake steel. After 750, the capital was moved from this city to Kufa and then to Baghdad under the Abbasids. For 10 points, name this capital of both the Umayyad caliphate and modern Syria.

Ancient Egypt

This civilization used provinces called ​sepat or ​nome. Its literature included the ​Story of Sinuhe. One of its earliest documents is the Narmer Palette. This civilization was briefly ruled from Sais ("SAH-eess") and Meroë​ ("meh-ROH-eh"). They believed in a life-force called ​ka. It was invaded by the ​hyksos and was the largest civilization to be raided by the (*)​ Sea Peoples. Its history includes three "intermediate periods." This civilization's agriculture was aided by its main river flooding at roughly the same time every year. They often used canopic jars and pioneered the growing of papyrus. For 10 points, name this ancient civilization that developed hieroglyphics.

Province of New York

This colony was the biggest importer of slaves in the thirteen colonies, and it experienced their first major slave revolt in 1712. While Edmund Andros was deposed in Boston, this colony deposed Francis Nicholson in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution. In this colony, attacks printed against governor William Cosby were defended by lawyer Andrew Hamilton. (*) Leisler's Rebellion and the Stamp Act Congress happened in this colony, as did the libel trial of John Peter Zenger. After a dispute with New Hampshire, the Vermont Republic separated from this colony. For 10 points, name this Middle Colony home to a city formerly known as New Amsterdam.

Witchcraft

This concept is mentioned in the Islamic Surah "Al-Falaq," which is meant as a protection from it. This concept is strongly condemned in the Malleus Maleficarum. The belief that illness results from this concept has led to a number of deaths, primarily in (*) Sub-Saharan Africa. This practice has become less violently discouraged in the modern era, leading to the rise of neo-pagan groups like Wiccan covens. Belief in this practice, as well as Christian doctrine of the time, led to twenty-five deaths in a Massachusetts city in the seventeenth century. For 10 points, name this practice, which utilizes magical skills.

Six-Day War

This conflict was preceded by a border raid at Samua called Operation Shredder. After this conflict, Hafez al-Assad nearly lost his job as his country's defense minister, and the Khartoum Resolution's "Three No's" were adopted. A major cause of this non-Suez Crisis war was the blockade of(*) Eilat, and this war began with the surprise Operation Focus, which destroyed most of Egypt's air force while it was on the ground. Gains for this war's winning side included Gaza and the West Bank. For 10 points, name this war in which an Arab coalition suffered a swift and decisive loss to Israel in June 1967.

English Civil War

This conflict was preceded by the Eleven Years of Tyranny. Neutral factions in this conflict formed vigilante groups and became known as "clubmen", and the Siege of Hull marked the beginning of the first phase of this conflict. The Self-Denying Ordinance removed generals such as (*) Sir Thomas Fairfax from command during this conflict. This war's winning faction launched Pride's Purge to root out dissenters. The Battle of Naseby demonstrated the effectiveness of Roundheads' New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell. For 10 points, name this 17th century conflict that ended with the execution of Charles I.

Second Boer War

This conflict's first engagement, near the town of Dundee, was the Battle of Talana Hill, and Ladysmith was besieged during this conflict. Mohandas Gandhi organized volunteer ambulance drivers and medics during this conflict, and Winston Churchill rose to prominence during this event. The Treaty of Vereeniging ended this conflict, which saw the first major usage of (*) concentration camps. A gold rush precipitated this conflict, in addition to Cecil Rhodes' interests in diamond minds. Orange Free State and the Transvaal were fought over in, for 10 points, what war in South Africa between the British and a namesake group of Dutch settlers?

Ethiopia

This country became a democracy after its communist Derg regime ended, and Roman Catholicism became its dominant religion under Susenyos I. This nation's decentralized Zemene Mesafint, or "Era of the Princes" concluded when Tewodros II came to power. Menelik II restored the power of this country, in which the (*) Axum empire ruled. This nation was supposedly home to the Queen of Sheba, and its Solomonic Dynasty included Haile Selassie I. The Amhara make up a significant portion of this country's people. For ten points, identify this African nation whose largest city is Addis Ababa.

Kingdom of Prussia

This country had a major defeat at Kunersdorf, but was saved a few years later by the death of Empress Elizabeth. This country relinquished control of Saxony in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. A ruler of this nation was famed for tactical victories like Leuthen and Mollwitz, and broke the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia. This country became famous for its (*) ​militarism during the reign of its "Great Elector." This country grew from territories in Brandenburg. It switched allegiances from France to Britain in the Diplomatic Revolution. For 10 points, name this nation led by Frederick the Great, the precursor to modern Germany.

Taiwan

This country is believed to be the home of the Austronesian language family. Following the February 28th Incident, a period known as the "White Terror" suppressed political opposition in this country. The rebel Koxinga led a government from this present-day country, which was known during colonial times as (*) Formosa. After losing the Chinese Civil War, Chiang-Kai Shek fled to this island and set up a Kuomintang-led government. For 10 points, name this island country located off of the coast of China with capital Taipei.

Kingdom of Denmark

This country is where the Ladby Ship was discovered, and a king of this country built ring fortresses with gates for each of the cardinal directions. A history of this country was written by Saxo Grammaticus. Gorm the Old's son christianized this country just before the year 1000, according to the Jelling Stones. In 1864, this country lost the duchies of (*) Schleswig and Holstein. Until 1814, Norway was controlled by this country. Its king Christian X supposedly wore a yellow star in solidarity with the Jews. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation that was occupied during World War II by its southern neighbor, Germany.

Republic of Cuba

This country sent troops to Angola in Operation Carlota. A coup in this country was attempted by Brigade 2506. A leader of this country rose to power after sailing on the yacht Granma and establishing a base in the Sierra Maestra mountains. Attempts to kill that leader of this country, who lead the storming of the Moncada Barracks on the (*) 26th of July, used items like a poisoned wetsuit and an exploding cigar. That leader gave the "History will absolve me" speech after trying to overthrow this country's dictator Fulgencio Batista. An CIA coup attempt in this country led to the Bay of Pigs fiasco. For 10 points, name this Caribbean island nation once ruled by the communist Fidel Castro.

Republic of South Africa

This country's Reunited National Party won a 1948 election under Daniel Malan despite heavily losing the popular vote due to gerrymandering. This country and Israel may have conducted a joint nuclear test in the Vela Incident. This country fought a long-running insurgency by SWAPO that succeeded in 1994. This country was the site of the (*) Soweto Uprising and the Sharpeville Massacre. A former president of this country was found guilty of conspiring to overthrow the government in the Rivonia Trial and was sentenced lifetime imprisonment, but was released by then-president F. W. de Klerk before becoming president himself. For 10 points, what nation ended its controversial Apartheid policy in the 1990s with Nelson Mandela's election as president?

Bolivia

This country's exiled socialist president, Juan Torres, was murdered on the orders of Argentine Jorge Videla in Buenos Aires as part of Operation Condor. Torres was overthrown by Hugo Banzer, who went on to rule as a dictator for much of the 1970s in this country. It's not Peru, but the Battle of (*) Ayacucho helped spur this nation's declaration of independence.This nation lost its port of Antofagasta and all of its coastline to Chile following the War of the Pacific. This country's current president is Evo Morales. For 10 points, name this South American country which has its legal capital at Sucre and seat of government at La Paz.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This country's first ruler won the battle of Sabilla in 1930, defeating the Ikhwan militia who had helped him capture the Hejaz. In the '60s, this country supported the Mutawakkilites during a southern neighbor's civil war. In 1979, militants seized the Masjid al-Haram mosque at this country's holiest site, prompting the government to implement laws influenced by (*) Wahhabism. This monarchy was founded in 1902 by Abdulaziz. During the Gulf war, U.S. and allied troops invaded Iraq overland from this country. Its king Abdullah died this January. For 10 points, identify this Middle Eastern country, the largest oil producer in the world.

Kingdom of Sweden

This country's longest-serving Prime Minister, Tage ("TAH-gay") Erlander, belonged to its Social Democratic Party and helped make its air force the third largest in the world. That man was succeeded by his protegé whose 1986 assassination remains unsolved. Two factions during this country's age of liberty that differed on their stance towards Russia were the (*) caps and the hats. The victor at the Battle of Lutzen, a king nicknamed the "Lion of the North," hailed from this country. Queen Christina and Gustavus Adolphus were both famous rulers of this nation. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation with a capital at Stockholm.

Philippines

This country's town of Mamasapano witnessed a police operation in January 2015 that targeted terrorists such as the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, while in September 2016 the group Abu Sayyaf killed 15 people in its Davao City. This country's leader claimed he would be "happy to slaughter" three million (*) drug addicts, and likened himself to Hitler; that man is Rodrigo Duterte. Haiyan was the deadliest typhoon recorded in this nation, killing over ten thousand of its people. Luzon is the largest island making up this country and contains its capital. For ten points, identify this Southeast Asian island nation whose capital is Manila.

Gideon v. Wainwright

This decision overruled the 1942 case of Betts v. Brady in a majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, and it was later extended by Massiah v. United States and Miranda v. Arizona to apply its central principle to the process of police interrogation. Future Justice (*) Abe Fortas argued this case before the court, and this case concerned a break in at a pool hall in Florida. The petitioner in this case claimed his sixth and fourteenth amendment rights had been violated. For ten points, name this Supreme Court case which required that states provide attorneys to impoverished defendants in noncapital cases.

Treaty of Versailles

This document called for the regions of Warmia, Masuria, and Powiśle to hold a plebiscite. Part of this document was called for by the "Heavenly Twins." This document leased out the coal-rich Saarland for fifteen years. During the drafting of this document, (*) Ho Chi Minh called for Vietnamese independence. An effect of this document was renegotiated by the Young and Dawes Plans. The "Big Four" negotiators of this treaty included Vittorio Orlando and Georges Clemenceau ["kluh-mawn-SOH"], who argued for a "war guilt clause" and supposedly overwhelming reparations. For 10 points, name this 1919 treaty that ended World War I for Germany.

Han Dynasty

This dynasty allied with the Kushans during their conquest of Kashgar. Wang Mang attempted to form his own dynasty during this period, only to be killed by members of the Red Eyebrows Movement. This dynasty completed its conquest of Vietnam under the general Ma Yuan after defeating the (*) Trưng Sisters. This dynasty began following Liu Bang's victory over Xiang Yu and the state of Chu. Its later Eastern period ended after the Yellow Turban Rebellion. For 10 points, name this dynasty that lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE and shares its name with China's largest ethnic group.

Sui

This dynasty established the standard form of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, and it promulgated the equal-field system of farming. Its first emperor built the new capital Daxing ["dah-shing"] on the site of Chang'an, and its second emperor rebuilt Luoyang. This dynasty's government inspired the Taika Reforms. This dynasty collapsed following a failed war with Goguryeo. This dynasty began the construction of the (*) Grand Canal. It took power under Wen Di in 581, unifying China for the first time in nearly 400 years, after the fall of the Han dynasty. For 10 points, name this three-emperor dynasty that was succeeded by the Tang.

Shang Dynasty

This dynasty was established following the defeat of Jie at the Battle of Mingtiao, and it fell following the Battle of Muye. Its first ruler, Tang, moved nine cauldrons that were created by Yu the Great, who founded the dynasty prior to this one. This dynasty is the subject of a Tsinghua University chronological project along with the dynasties that preceded and succeeded it, the (*) Xia and Zhou respectively. This dynasty had its capital at Anyang, at which excavations have revealed oracle bones used for divination. For 10 points, name this earliest archaeologically verified Chinese dynasty.

Trajan

This emperor instituted civil reform in the provinces by creating the office of "corrector." He formalized his predecessor's social welfare program, the alimenta. This emperor defeated Decebalus at the Battle of Sarmisegetusa in modern-day Romania. He had several projects built by Apollodorus of Damascus, including his namesake Market and Forum. He annexed the Sinai Peninsula, Parthia, and (*) Dacia. This second of the Five Good Emperors was succeeded by Hadrian. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor at the beginning of the 100s, who is commemorated by a Column in Rome, and under whom the Empire reached its greatest extent.

Incan Empire

This empire expanded by conquering neighboring peoples such as the Lupaka and Chimu. This empire was organized into more than 80 wamani, and was more generally divided into four quarters called suyu. A city-state in this empire that was classified into upper and lower portions known as hanan and hurin was founded by (*) Manco Capac. This empire was known for its extensive road system and the use of quipu to record information. Pachacuti, a famed ruler of this empire, is thought to have constructed Machu Picchu. For 10 points, name this pre-Columbian empire centered in modern-day Peru.

Umayyad Caliphate

This empire lost the battle the Battle of Akroinon and was opposed by the Hāshimīyah sect. Founded by Muawiyah I after victory in the First Fitna, this dynasty administered its vast holdings through six administrative diwan. This empire was overthrown after the Battle of the Zab but persisted in Al-Andalus as the Caliphate of (*) Córdoba. Forces of this dynasty killed Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala and were defeated by Charles Martel at Tours. For ten points, name this second Islamic caliphate based at Damascus and succeeded by the Abbasids.

Mauryan Empire (do not accept or prompt on "Gupta Empire")

This empire was chronicled by the diplomat Megasthenes, who commented on its respect for foreigners. This empire overthrew the Magadhan Kingdom, and the Arthashastra was compiled by Chanakya during this its early years. Succeeded by the Shunga Dynasty, this empire repulsed an invasion from the burgeoning (*) Seleucid Empire, and art from this empire often featured four lions. The greatest ruler of this empire famously converted to Buddhism in penance for his initiation of the Kalinga War. For ten points, name this sprawling ancient empire of Ashoka and Chandragupta, the largest in Indian history.

Umayyad Caliphate

This empire was decisively defeated at the Battle of Akroinon, and its ruler kept six boards to assist with civil administration, known as the Diwans. This empire's collapse was hastened by the Hashimiyya Movement, and the Battle of Zab spelled its end. This empire began following the (*) First Fitna, led by Muawiyah I. Its expansion was halted in 732 CE, following Abd al-Rahman's defeat at the Battle of Tours. Projects completed by this empire include the Dome of the Rock and the Great Mosque of Cordoba. For 10 points, name this Islamic Caliphate that preceded the Abbasids.

Mauryan Empire

This empire's irrigation projects included Sudarshana Lake in Kathiawar. Capitals in this empire included Taxila and Ujjain. Megasthenes was an ambassador to this empire. This empire came between the Nanda and the Sunga. A ruler of this empire built a pillar at Sarnath featuring four (*) lions. This empire's founder fought off an invasion by Seleucus, and was advised by Chanakya, who might be the Kautilya who wrote the Arthashastra. After a bloody conquest of Kalinga, a ruler of this empire decided to promote Buddhism throughout his kingdom. For 10 points, name this Indian empire ruled by Ashoka and Chandragupta.

Mali Empire

This empire's military was solely composed of men of the horon class, and it was governed by the Gbara legislature. This empire was created after its founder won the Battle of Kirina against Sumanguru. That king was notably born a cripple and was (*) Sundiata Keita. The most famous ruler of this empire built the Sankore University and markedly inflated gold prices while on the hajj. For 10 points, name this West African empire that was ruled by Mansa Musa during its golden age.

Kamakura Shogunate

This entity first seized power by winning the Battle of Dan-no-ura as part of the Genpei War against the rival Taira Clan. This government lost power in the Genko War against forces loyal to Emperor Go-Daigo. During much of this period, political control rested with the shikken or regent, an office which was held hereditarily by the (*) Hojo Family. A 1281 attempt to invade this government by Kublai Khan was thwarted by the kamikaze or divine wind. For 10 points, name this first major shogunate in Japan that lasted from 1185 to 1333, which preceded the Ashikaga and followed the Heian period.

Rwandan genocide

This event was analyzed in terms taken from Thomas Malthus in Jared Diamond's book Collapse, and it was documented firsthand by a Canadian commander in the book Shake Hands with the Devil. Interventions in this event included the French Operation Turquoise and the failed expedition UNAMIR. Widespread (*) rape during this event led to a huge spike in HIV infections. It began with the order "Cut down the tall trees" after President Juvénal Habᐧyariᐧmana's plane was shot down. For 10 points, name this 1994 event in which the Interaᐧhamwe, a group of Hutus, killed over 70% of the Tutsis in a small African country.

9/11 attacks

This event was code-named Operation Holy Tuesday, and a neighboring nation handled diversions resulting from this event in Operation Yellow Ribbon. After this event, Article 5 of the NATO Charter was invoked for the first time. This event was planned by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Mohammed(*) Atta led a group from Hamburg in carrying out this event. During this event, some passengers on United Flight 93 were able to crash-land their aircraft in Pennsylvania, but other hijacked planes destroyed the World Trade Center. For 10 points, name this terrorist attack by al-Qaeda.

Olympic Games

This event was overseen by men called Hellanodikai. This event, which supposedly originated in 776 BC, included the pankration and the stadion. This event was later imitated by "Nemean," "Pythian," and "Isthmian" events. This event was marked by a sacred (*) truce called ekecheiria. Most of Pindar's poetry was commissioned after this event. Myron's statue Discobolus traditionally depicts a participant in this event. An olive wreath was awarded at this Panhellenic event, which originated the pentathlon. The temple of Zeus was honored every four years by—for 10 points—what Ancient Greek athletic competition?

Partition of India

This event was partly prompted by a political party's poor showing in regions like the North-West Frontier Province in a 1937 election. In the leadup to this event, mobs gathered at the Ochterlony Monument on Direct Action Day. A.K. Fazlul Huq called for this action in a 1940 resolution. This event used the Radcliffe Line commissioned by Lord (*) Mountbatten. A partial failure of this event was "fixed" by the Line of Control. This event displaced or killed nearly 20 million people, making it the cause of the biggest mass migration on record. It led to the creation of West Bengal, but didn't allocate Kashmir. For 10 points, name this 1947 event that created Pakistan.

George Washington

This figure allegedly knelt and prayed before spring battles while encamped at the ironworks of Isaac Potts. This hero supposedly hurled a silver dollar across a mile-long river, but his nephew contends that this man actually threw a piece of slate across the Rappahannock. According to Parson (*) Weems, he wreaked havoc with his new hatchet, after which he declared, "I cannot tell a lie." He did try hippopotamus ivory, but contrary to myth, this figure did not have wooden teeth, and he never chopped down his father's cherry tree. For 10 points, name this hero who served as the first president of the United States.

Joan of Arc (or Jeanne d'Arc; or St. Joan; prompt on Maid of Orleans before "Orleans" is read)

This figure condemned the "false and vile superstition" of the Hussites in a letter that began with a customary invocation of "Jesus, Mary." La Hire ["ee-ra"] fought under this commander. Guillaume de Flavy stranded this figure outside the gates of Compeigne by lifting a drawbridge too soon, allowing John of (*) Luxembourg to capture this leader, who was then subjected to a trial led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon. This figure approached the Dauphin Charles VII after seeing visions of saints, and helped lift the siege of Orleans before being ultimately burnt at the stake. For 10 points, name this commander of the Hundred Years' War, a female "Saint."

(Marcus Porcius) Cato the Elder

This figure created a set of Praecepta, or Maxims, for his son, and explained how to create Coan wine in a tract titled "On Agriculture". This politician passed laws granting the right of appeal to citizens sentenced to flogging, as well as citizens who lived in outlying territories, known as the Porcian Laws. This politician vehemently opposed Hellenic influences within Rome, earning him the title of "The Censor" . He is also known as the first Roman (*) historian for his history of Italy titled Origenes. For ten points, name this Roman politician who ended every speech with "Carthage must be destroyed!" and, like Pliny, shares his name with a "younger" descendant.

no "Caesar," in spite of what Octavian himself liked to be called...)

This figure was given the name "Thurinus" at birth, and his mother Atia was the daughter of the first Julia Minor. He was responsible for the "West" by the Treaty of Brundisium. This figure divorced Pulchra before marrying Scribonia, and he was the most prominent to call himself "Divi Filius," or (*) "Son of God." After squashing a pathetic rebellion by Lepidus, this man began a propaganda campaign that a rival was controlled by an "Oriental paramour." This figure capped his ascension by winning the Battle of Actium against his rival Mark Antony. For 10 points, name this heir to Julius Caesar who later became the emperor Augustus.

Yoda

This figure was granted the title "Defender of the Home Tree" for his role in negotiations with the Trandoshans. On Rugosa, this figure was the victor in King Katuunko's challenge. The last student of this figure was a nobleman from Serenno who became one of the "Lost Twenty". Reinforcements brought by this figure began the First Battle of (*) Geonosis. This character decapitated two would-be assassins on Kashyyyk and escaped with the aid of Tarfful and Chewbacca. After failing to defeat Darth Sidious during a duel in the Senate, this character went into exile on Dagobah, where he mentored Luke Skywalker. "Do or do not, there is no try" is spoken by, for 10 points, what final Grand Master of the Jedi Order?

Florence Nightingale

This figure's correspondence with Sidney Herbert inspired the commissioning of a prefabricated building by Isambard Kingdom Brunel that was erected at Renkioi. This person invented a circular "rose" histogram known as a "coxcomb" that illustrated causes of death. This figure founded a school at St. Thomas (*) Hospital, and her time at Scutari led her to pen an excoriation of living conditions that caused ten times more soldiers to die of disease than of battle. The Times called this woman "The Lady with the Lamp" for her work during the Crimean War. For 10 points, name this British pioneer of nursing.

Florence Nightingale

This figure's most famous efforts were aided by publicity from the British socialite Mary Clarke. While stationed at the Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul, this reformer developed the polar area diagram as an improvement over the pie chart for representing combat casualties. After the (*) Crimean War, she founded the first secular nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in London, where she trained leading nurses from across the world. For 10 points, name this British pioneer of modern nursing, famous for her persona as "the lady with the lamp," in the bleak field-hospitals of the Crimean War.

Islamic State

This group's eschatology holds that an apocalyptic struggle on the plains of Dabiq will usher the coming of the antichrist. A 2015 article by Graeme Wood attempts to answer the question "Where did it come from, and what are its intentions?" This group perpetrated the Sinjar massacre against (*) Yazidis in 2014 but lost its prized city of Fallujah in 2016. Boko Haram has pledged allegiance to this self-proclaimed caliphate, formerly led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who many still believe to be alive. For 10 points, name this genocidal group in Iraq and Syria that shook the world with its beheadings.

King John Lackland

This king was accused of improperly seducing Matilda by a man who later served as the "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church." Robert Fitzwalter rebelled against this man as part of a group of 25 nobles, and Innocent III excommunicated him because he refused to recognize (*) Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. This king gained his nickname from his paltry inheritance compared to his brothers, and his defeat by the French at Bouvines forced him to meet with a group of barons at Runnymede in 1215. For 10 points, name this British king who was forced to sign the Magna Carta.

Gustavus Adolphus the Great (or Gustavus II Adolphus; or Gustav II Adolf)

This king was the first commander to use a lighter cannon made from leather, an enterprise that failed almost immediately. He created a cavalry unit named after a term meaning "cut them down," the Hackapelits. Pomerania allowed this king to occupy its territory in the Treaty of Stettin. He commanded armies that defeated (*) Count Tilly at the Battles of Rain and Breitenfeld. This man came to power after the death of his father Charles IX, and Axel Oxenstierna became regent after this man was killed leading his troops at the Battle of Lützen. For 10 points, name this Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War, known as the "Lion of the North."

Kingdom of Prussia (prompt on "Germany")

This kingdom repulsed a Swedish invasion during the Great Sleigh Drive. This kingdom won the Battles of Fehrbellin and Chotusitz, and awards issued by its army include the Pour le Mérite and the Iron Cross. Napoleon crushed this kingdom at the Battle of Jena, but it later assisted in Napoleon's defeat at (*) Leipzig. In the mid-nineteenth century, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder led this kingdom's military to victory over Denmark and Austria. For ten points, name this unifying German kingdom of Frederick the Great and Otto von Bismarck which won a namesake war against France.

Haile Selassie I

This leader delivered a 1936 speech at the League of Nations in Amharic condemning Italian use of chemical weapons. This first chairman of the Organization of African Unity was deposed in a coup by the Derg and was succeeded by his son Amha. This leader was exiled in 1936 after an invasion by (*) Benito Mussolini. Marcus Garvey's words served as prophecy for the crowning of this member of the Solomonic Dynasty, who is known as the "Lion of Judah", as the emperor of his country. For 10 points, name this former emperor of Ethiopia whom the Rastafari Movement regards as the Messiah.

Alfred the Great

This leader issued a domboc containing a law code and passages from Exodus and Acts of the Apostles. The Welsh Bishop Asser was the principal contemporary biographer of this man. This leader retreated to his childhood hunting location, the Somerset marshes, following a defeat at Chippenham, but then regrouped and won the Battle of (*) Edington. This ruler baptized and converted his rival Guthrum to Christianity, after which the two signed a treaty establishing Danelaw. For 10 points, name this ruler of Wessex who defeated the Vikings in the 9th Century C.E., the only English king to be called "the Great".

Catherine the Great (prompt on "Catherine")

This leader promulgated a liberal legal code known as the Nakaz. This ruler signed the Treaty of Kucuk-Kaynarca following the Battle of Chesme, and later confined all Jewish subjects to the Pale of Settlement. This ruler placed (*) Stanislaw Poniatowski on the throne of a neighboring nation, and one advisor to this ruler created namesake sham villages on the Crimean peninsula. This lover of Grigory Potemkin and Grigory Orlov defeated the revolt of Yemelyan Pugachev, who pretended to be this woman's dethroned husband Peter III. For 10 points, name this long-serving "enlightened" Russian empress.

Hammurabi

This leader's father, Sin-Muballit, expanded the power of this leader's state by conquering Borsippa and Kish. During the First Amorite Dynasty, this man defeated an alliance of Ashur, Elam, and Eshnunna. This ruler declared that if a mistake was found in the verdict of a (*) judge, the judge would have to pay twelve-fold the fine he charged. This man's most famous writing was found on a black stele in Susa in 1901, and is based on lex talionis. This man created a text that calls for punishments such as cutting off the fingers of a son if he strikes his father and an eye for an eye. For ten points, name this Babylonian ruler who created the first known law code.

Catherine the Great

This leader's representatives signed the Treaty of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire, which formally recognized Russian control of the Crimea. Diderot ("DI-duh-row") notably criticized a law code put forth during this leader's attempts at Enlightened Despotism. That law code was the (*) Nakaz. Earlier in this monarch's reign, General Peter Panin helped to suppress the Cossack Pugachev's rebellion. Lovers of this ruler include the namesake of a famous diamond, Grigory Orlov, and a man who built fake villages for one of her inspection tours, Grigory Potemkin. For 10 points, name this longest serving female ruler of Russia.

Eli Whitney

This man allegedly came up with the idea for his most influential invention at the suggestion of Nathanael Greene's widow, Catherine. Machine tool historian Joseph Roe credited this man with inventing the first true milling machine. This man allegedly met with President Adams and President-elect Jefferson, and wowed them by assembling a(*) musket from a drawer filled with shuffled pieces that he manufactured. This man used the profits from his interchangeable parts system to pursue litigation against Southern farmers. For 10 points, name this inventor of the cotton gin.

John S. McCain III

This man and John Glenn were the only members of the Keating Five to avoid any punishment. His decision to forgo a cross party presidential ticket with a Connecticut Democrat was chronicled in the book Game Change. A more well-known example of his bipartisan bridge-building was the 2002 act named for him and Wisconsin's (*) Russ Feingold, which was overturned by Citizens United in 2010. After this man's 2017 cancer diagnosis, Lindsey Graham noted that nothing could compare to his torture as a prisoner in Vietnam. For 10 points, name this maverick Arizona Senator who was defeated by Barack Obama in the 2008 election.

Henry Clay Sr.

This man argued for the annexation of West Florida when he was temporarily appointed to replace Senator Buckner Thurston. Humphrey Marshall fought a duel with this presidential candidate, who claimed he would "rather be right than be president" in an (*) 1839 speech to the Senate. In 1824, this man was appointed as Secretary of State by John Quincy Adams after the presidential election went to a House runoff. This proponent of the American System also introduced the Compromise of 1850. For 10 points, name this Kentucky Whig who served as Speaker of the House and was nicknamed "The Great Compromiser".

Martin Luther

This man argued that the body of Christ was present everywhere, including the bread and wine, while debating the Eucharist at the Marburg Colloquy. This man called the members of an uprising he inspired "filthy swine;" that uprising he inspired was the Peasants' War. This man declared "here I stand, I can do other" before he was excommunicated by the bull Exsurge Domine ["Ex-ur-gay Dom-ee-nay"], which was issued by Pope Leo X after the Diet of(*) Worms ["Vurms"]. Due to his anger at the sale of indulgences, this man nailed a list of declarations to the church door in Wittenberg ["Vitt-en-berg"]. For 10 points, name this German monk who authored the 95 Theses, which kicked off the Protestant Reformation.

Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau

This man began his political career by criticizing Maurice Duplessis in the magazine Cite Libre. This leader was accused of "western alienation" after he instituted the National Energy Program, as well as cursing in parliament, which he denied, claiming instead to have muttered (*) "fuddle duddle." A crisis was ignited by the kidnapping of Pierre Laporte and James Cross under this man's administration. In his highest post, this politician established the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and responded "just watch me" to a reporter upon invoking the War Measures Act. For 10 points, name this man who led Canada during the October Crisis, the father of Canada's current prime minister.

Harry S. Truman

This man began his political career with help from Tom Pendergast, and while living at Blair House, he survived an attempt on his life by Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo. This man attacked the "Do-Nothing" Congress after they overrode his veto of the Taft-Hartley Act, and he desegregated the military with Executive Order 9981. This president fired General (*) MacArthur a year after he sent US troops into the Korean War, and a famous photo shows this president holding up a Chicago Tribune paper falsely stating that Thomas E. Dewey defeated him. For ten points, name this 33rd U.S. president that ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan after succeeding FDR.

Thomas Jefferson

This man composed The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth by cutting and pasting the non-supernatural parts of the New Testament. This man rejected the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty in the events leading up to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair. This president's conflict with the Karamanli dynasty was ended by the Treaty of Tripoli. This man may have fathered a child with his (*) slave Sally Hemings, and he wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions with James Madison to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts. For ten points, name this third US president who was the principle author of the Declaration of Independence.

Tamerlane

This man covered his camels with hay and set them on fire to scare the elephants of an opposing army. This enemy of the Tughlaq Dynasty seized Smyrna from the Knights Hospitallers and crushed the Golden Horde at the Battle of the Terek River. In 1402, this general sparked the Ottoman Interregnum after defeating and capturing (*) Bayezid the Thunderbolt. This man ruled his empire from Samarkand and allegedly constructed pyramids of human skulls following many of his victories. For ten points, name this prolific 14th century conqueror with walked with a limp.

Victor Emmanuel II (prompt on partial name)

This man declared, "My house knows the road of exile, but not of dishonor," after an attempt to bribe him while singing a treaty. This man served in battle under his father Charles Albert, who'd abdicated after losing the Battle of Novara to the Austrian-backed Joseph Radetzky. After the Battle of Castelfidardo, Pope Pius IX excommunicated this man for his incursions into the (*) Papal States, and this ruler employed Count Cavour and was called the "Father of the Fatherland." This man supported the Expedition of the Thousand against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies that was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. For 10 points, name this first king of the unified Italy.

Attila the Hun

This man defeated Arnegisclus at the Battle of Utus. This man lost a battle to the coalition of Flavius Aetius and Theodoric I. Honoria promised this ruler a portion of the (*) Western Roman Empire if he would rescue her from a forced marriage, and Pope Leo I convinced this ruler to avoid sacking Rome. This man's most famous defeat came at the Battle of Chalons. For 10 points, name this "scourge of god" who ruled the Hunnic Empire.

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (accept either or both underlined parts)

This man defeated the Danish at the Battle of Køge and referred to his troops as "scum of the earth" after they broke rank to loot the retreating French army at the Battle of Vitoria. After a publisher blackmailed this man over the memoirs of Harriette Wilson, he said, (*) "Publish and be damned!" The Catholic Emancipation Act was passed while he was Prime Minister, and this man collaborated with Gebhard von Blucher's forces to defeat Marshal Ney and end a "Hundred Days" that had begun with an escape from Elba. For 10 points, name this military commander and politician who defeated Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

This man described the Arab League as "subservience to Zionism and Imperialism." Lester Pearson helped resolve a crisis involving this non-European leader. He was part of the Free Officers Movement, along with Mohammed Naguib, whom he later overthrew to become president. Creation of (*) Helwan City and the Aswan Dam, along with the nationalization of the Suez Canal, were major projects under the rule of this man. For 10 points, name this second president of Egypt, who was succeeded by Anwar Sadat.

Jefferson Davis

This man escaped conviction after being put under house arrest for participating in the Eggnog Riot at West Point, and he once threw money from his pockets to pacify women who were rioting for bread. Judah P. Benjamin served multiple roles in this man's cabinet, which also included Stephen Mallory as (*) Secretary of Navy. His government purchased ships such as the Alabama from Great Britain, and he allegedly fled Richmond in women's clothing, after having years earlier ordered P. G. T. Beauregard to open fire on Fort Sumter. For 10 points, name this first and only president of the Confederacy.

Peter I

This man established the Kunstkamera, his country's first museum, to preserve natural and human curiosities. This ruler recruited General Patrick Gordon from Scotland to lead his country's army. This ruler, who played war games with his "Toy Army", suppressed a rebellion from guardsmen known as the (*) streltsy and issued a tax that required noblemen to pay 100 rubles in order to wear a beard. After losing the Battle of Narva, this tsar defeated Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava. For ten points, name this winner of the Great Northern War, a Russian tsar, whose "Grand Embassy" to Europe inspired his reforms to westernize Russia.

Nikita Khrushchev

This man famously visited a farm owned by Roswell Garst. This ally of Lazar Kaganovich sanctioned the execution of Lavrentiy Beria and organized the unsuccessful Virgin Lands campaign. This leader attracted controversy by asserting "We will bury you" and he notably banged his (*) shoe on a desk during a speech before the UN. After assuming his highest office, this man delivered the "Secret Speech" and later faced off against Richard Nixon in the "Kitchen Debate." For ten points, name this Soviet premier and successor to Stalin who led the USSR during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Benedict Arnold

This man fought a delaying action at Valcour Island against Guy Tarleton. This man took Fort Griswold in Connecticut a month before Yorktown. This man was co-commander when Richard Montgomery was killed at the Battle of Québec. This man wrote the letter "To the Inhabitants of America" after leaving on the sloop Vulture. Along with Ethan Allen, this man captured fort (*) Ticonderoga. This man was stripped of command by Horatio Gates, even though this man helped win the battle of Saratoga. In 1780, John André's capture revealed this man's scheme to hand over West Point. For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War general who defected to the British.

Andrew Carnegie

This man founded the Church Peace Union, which advocated against massive military spending. This man offered the U.S. Government twenty million dollars in order to back out from the Philippines; when they refused to do so, he became vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League. Charles M. Schwab negotiated the buyout of this man's (*) company by J.P. Morgan. In his Gospel of Wealth, this man called on rich men to donate money back to society. Henry Clay Frick worked for this man and put down the Homestead Strike against his company. For 10 points, name this "robber-baron" who founded a namesake steel company.

Idi Amin Dada

This man founded the State Research Bureau to persecute the Acholi and Langi ethnic groups. After seizing power from Milton Obote, this man renamed his palace "The Command Post" and expelled 50,000 Asian from his country. This dictator led a failed invasion of a country led by Julius Nyerere and allegedly ordered the murder of (*) Dora Bloch. After this man allowed a PLO-hijacked plane to enter his country, Israeli Special Forces responded with the Raid on Entebbe. For 10 points, name this self-declared "Conqueror of the British Empire" and notorious dictator of Uganda.

Antonio López de Santa Anna

This man frequently avoided political duties by retiring to his hacienda the Manga de Clavo, and with Guadalupe Victoria, this man formed the Plan of Casa Mata against Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. This man notoriously gave full military honors to a (*) leg he lost at a battle at Veracruz, and his loss in a conflict forced him to negotiate the Gadsden Purchase. This man repeatedly resurrected his political career, serving eleven non-consecutive terms as president, and he ordered mass executions at Goliad and the Alamo. For 10 points, name this president of Mexico during wars against America and Texas.

Warren G. Harding

This man gave the "The Republic must awaken" speech and popularized the word "bloviate." This man appointed American Relief Administration director Herbert Hoover, to be his Secretary of Commerce. This man's Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes, led the Washington Naval Conference. This president appointed Harry Daugherty as Attorney General. This (*) Republican defeated a ticket of vice-presidential candidate FDR, and James Cox. This linchpin of the "Ohio Gang" called for a "return to normalcy" but also let Albert Fall lease Navy oil reserves in Wyoming. For 10 points, name this predecessor of Calvin Coolidge, who presided over the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Akbar the Great (or Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar)

This man implemented the dahsala system, which required tax payment equivalent to a third of the mean produce of the last decade. This ruler married the Rajput princess Hira Kunwari to gain popularity with his Hindu subjects, and repealed the jizya tax on non-Muslims. This winner of the Second Battle of (*) Panipat created the Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic religion combining Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. This emperor exiled his childhood teacher Bairam Khan, and fought his son and successor Jahangir. For ten points, name this grandson of Babur and third Mughal emperor, often called "the Great."

John Brown

This man led a group including the former slave Dangerfield Newby, and while leading a constitutional convention in Chatham, Ontario, this man met with Harriet Tubman. Thomas Wentworth Higginson and the other members of the (*) "Secret Six" collaborated with this man, and after the sacking of Lawrence, this man led an attack where his men hacked five settlers to death near Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas. Robert E. Lee successfully prevented this man from capturing a federal armory in what is now West Virginia. For 10 points, name this abolitionist who was hanged for leading an 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry.

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt Jr.

This man lost his bid for Speaker of the New York State Assembly to Titus Sheard, despite his popularity. His administration helped passed the Hepburn Act, allowing the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates. While President, this man organized the (*) Gentleman's Agreement with Japan. He ordered federal troops to put down the Anthracite Coal Mining Strike, fearing a national energy crisis. The Northern Securities Company's monopoly was broken by this man's administration via the Sherman Antitrust Act. For 10 points, name the 26th US President, known for his "Square Deal" domestic policy.

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt Jr. (prompt on just Roosevelt; prompt on TR; accept either first name or nickname or initial)

This man nearly died from an infected leg wound on his "Scientific Expedition" of the River of Doubt with Cândido Rondon, and he notably invited Booker T. Washington to dine with him. Despite an assassination attempt by John Schrank, this man (*) continued delivering a speech, and he sent the Great White Fleet around the globe. This man attacked plutocracy and bad trusts in his Square Deal, which he helped pass from his "bully pulpit." This man formed the Bull Moose Party after running for president against his successor William Taft. For 10 points, name this former Rough Rider and president whose nickname inspired a toy bear.

Alexander Hamilton

This man nearly dueled James Monroe due to Monroe's investigation into one of his scandals. This man attacked the positions of Samuel Seabury in early writings, and in his highest position, he submitted the First Report on Public Credit to Congress. This man, along with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, negotiated the Compromise of 1790, and his political career was effectively ended when his affair with (*) Maria Reynolds was exposed. This man's influence in the Election of 1800 ultimately led to a fatal encounter this man had with the Vice President at Weehawken. For ten points, name this first Treasury Secretary of the United States who died in a famed duel with Aaron Burr.

Charles de Gaulle

This man ordered his delegates to walk out after criticizing Walter Hallstein's budget proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy, which helped to start the "empty chair" crisis. This man met with Jacques Massu at Baden-Baden after fleeing from the May 1968 student protests. This man answered "no" in response to the questions "must hope disappear? Is defeat final?" in his Appeal of June 18th speech. The(*) OAS attempted to assassinate this leader for signing the Evian Accords, which granted Algeria its independence. For 10 points, name this founder of the French Fifth Republic, who led the Free French during World War II.

Pope Urban II (prompt on Urban)

This man ordered that the wives of priests be enslaved at the Synod of Melfi. This man was opposed by Antipope Clement III, who held Rome during the entirety of this man's reign. This pope allied himself with Roger I of Sicily, and he was heavily influenced by a delegation sent by (*) Alexius I Komnenos. At the Council of Clermont, this pontiff proclaimed "Deus Vult," or "God wills it," and urged Christian Europe to reclaim lost territory in the East. For ten points, name this eleventh century French Pope who launched the First Crusade.

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck

This man organized the Alvensleben Convention following an uprising in Poland. Sir John Tenniel satirized this man's dismissal in a comic showing this man descending down a ladder from a ship. His parliament helped pass the Sickness Insurance Law, creating the first modern (*) welfare state. This man aligned with the Liberals to fight Catholic influence in his country, a movement known as the Kulturkampf. His publication of the doctored Ems Dispatch helped spark the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. For 10 points, name this first Chancellor of Germany, famous for his "Blood and Iron" speech.

Rodrigo (Roa) Duterte

This man recently cancelled peace negotiations with a coalition in this country abbreviated CPP-NDA-NDF. This man refused to fire his country's police chief after Korean businessman Jee Ick-Joo was kidnapped and murdered by his country's police. This man was succeeded by his daughter in 2010 after being mayor of (*) Davao City for 22 years. At a 2016 rally, this man complained that he didn't get the chance to be first in line to rape an Australian missionary. This man, who told Barack Obama to "go to hell," has offered medals to people who shoot alleged drug dealers. For 10 points, name the current president of the Philippines.

Calvin Coolidge

This man repeatedly vetoed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill in line with his laissez-faire approach, and he became president after defeating the first Democratic nominee from a slave state since the Civil War, John Davis. (*) This man chaired a committee to arbitrate the "bread and roses" strike as a Massachusetts state senator, and he came to national prominence following the 1919 Boston police strike. For 10 points, name this famously "silent" president of the United States who first took office after the unexpected death of Warren G. Harding.

Huey Long

This man rose to prominence after winning a Supreme Court case against the Comberland Telephone and Telegraph Company. This man earned a governorship by defeating the "Old Regulars" political machine, and he advanced the careers of O.K. Allen and Alvin King. This ally of Father Charles Coughlin promoted socialist reforms in his (*) Share the Wealth campaign which promised to make "every man a king." Assassinated by Carl Weiss in 1935, this politician was fictionalized as Willie Stark in All the King's Men. For ten points, name this autocratic Louisiana politician nicknamed "The Kingfish."

Henry Hudson

This man sailed for the Muscovy Company in his first voyage. Abacuk Pricket's diary is an important source for information on this man's final days, while his ghost is featured in Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle. This captain of the (*) Hopewell laid the foundation for the creation of New Netherland through a 1609 exploration. In this man's final voyage, the crew of his ship Discovery mutinied and set him and his son adrift. For ten points, name this English explorer and captain of the Half Moon with a namesake bay in northeast Canada.

Akhenaten

This man sent statues made of wood instead of pure gold to the Mitanni king Tushratta, leading to conflict between those two men. The "Younger Lady" mummy is most likely this man's sister and wife, while the tomb KV55, discovered by Edward Ayrton, likely contained the mummy of this pharaoh. This leader created a new capital on the east bank of the Nile, (*) Amarna. Shortly after the beginning of his reign, this man removed the "Amun" from his own name, signifying a change in official religion. For ten points, name this husband of Nefertiti and father of Tutankhamun, who instituted the first example of monotheism by worshipping the sun god Aten.

Mark Antony

This man sponsored Herod the Great's governorship of Judea. This man, who was the target of Cicero's Philippics, commanded the left-wing at the Battle of Pharsalus, and he lost a battle when the fleet of Marcus Agrippa outmaneuvered his (*) Egyptian warships. This man defeated Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi, but fled Rome after he lost the Battle of Actium. For 10 points, name this Roman general who lost the throne to Octavian and committed suicide with Cleopatra.

Napoléon Bonaparte

This man sponsored the industrial production of sugar from beets to avoid buying Caribbean-derived cane sugar. The term "guerrilla warfare" was coined to describe the resistance to one of this man's invasions. The Rosetta Stone was discovered during a scientific expedition this man commissioned in (*) Egypt. This man issued the Berlin and Milan Decrees to set up an unsuccessful embargo. Most modern European legal systems are derived from this man's namesake 1804 "Code." This man tried to destroy England's economy with the Continental System. For 10 points, name this emperor of France who was defeated in 1815 at Waterloo.

Gary Johnson

This man stated in a Reddit AMA that he makes decisions based on cost-benefit analysis instead of ideology, adding that he wanted to cut the federal budget by 43%. This politician vetoed a national record 200 out of 424 bills during his first six months in office as Governor of (*) New Mexico. During one interview, this man failed to name a foreign leader he admired, and in another, this politician was unable to provide an answer for what he would do about a Syrian city, asking "What is Aleppo?" For ten points, name this Libertarian candidate from the 2016 presidential election.

Huey

This man used his clout to elect Hattie Carraway as Senator for Arkansas. He founded an organization led by Gerald L. K. Smith. This man's successor as governor had a reputation for being a pushover, hence his nickname: "OK" Allen. An oil tax was used to fund many of this man's projects, including road improvements and (*) free textbooks. He proposed a system that would give an annual family allowance, funded by a wealth tax that would cap earnings at a million dollars, with the motto "Every Man a King." He was assassinated in 1935, before he could run for President. For 10 points, name this Louisiana politician who created "Share Our Wealth" and was nicknamed "Kingfish."

Lee Harvey Oswald

This man used the alias A.J. Hidell while posing as a leader of the New Orleans chapter of Fair Play for Cuba. This man attempted suicide in a Moscow hotel after being denied Soviet citizenship. Photographs CE 133-A and -B, called the "backyard photos", were of this man, although he insisted they were forgeries. This man was first arrested for the murder of (*) J.D. Tippit, before which he was employed at the Texas School Book Depository. The Warren Commission determined that this man acted alone on November 22, 1963. For 10 points, name this man who assassinated President John F. Kennedy.

(Francois Dominique) Toussaint L'Ouverture (or Toussaint Breda)

This man was arrested after being misled into a meeting with Jean-Baptiste Brunet, whereupon this man declared, "[...] you have cut down only the trunk of the Tree of Liberty." Gabriel Hédouville attempted to undercut this leader by forcing the War of the Knives between him and his southern rival André Rigaud. This man was succeeded in his efforts by Jean-Jacques (*) Dessalines, and most of the French forces sent to fight him perished from yellow fever. After leading a revolt in Saint-Domingue, this man became known as the "Black Spartacus." For 10 points, name this man who led a slave revolution in the colony that would become Haiti.

Benjamin Franklin

This man was credited by Thomas Malthus for establishing the basics of demography. James Ralph stole this man's identity, so this man attempted to seduce Ralph's girlfriend. This man created a social club called the Junto while working at Keimar's print shop. This man maintained a common law marriage with (*) Deborah Reed and illegitimately fathered New Jersey's last royalist governor. This Pennsylvania native wrote extensively under pseudonyms like Mrs. Silence Dogood and Richard Saunders, and also studied such topics as traction kiting and electricity. For 10 points, name this polymath and founding father nicknamed "The First American?"

Alfred Dreyfus

This man was depicted holding a broken sword in a sculpture that stands outside the Notre-Dame-des-Champs station. Louis Gregori attempted to assassinate this man in 1908 while he was at the interment of a close friend at the Pantheon. This man, the subject of four poems by Frances Earl Coates, was accused of an act actually committed by (*) Ferdinand Esterhazy, was imprisoned at Devil's Island, and was defended in an open letter published in Paris newspapers. For 10 points, name this French Jewish artillery officer wrongly accused of espionage in a namesake Affair and defended by Emile Zola in the letter J'accuse.

Jacob (Gedleyihlekisa) Zuma

This man was depicted with his genitals exposed in the painting The Spear. This man's financial advisor, Schabir Shaik, was charged with fraud in 2005. Throughout a trial, this man sang the song "Bring me my machine gun" with his supporters. This man has attracted controversy for his close dealings with mining and media companies run by the Gupta family. During a 2005 (*) rape trial, this man claimed he took a shower to reduce his chances of contracting AIDS. In April 2016, this successor of Thabo Mbeki was asked to resign after he was caught using public money to upgrade his private estate, Nkandla. For 10 points, name this current president of South Africa.

Daniel Webster

This man was nominated by the derisively-nicknamed Know Nothing Party without his consent in 1852, but his pre-election death prompted the party to replace him on the ballot with Jacob Broom. This man delivered the "Syracuse Speech" to condemn violations of the (*) Fugitive Slave Act. This man said an institution was a "small college" but that there are "those who love it" while defending his alma mater in Dartmouth College v. Woodward. As Secretary of State, this man resolved a boundary dispute by signing a namesake treaty with Ashburton. For 10 points, name this 19th-century Massachusetts senator who shares his name with a common type of dictionary.

John Marshall

This man was the dedicatee of his colleague Joseph Story's Commentaries. Daniel Webster once claimed that this man took in his arguments like a "baby takes in his mother's milk." This man took a literal interpretation of the Contract Clause when siding with (*) Dartmouth College over the government of New Hampshire. This man argued that a Maryland tax on a federal bank was illegal when ruling in favor of James McCulloch. He established judicial review with his ruling in Marbury v. Madison and was succeeded by Roger Taney ["TAW-nee"]. For 10 points, name this Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835.

Richard Milhous Nixon

This man won a Senate race against Helen Douglas with the help of a "pink sheet" that alleged Communist sympathies on her part. The Philadelphia Plan was first adopted during this man's administration. That plan served as an early form of affirmative action. John Ehrlichman served as this man's counsel, and his Chief of Staff was (*) H.R. Haldeman. This man made many decisions from his San Clemente home, called the "Western White House." Fairly early in his career this man achieved national attention with the "Checkers Speech." For 10 points, name this U.S. president whose term was cut short by his 1974 resignation over the Watergate Scandal.

Deng Xiaoping

This man's 9th of June Speech rearticulated the need for one center, two points. That speech followed a period of unrest triggered by the death of Hu Yaobang. The Chairman of the Central Military Commission during the (*) Tiananmen Square Protests, this leader rearticulated the need for "reform and opening-up" policies and cracked down on liberal party members to safeguard his radical free market reforms. For 10 points, identify this paramount leader of China after Mao, the man who set the course of "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics."

Pope Benedict XVI

This man's Regensburg Lecture drew outcry in the Muslim world after being mistranslated as saying that Muhammad brought "evil and inhuman" things. Tariq Ali responded to that controversy by saying that "The (*) Bavarian [...] is a reactionary cleric." Other critics of this man attacked his lavish dress, for which he was known as "the pope of aesthetics," while others were upset by his conscription into Germany's military in World War II. For 10 points, name this German Pope, born Joseph Ratzinger, who succeeded John Paul II and whose 2013 resignation led to the election of Francis.

William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton

This man's administration agreed to pay a $131 million settlement fee to Iran after the accidental downing of Iran Air Flight 655. In 1972, this man defeated Lynn Lowe to become the youngest elected governor in the country. Policies implemented during this man's presidency included (*) "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", and NAFTA. Ken Starr investigated this man for his alleged involvements in the Vince Foster suicide and Whitewater scandals. For 10 points, name this Democratic president, who faced impeachment hearings following his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle

This man's book, The Army of the Future, stressed the utility of armored divisions and combined arms in future warfare. This man supported a North American domestic terrorist organization during a speech where he stated (*) "Vive le Quebec libre!" at Montreal's Expo 67. This right-wing President gained prominence with speeches where he opposed Philippe Petain and Vichy France during World War II. For 10 points, name this first president of the Fifth Republic in France and leader of Free France during World War II, a decorated French general.

Burr took Hamilton's "my shot" song too seriously...)

This man's daughter was the first person to be married at Niagara Falls, and she disappeared while traveling aboard the Patriot. This man was the first real leader of the Tammany Society, and he became a senator after defeating Philip (*) Schuyler in an election. James Wilkinson co-organized one plan with this man, and the Twelfth Amendment was passed in response to an election this Democratic-Republican lost. This man led a conspiracy to create an independent country in the Texas Territory after losing the Election of 1808 and becoming Jefferson's Vice-President. For 10 points, name this man who shot Alexander Hamilton.

Hammurabi

This man's father was compelled to abdicate in favor of him after a defeat to the king of Larsa. By forming alliances with the city-states Nippur and Lagash, this son of Sin-Muballit took the cities of Uruk and Isin from a former ally who had abandoned him in the fight against the Elamites. A seven-foot-tall stele discovered in the city of(*) Susa contains a famous writing of this man, which is based on the principle known as Lex Talionis ["tah-lee-oh-niss"], and states that "If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out." For 10 points, name this Babylonian King who wrote an early law code.

Theodore Roosevelt

This man's first Secretary of State may have written the Bixby letter while he was Abraham Lincoln's secretary. This man once joked that his predecessor had the backbone of "a chocolate eclair," and he strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission with the Elkins and Hepburn Acts. This man appointed Gifford Pinchot and sent out the Great (*) White Fleet. This man gave a campaign speech immediately after being shot, calling himself as "fit" as an animal. This man advocated a "Square Deal," created the Forest Service, and ran for a third term in 1912 on the "Bull Moose" Party. For 10 points, name this president who was succeeded by William Howard Taft.

Benito (Pablo) Juárez (García)

This man's life was saved by a man who stepped in between him and a firing squad and yelled "The brave do not kill!;" that man was the poet Guillermo Prieto. After one victory, this man made the famous statement that "respect for the rights of others is peace." This man's namesake law subordinated religious courts to civil ones and prompted Conservative backlash that led to the (*) War of the Reform. This man was president when his country was victorious at the Battle of Puebla, although he would eventually be overthrown and replaced by Emperor Maximilian I. For 10 points, name this Zapotec President of Mexico during the mid-1800s.

Chairman Mao Zedong

This man's personal doctor recounted his sexually transmitted trichomonas vaginalis in the 1994 book The Private Life of this man. This man's intended successor allegedly betrayed him and died in a plane crash while fleeing. That successor was named Lin Biao. This man led the Eighth Route Army during World War II. This man proclaimed the (*) "Hundred Flowers" campaign in which he encouraged free speech but soon reversed positions and cracked down on critics. Allegedly one of the most widely distributed books in the world is a little red book of this man's sayings. For 10 points, name this first leader of Communist China who ruled absolutely for almost three decades.

(José de la Cruz) Porfirio Díaz (Mori)

This man's political enemies were eliminated by his personal police force, the Bravi, and he issued the Plan of Tuxtepec. Cries of this ruler's earlier slogan "effective suffrage, no reelection!" arose against him after he reneged on a promise to (*) retire given in an interview with James Creelman, and he was advised by a circle of technocrats called the científicos. After signing the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with forces including Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, this ruler was replaced by Francisco Madero as a result of the Mexican Revolution. For 10 points, name this longtime dictator who ruled Mexico from 1877 to 1911, a regime known as the Porfiriato.

Suleiman the Magnificent (accept Suleiman I, Suleiman the Lawgiver, or Suleiman the Magnificent)

This man's reign began almost immediately with an attempted revolt by the Governor of Egypt, who marched on Aleppo. This ruler executed the only son he had with his wife Mustafa, and he expelled the Knights Hospitaller from Rhodes. An admiral of this ruler named Hayreddin Barbarossa defeated Andrea Doria and the Holy League at the Battle of Preveza, and (*) Louis II drowned while trying to escape another battle that this man had won; that conflict was the Battle of Mohacs. After revising his country's kanun, this ruler was nicknamed "the lawgiver". For ten points, name this 16th century sultan of the Ottoman Empire who was known as "the magnificent".

Federal Republic of Somalia

This modern nation's city of Bargal is home to the palace of Osman Mahamuud, a ruler of this country's Majeerteen Sultanate. The widespread use of Khat by citizens in this nation helped to inform the timing of a famous military operation in this country. The ICU controlled the southern part of this country until a series of 2007 military reversals led to the ICU's disintegration into smaller militant groups such as (*) Al-Shabab. This country was the site of a raid targeting Mohammed Farah Aidid during which Delta Force lost two helicopters. Those events in this country inspired the film Black Hawk Down. For 10 points, name this anarchic country with a capital at Mogadishu.

Republic of Ghana

This modern-day country was home to a kingdom led by Prempeh I, who was exiled for 24 years to the Seychelles before returning severely Westernized. Queen Yaa led a revolt in this country after Frederick Hodgson demanded an artifact sacred to its people, and Garnet Wolseley sacked its imperial capital of (*) Kumasi. Osei Tutu founded an empire in this modern-day country that venerated a throne descended from heaven called the Golden Stool. For 10 points, name this modern-day country home to the Ashanti Kingdom, which was known as the Gold Coast under British rule until becoming independent under Kwame Nkrumah.

Kingdom of Spain

This modern-day country was home to the kingdom of Chindasuinth. This modern country was the final settlement location of the tribe that won the Battle of Adrianople and sacked Rome in 410 under Alaric. Ta'ifa kingdoms formed after the 1031 collapse of a polity in this modern country, which was the final home of the (*) Visigoths. It was home to several caliphs named Abd al-Rahman, as well as the Kingdom of León. A breakaway Umayyad dynasty ruled Al-Andalus in this modern country. It was the site of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and the siege of Granada. For 10 points, name this country whose Reconquista ended in 1492.

Queen Victoria

This monarch's youngest son, Leopold, died of hemophilia. This monarch was brought up under John Conroy's oppressive Kensington System. Edward Oxford and John Francis both tried to assassinate this ruler. This ruler was the first to live in Buckingham Palace. One of this monarch's mentors was Lord Melbourne, and Robert (*) Peel took power under this ruler. This ruler, who succeeded William IV, was the first British Monarch to hold a Diamond Jubilee. This ruler was succeeded by Edward VII and often quarreled with William Gladstone. For 10 points, name this wife of Albert and Queen of Britain for much of the 19th century.

Portugal (or the Portuguese Republic; or the República Portuguesa; prompt on "Estado Novo" before mention)

This nation's missionary work was praised in Pius XII's encyclical Saeculo exeunte, issued after it had signed the Concordat of 1940 with the Vatican. This European country's prison camp at Tarrafal was run by the PIDE police. This country's 1974 Eurovision entry "And After the Farewell," was used as a signal for a coup by the (*) Armed Forces Movement. In its "Colonial War," this country lost its colonies of Goa and Angola. The Carnation Revolution in this country overthrew Marcelo Caetano, the successor of a man who declared an Estado Novo. For 10 points, name this country formerly ruled by Antonio Salazar, an Iberian nation.

Nazi Party

This organization called for profit-sharing in heavy industry as part of its 25-point programme. A member of this organization, Herbert Backe, developed the Hunger Plan. Another member of this party flew solo to Scotland to try to negotiate a secret peace with Britain. This party supported the "stab-in-the-back" myth, and it gained power via the (*) Enabling Act. This party's rallies were shown in Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will. Members of the S.A. were purged from this party in the Night of the Long Knives, and it perpetrated the Night of Broken Glass. For 10 points, name this anti-semitic party led by Adolf Hitler.

League of Nations

This organization's founding document was partly drafted by Wellington Koo. An emissary of this organization was murdered in the Corfu Incident. This organization issued a form of identification for refugees named for Fridtjof Nansen. This organization's founding (*) Covenant incorporated colonial "mandates." Its unenforceable sanctions did nothing to stop the remilitarization of the Rhineland. Henry Cabot Lodge successfully got the United States to boycott this organization, even though its creation had been the last of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. For 10 points, name this precursor to the United Nations.

Labour Party of the United Kingdom

This party lost one election because of the publication of the Zinoviev Letter. James Callaghan was a prime minister from this party that was in power during the "Winter of Discontent." One prime minister of this party took power directly after (*) World War II and was most notable for his creation of the National Health Service. This party's most recent prime minister was Gordon Brown, who lost the 2010 election to David Cameron. For 10 points, name this party which opposes the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom.

Whig Party

This party ran a non-Cory Booker former Mayor of Newark, Theodore Frelinghuysen, for higher office. Two members of this party later ran atop the Constitutional Union ticket. This party ran four different candidates for president in 1836. This party, which explicitly expelled a sitting president from party membership, later divided into (*) "Cotton" and "Conscience" wings. Proponents of the American System, this party ran William Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Henry Clay for president. Officially dissolved soon after the rise of the Republican Party, this is, for 10 points, what antebellum opposition party to the Democrats?

Elizabeth Ann Warren

This person first rose to prominence by chairing an oversight committee regarding TARP. During this politician's election campaign, she raised more money than any candidate during the 2012 election cycle. Controversy over this woman's claim to (*) American Indian ancestry while in law school earned her the nickname"Liawatha" ("lie-a-WA-tha") from critics. This senator won election by defeating a man who had upset Martha Coakley in a special election to fill a seat vacated by Senator Ted Kennedy's death. That man was Scott Brown. For 10 points, name this sitting senator from Massachusetts who is not Ed Markey.

José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras

This person gained full control over his army with the passage of the Act of Rancagua. During the War of the Second Coalition, this man was captured by the British while aboard the Santa Dorotea and later fought for Spain in the War of the Oranges. This commander of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers at the Battle of (*) San Lorenzo also fought alongside Bernardo O'Higgins to win the Battle of Chacabuco for Chilean independence. As commander of the Army of the Andes, he was named Protector of Peru. For 10 points, name this Argentine general and liberator.

Theresa Mary May

This person shut down construction of Hinkley Point C nuclear station. This politician was criticised for appointing officials such as David Davis upon taking their highest office. After failing to win 1992 and 1994 elections to Parliament, this politician was finally elected to the (*) Commons in 1997, becoming an MP for Maidenhead despite the national Labour landslide. This person popularized the term "nasty party" to refer to the Conservative Party. This leader was criticized for banning khat and running advertisements telling undocumented migrants to "go home or face arrest" during her six years as Home Secretary. For 10 points, name this current Prime Minister of the UK who succeeded David Cameron.

Palace of Versailles

This place is home to sculptures like Winter and Apollo Tended by the Nymphs of Thetis, as well as the Latona Basin. The Gobelin tapestry factory was nationalized to decorate it. Lemoyne made a massive painting of Hercules for this place. Jules Mansart planted an orange grove near it. It was designed by Le Nôtre, Le (*) Brun, and Le Vau. It includes seven apartments corresponding to Roman deities and planets, all centering on the Sun or Apollo. Its gardens include two smaller palaces or "Trianons," and its main building includes a Hall of Mirrors. For 10 points, name this massive palace just outside of Paris, which took its modern form under Louis XIV.

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau

This politician defended homosexuality by saying that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation." This politician attempted to add equal voting rights to his country's constitution by drafting the Victoria Charter, and his finance minister Donald MacDonald passed the Anti-Inflation Act. This politician invoked the (*) War Measures Act after the FLQ kidnapped Pierre LaPorte. The first referendum for Quebec's sovereignty was held during this prime minister's second term. For 10 points, name this former Prime Minister of Canada, whose son, Justin, is the current Prime Minister.

Paul Davis Ryan

This politician volunteered for his predecessor in his highest office as a student at Miami College. This man stated that he had gotten involved in politics due to Ayn Rand, but later repudiated her for her anti-religious stances. In his most recent primary, this man faced a primary challenge from Paul Nehlen, who was endorsed by (*) Sarah Palin. Before this politician was elected into his highest office, he served on the House Ways and Means Committee. This politician was named as the running mate of Mitt Romney during the 2012 Presidential Election. For ten points, name this Wisconsin congressman, the current Speaker of the House.

Sparta

This polity's young men were involved in a secret police force, the Crypteia. It was ruled by the Agiads and the Eurypontids in a dual monarchy. Forces from this place were largely responsible for the victory at Plataea, led by the general Pausanias. This polity lost prominence after its defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra. Freemen of this polity went through the grueling agoge (*) educational system, which was created by Lycurgus. Most of the menial labor in this polity was done by helots. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state known for its serious militarism, demonstrated by a Leonidas-led force of three hundred men at the Battle of Thermopylae.

iconoclasm

This practice was condemned in the Libri Carolini, in what is often taken as a forewarning of the Great Schism. It was ended at the Second Council of Nicaea by Irene of Athens. This practice was started as a power grab by Leo the Isaurian. An outbreak of this practice in Netherlands was christened Beeldenstorm. This practice was carried out by mobs during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and again by the Puritans. After 1453, the Ottomans carried out this practice using (*) plaster in the Hagia Sophia. This practice follows from the Second Commandment's injunction against "graven images." For 10 points, name this practice of destroying religious images.

Warren Gamaliel Harding

This president signed the Thomson-Urrutia Treaty, which granted a $25 million settlement to Colombia. During this president's administration, Charles R. Forbes inflated the cost of constructing hospitals in order to defraud the Veterans' Bureau. This president's cabinet included Secretary of State (*) Charles Evans Hughes and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, who instituted heavy tax cuts. This president's campaign focused on a "return to normalcy". The Teapot Dome scandal occurred during the presidency of, for 10 points, what Ohio Republican who was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge after a heart attack?

Sicily

This region experienced the First and Second Servile Wars, and was briefly ruled by Sextus Pompey. The fall of Taormina completed the Muslim conquest of this region, which was in turn conquered by Roger Bosso. The Expedition of the Thousand targeted a kingdom named for (*) two of this region, and this region's namesake "Vespers" revolted against France in the thirteenth century. Nicias led a disastrous Athenian expedition to capture this island, and victory in the First Punic War gave Rome hegemony over it. For ten points, name this large Mediterranean island south of the Italian peninsula.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

This ruler established the first professional army in Europe, the tercio. During the War of the League of Cognac, this ruler's armies forced Clement VII to flee by sacking Rome. His forces smashed the forces of Francis I in the Battle of Pavia during the Italian Wars. His grandfather was (*) Maximilian I. He pushed for the reforming Council of Trent, and granted some religious tolerance in the Peace of Augsburg. This father of Philip II was the first Hapsburg ruler of Spain. He called the Diet of Worms. For 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor who dealt with the Reformation during his 1519 to 1565 reign.

Louis XIV

This ruler passed a decree that banished Jews and defined the rules of slavery in his country, which became known as the Code Noir. An army strengthened by this ruler's secretary of war François-Michel Le Tellier fought the Dutch-led Triple Alliance, but he was eventually forced to make peace with the Netherlands by the Treaty of Nijmegen. This ruler revoked the Edict of Nantes by passing the Edict of (*) Fontainebleau and he hired Jean-Baptiste Colbert to serve as his finance minister. This absolute monarch famously declared "I am the state", and he faced heavy backlash for his construction of the expensive Palace of Versailles. For ten points, name this king of France who was nicknamed "Sun King".

Elizabeth I Tudor

This ruler seriously considered a military alliance with Sultan Murad III and chartered the little-known Levant Company to trade with the Ottomans. Later, during this ruler's reign, the Nine Years' War broke out in Ireland in response to repeated English invasions. (*) Advised by William Cecil, this monarch passed the second act of supremacy and pursued a moderate religious policy under her namesake "religious settlement." For 10 points, identify this virgin Queen of England who balanced an aggressive foreign policy against Catholic powers with a tolerant domestic outlook.

Suleiman I

This ruler signed a treaty with Tahmasp at Amasya, which established Erzurum as a buffer area in Eastern Anatolia. This ruler's main architect is buried just outside the "crown on the hill" mosque named after this leader. This ruler was served by the mosque-building architect Sinan. A small army led by Captain Nikola Jurišić managed to hold off this ruler's army at the Siege of Guns, and he won a battle where Louis II of Hungary died. This(*) sultan was prevented from invading Europe due to his failure to capture Vienna in 1529. For 10 points, name this son of Selim the Grim, the sultan who ruled at the peak of the Ottoman empire.

Chandragupta Maurya

This ruler's minister Chanakya outlined his political ideology in the Arthashastra. This ruler, whose empire was chronicled by Megasthenes, signed a treaty with the Seleucid Empire that gave him the territories of Arachosia and Gandhara. This ruler gained power after he defeated the (*) Magadha and Nanda kingdoms. After converting to Jainism, this ruler fasted to death at Shravana Belagola. For 10 points, name this ruler who was the grandfather of Ashoka and the first Mauryan emperor.

Missouri

This state's governor at the beginning of the American Civil War, Claiborne F. Jackson, organized a secession convention at Neosho following the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Later, this state was the primary target of Price's Raid. Confederate "bushwhacker" paramilitary leaders such as the victor of the (*) Battle of Centralia, "Bloody" Bill Anderson, and Jesse James' commander, William Quantrill, operated primarily in this state. This state, the only one carried by Stephen Douglas in 1860, has long had its capital at Jefferson City. For 10 points, name this "show me" state.

Crimean War

This war featured both the last major naval battle involving sailing ships at Sinop and the first major battle involving ironclads at Kinburn. Lord Raglan was a commander during this war. During this war, Colin Campbell's stopped a ferocious cavalry charge with his (*) "Thin Red Line." The 1856 Treaty of Paris ended this conflict, which included the Siege of Sevastopol. Florence Nightingale rose to prominence in this war for her efforts relating to field hospitals. For 10 points, name this conflict from 1853 to 1856, which takes its name from a peninsula on the Black Sea, that pitted the Russian Empire against the Ottomans and their British and French allies.

Pope Saint Gregory I

Tiberius II Constantine was forced to mediate a contentious debate between this man and Eutychius of Constantinople about the palpability of Christ. His Commentary on Job was considered his masterwork. Other than St. Augustine of Hippo and Tertullian, this man is probably the best known of the Latin Fathers. John Calvin called this man the last good (*) pope, and this man dispatched a major namesake missionary expedition that began the Christianization of Britain. He is perhaps best known for attempting to standardize the Mass. For 10 points, name this early Medieval Pope who names the central type of plainchant in the Catholic Church.

(James) Strom Thurmond

Tim Scott sat on his county council with this man's son, Paul. At age 22, this man had an affair with his 16 year old black maid, Carrie Butler, fathering a child. In 1957, this man filibustered a bill for 24 hours and 11 minutes. This man became a Republican in 1964, having previously been a Democratic governor of (*) South Carolina from 1947 to 1951. This man ran with Fielding L. Wright as the States' Rights Democratic Party candidate in 1948. This man's lengthy filibuster was against the Civil Rights Act, an initiative he viewed as unconstitutional. For 10 points, name this long-serving South Carolina Senator who was the first and only man to ever reach 100 years of age in the Senate.

The Fourth Crusade

To raise a sense of urgency about this event, the author of the Post miserabile emphasized foreign taunts aimed at the English and French monarchies. The Fulk of Neuilly's preaching ultimately raised the army that participated in this event. Because participants in this event were unable to pay their (*) debts to Enrico Dandolo, they agreed to assist the Venetians by attacking Zara. In response to that attack, Pope Innocent III excommunicated the entire participating army during this campaign, which never reached the Holy Land. For 10 points, name this crusade, which ended in a 1203 sack of Constantinople.

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev

Towards the beginning of this man's political career, he served as the assistant director for a mine in the Donbas region, where he had earlier been a worker. This man aimed to increase his country's agricultural production in the Virgin Lands Campaign, and he was overthrown by his former teacher Lazar Kaganovich. This leader argued with a vice president of the United States for their countries' economic policies in the (*) Kitchen Debate. This leader famously criticized the excesses of his predecessor in the "Secret Speech", and he banged his shoe against a table in a 1960 United Nations meeting. For ten points, name this premier of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the successor of Joseph Stalin.

the United Kingdom and the Confederate States of America (prompt on partial answer; accept UK and Great Britain for United Kingdom; accept Confederacy and CSA for Confederate States)

Two answers required. Charles Francis Adams' most famous diplomatic feat was preventing an alliance between these two countries. In the Battle of Cherbourg, the Kearsage sank a ship one of these nations had built for the other. Two diplomats from one of these countries named James Mason and (*) John Slidell were arrested aboard a ship of the other in the Trent Affair. One of these countries sought to gain the support of the other by leveraging its large cotton production, but that strategy failed because the latter controlled India. For 10 points, name these two countries, against which the U.S. separately fought the Civil War and the War of 1812.

2011 military intervention in Libya

Two days after the approval of UN Security Council Resolution 1973, French forces began this operation. Despite this specific military mission nominally wrapping up in October 2011, US military forces again resumed fighting in the same country in August 2016. This operation was codenamed Odyssey Dawn. The 2012 (*) murder of US Ambassador Chris Stevens in the target of this operation has raised questions about its success. That action occurred in the target of this operation's city of Benghazi. For 10 points, name this brief US and NATO military operation that was crucial to deposing dictator Muammar Gaddafi and taking the city of Tripoli.

War of the Spanish Succession

Two years after the conclusion of this war, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni helped engineer the War of the Quadruple Alliance to retake Sicily. Admiral George Rooke fought the Battle of Málaga in this war after successfully taking Gibraltar. The (*) Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy successfully defended Vienna at the Battle of Blenheim in this war that was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. This war began after the death of the enormously inbred Charles II and led to the ascent of Philip V. For 10 points, name this war in which Leopold I of Austria and Louis XIV fought over claims to an Iberian throne.

Song Dynasty

Under this dynasty, Zhang Zeduan created the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival, and Bi Sheng made the first moveable type. This dynasty was the first to create a standing navy, which was destroyed at the Battle of Yamen. It was the first in the world to use paper money. Under Zhu Xi, Neo-Confucianism became prominent under this dynasty. Sima Guang opposed Wang (*) Anshi's reforms of this dynasty. It moved to Hangzhou after the Jurchens took its capital, Kaifeng, in its "Southern" period. Gunpowder was invented during this dynasty. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 until it was taken by the Mongols in 1279.

Commonwealth of Australia

Unrest in this country caused by the murder of James Scobie led to the formation of the Ballarat Reform League and backlash from thousands of gold miners. After Lachlan Macquarie filled the position of the deposed William Bligh, the Rum Rebellion broke out in this country. This country's longest serving prime minister was Robert (*) Menzies, who founded its Liberal Party and famously called the middle class, "The Forgotten People". A leader of this country gave a speech apologizing for the mistreatment of its "Stolen Generations", and that prime minister, Kevin Rudd, was succeeded by Julia Gillard in 2010. Aborigines are the indigenous people of, for ten points, what country whose capital is Canberra?

the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

Warning: description acceptable. The most famous description of this event was made at the naval base of Misenum. This event destroyed a graffiti-laden brothel called the Lupanar, as well as the Villa of the Papyri and much of the Alexander Mosaic. This event occurred a few months into the reign of (*) Titus. The author of the encyclopedic Natural History died trying to rescue a friend during this event. The aftermath of this event was excavated near Naples starting in 1748. This 79 AD event was described in letters of Pliny the Younger, whose father was killed in it. For 10 points, name volcanic eruption that buried Herculaneum and Pompeii.

anti-Trump protests

Warning: general answer acceptable. A recent one of these events was sparked by the attempted blockade of a van carrying Guadalupe Garcia de Rayos in Phoenix, Arizona. A large one of these events was first planned by Bob Bland and Teresa Shook, but took on Carmen Perez, Tamika Mallory and Linda Sarsour as co-chairs. At one of these events, a masked man (*) punched Richard Spencer in the face. Supposedly, "professional anarchists" organized spontaneous instances of these events at airports. Those events of this kind were responses to an executive order that targeted seven majority-Muslim countries. For 10 points, name these oppositional events that have included a post-inauguration Women's March.

Nikola Tesla

When this man displayed his teleautomaton in Central Park, it was the first public display of a radio controlled device. One device developed by this man makes use of the resource between primary and secondary coils to increase the voltage of a current, which this man hoped to use to provide wireless (*) electricity. Another device created by this man was used by George Westinghouse in the war of the currents; that device was the polyphase AC induction motor. He names an SI unit equal to one Weber per metered squared: magnetic flux density. For 10 points name this Serbian-American inventor who lends his name to an electric car brand.

Benjamin Disraeli

When this man was asked whether he was ready to lead his country, he answered "I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole." This man wrote about the unification of Italy in his novel Lothair, and published his last book Endymion shortly before his death. Lionel de Rothschild gave this man money to buy almost half of the Suez Canal Company shares, and this man dealt with the (*) Eastern Question during the second half of his career. This politician helped propose the 1867 Reform Act, which allowed more of the working class in his country to vote. In the 1876 Royal Titles Act, this politician bestowed the title of "Empress of India" upon Queen Victoria. For ten points, name this former Conservative Prime Minister of Britain and rival of William Gladstone, the first and only Jewish person to lead the UK.

Gaius Julius Caesar

When this man was captured by pirates, he demanded that his ransom be raised, and later hunted down and crucified those pirates. This man expanded the size of the senate to over 900 during his rule, leading to an event that Calpurnia tried to prevent. This man detailed his victory over Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia in his Commentaries on the (*) Gallic Wars. This leader committed treason by crossing the Rubicon, and he eventually hunted down his rival Pompey and defeated him at the Battle of Pharsalus. For ten points, name this Roman dictator and member of the First Triumvirate who was murdered by Brutus on the Ides of March.

Harold

While in exile, a king with this name became the commander of the Varangian Guard; that king with this name is often considered the last Viking raider. In England, Canute was succeeded by a son of this name nicknamed for his fast feet. The defeat of a king with this name was commemorated by (*) Battle Abbey. A Norwegian king of this name teamed up with Tostig to lose the Battle of Stamford Bridge, and was nicknamed "Hardrada." The defeat of a son of Godwin with this name is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. For 10 points, give this name of the English king who took an arrow to the eye at the Battle of Hastings while fighting William the Conqueror.

sugar

William of Tyre called this substance "very necessary for the use and health of mankind," and described massive cultivation of this crop outside of his city. The ruler of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio, gave her lover, Christopher Columbus, the samples that would become the source for the cultivation for this crop in the (*) Western Hemisphere. The Continental System led to the widespread use of beets to produce this substance, as traditional Caribbean sources of this substance, which was often transported to Europe in the form of rum, were not available. For 10 points, name this sweet, white substance that can cause tooth decay.

Sparta

Young men in this city were sent out with only a knife to patrol the countryside in search of revolts and misdeeds as the Krypteia ["krip-tay-ah"] secret police. Epaminondas ["Ep-ah-min-on-das"] used an overloaded left side, where he placed the Sacred Band, to outflank and crush this city at the Battle of Leuctra. The name of this city comes from the wife of its mythical founder, Lacedaemon.(*) 300 soldiers from this city defended a coastal pass while led by King Leonidas during Xerxes' invasion of Greece. Free men in this city-state underwent the harsh agoge educational system. For 10 points, name this Greek city-state that lost at Thermopylae, but defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War.

suicide (or killing oneself; accept more specific methods of suicide mentioned in the question, such as seppuku before mention, stabbing or disemboweling oneself, flying a plane into something, or hanging)

[Note to moderator: the answer space to this question is broad. Please read the entire answer line before starting the question, and be generous.] General description acceptable. "Shinju" was a variety of this action historically associated with lovers. The "Ohka," or "cherry blossom," was a weapon associated with users performing this action, earning it the nickname "Baka" from Allied troops. The Honno-Ji incident ended when (*) Oda Nobunaga performed this action, which is highly associated with Aokigahara forest. Performing the banzai charge effectively equated to doing this, and the "divine wind" that repelled Mongol invasions names a form of this action used to sink American ships, the kamikaze. For 10 points, name this action often done to preserve one's honor in Japan, which includes seppuku.

Peru

"Juntos" is a program in this country that pays money to rural families each month to incentivize them to attend school and get regular health checkups. In November 2016, one city in this country witnessed protests against the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, in which 21 world leaders met in this country soon after. This nation's April 2016 presidential election saw Keiko (*) Fujimori lose the vote to Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. This country's "Communist Party" is better known as the Shining Path, and has been the source of internal conflict since the late 1960s. For ten points, name this South American nation governed from Lima.

Louis-Philippe I

1. During the reign of this French king, the marriage of Isabella II and Francis of Cadiz ended the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, which was sparked by this king's minister, François Guizot. Honore Daumier was imprisoned after caricaturing this king as Gargantua. Giuseppe Fieschi killed 18 people while attempting to use his "infernal machine" to assassinate this ruler. The Bourbon restoration and the rule of (*) Charles X were ended by this king. This ruler was overthrown in one of the revolutions of 1848. For 10 points, name this "citizen king" who ruled during the July Monarchy.

1968 Democratic National Convention

10. In a discussion of this event, Gore Vidal quipped that "the only pro- or crypto-Nazi I can see here is yourself," which caused William F. Buckley to threaten to punch him. The keynote speaker at this event was Daniel Inouye. During this event, Abraham Ribicoff denounced "Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago." (*) Pigasus was nominated by Abbie Hoffman and the Yippies during this event, after which Hoffman and seven others were tried as the "Chicago Eight." For 10 points, name this event during which Hubert Humphrey's nomination was marred by protests, and which occurred in the year that Nixon won his first presidential election.

Hong Kong

15. Opponents of this city's current leader refer to him by the pejorative nickname "689." This city's Occupy Central protests were marked by protestors who kept parks meticulously clean. The Standing Committee for the National People's Congress in this city forced candidates for Chief Executive to "love the country," which violated the Basic Law that this city inherited from its (*) British administrators and provoked the Umbrella Protests. For 10 points, name this Cantonese-speaking Chinese city located on an island off the coast of southern China.

Attila the Hun

15. This real-life leader's court was depicted in the Nibelungenlied, in which he is referred to as Etzel. The Isaurian general Zeno defended Constantinople from this man's assault. The regional dominance that he built was destroyed at his death after the Battle of Nedao. Aetius defeated his forces at the Battle of (*) Chalons, thereby slowing his advance to press his marriage claim to Honoria, for which he demanded half of Rome as part of his dowry. Pope Leo I convinced this man not to sack Rome. For 10 points, name this man, known as "the scourge of God", who conquered much of Gaul and Italy with his Huns.

education

16. The Tongwen Guan was a Chinese institution to perform this process created in the Self-Strengthening Movement. Confucius said to provide this service for all people "without discrimination" and to do this "according to ability." The trivium and quadrivium were the main aims of this process in medieval Europe. The Athenian form of this was aimed at achieving arete for all members of the polis, and was known as paideia. The (*) agoge system was the main form of this process for Spartan youth. This process generally began for Athenian boys at age seven, and it was sometimes administered by the Sophists. For 10 points, name this process, conducted at Plato's Academy.

New Zealand

19. This country's Think Big program was an economic strategy promoted by prime minister Rob Muldoon. "Ruthanasia" was the name given by opponents to the continuation of the free-market Rogernomics policies carried out by Roger Douglas in this country. William Hobson led British negotiations for the Treaty of (*) Waitangi in this country. Troops from this country and its northern neighbor comprised a military unit which suffered heavy casualties at Gallipoli during World War I, was named ANZAC. For 10 points, name this former British colony whose native inhabitants are the Maori, and which includes the North and South islands.

Lyndon Baines Johnson

19. This man's administration asked the French government if a certain order included "the bodies of American soldiers." As Senate Majority leader, he whipped votes with a "blend of cajolery and badgering" known as his "treatment." This man gave a speech at the University of Michigan where he introduced a program including the Bilingual Education Act as well as the War on (*) Poverty, his "Great Society." A photograph shows this man being sworn in next to a woman in a blood-stained pink Chanel suit on Air Force One. .For 10 points, name this man, Kennedy's successor.

Malcolm X

20. This man began one of his speeches by addressing "Brother Lomax." In that speech, he references two men "exchang[ing] some wheat" as well as the "great controversy over rifles and shotguns." This man was known as Detroit Red when he was a Harlem criminal. This man controversially referred to the assassination of John F. Kennedy as "chickens coming home to roost." This deliverer of the (*) "Ballot or the Bullet" speech was killed by men possibly associated with Elijah Muhammad in the Audobon Ballroom. For 10 points, name this man, a former member of the Nation of Islam, whose autobiography explained his last name.

Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus

5. Soldiers returning from one of this man's campaigns brought the Antonine Plague back with them, which killed this man's co-ruler. This ruler fought a tribe near the Danube in the Marcomannic Wars. He and his adoptive brother Lucius Verus ruled together after the death of his predecessor (*) Antoninus Pius. This man said to not "consider life a thing of any value" in a philosophical tract of his. This man broke the tradition of adopting a successor when he was succeeded by his biological son Commodus. For 10 points, name this Stoic author of the Meditations, who was the last of the five good emperors.

Venice

7. This city acquired areas of Dalmatia from King Ladislaus. Cyprus was referred to as the Kingdom of Candia while controlled by this city. The rulers of this city traditionally threw a ring into the water in the Marriage of the Sea ceremony. The Participazio family ruled this city several times, beginning with the reign of Agnello. This city funded the (*) Enrico Dandolo-led Fourth Crusade, which ended up diverting to sack Constantinople. The League of Cambrai was created to oppose this city, which was known as a "most serene republic" for hundreds of years. For 10 points, name this formerly Doge-ruled Italian city, famous for its system of canals.

the Roman Catholic Church​

A group of Swiss cantons allied with this organization were defeated in the Sonderbund War. This organization expressed "burning anxiety" about Nazi Germany in ​Mit brennender Sorge. This organization was supported by the "Centre Party." A set of laws aimed at this institution were released in May (*) ​1873 and named for education minister Adalbert Falk. This institution, which issued the "Syllabus of Errors," was targeted by Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf. For 10 points, name this institution recently led by the German Joseph Ratzinger, also known as Benedict XVI.

Louis

A king with this name joined John of Bohemia and Peter of Bourbon in a crusade against the Lithuanians and led an army of 200,000 horsemen against the Golden Horde. A Capetian king possessed this name, as did a king with this name who was the last Jagiellonian ruler of Hungary and died at the Battle of (*) Mohacs ["mo-HOT-ch"]. A king of this name died of dysentery during the Eighth Crusade and was canonized, and one king with this name repealed the Edict of Nantes and declared "I am the state." For 10 points, give this common name shared by the Sun King and fifteen other French kings.

Magna Carta

A leader named in this document was accused of attempting to seduce the wife of Eustace de Vesci. The lawyer John Seldon argued during Darnell's Case that this document backed the right of habeas corpus. This document was declared "null, and void of all validity for ever" by Pope Innocent III. The First(*) Baron's War was fought after the unsuccessful implementation of this document, which the king who lost at Bouvines ["Boo-veen"] signed at Runnymede. For 10 points, name this document signed by King John in 1215, that limited the power of the English monarchy.

House of Stuart

A ruler from this dynasty delineated the four main types of evil spirits in his book on black magic, the Daemonologie. Irish allies of a king from this house gave him a fecally-inspired nickname after he fled a defeat at the Battle of the Boyne. The replacement of this house by another was confirmed by the (*) Act of Settlement, and a queen from it presided over the Act of Union between England and Scotland. The Gunpowder Plot targeted a man from this notably Catholic British house. For 10 points, name this British royal house of Queen Anne, Charles I, and two Jameses.

Zheng He

Early in his career, this man helped defeat the Yuan pretender Naghachu. This man commanded troops in Zhu Di's campaign to become the Yongle Emperor, and this probable Muslim later defeated and captured King Alagonakkara. A controversial 2002 work by Gavin Menzies claimed that this man discovered the (*) Americas, Australia, and the Northeast Passage. Over this man's seven confirmed voyages, his fleet of massive treasure junks visited Indonesia, Yemen, India, and East Africa, and he notably brought giraffes and ostriches to China. For ten points, name this prolific diplomat and explorer of the Ming Dynasty.

Glorious Revolution

Following this event, Jacob Leisler overthrew Francis Nicholson after taking control of Fort James. This events' causes included the attempted repeal of the Test Act. A letter sent by the "Immortal Seven" led to this event, and its only battle was at Reading ["Redding"]. This conflict was preceded by the birth of Mary of Modena's(*) son, which sparked Protestant fears of a Catholic monarch. The English Bill of Rights was passed as a result of this event. For 10 points, name this 1688 revolution that saw James II deposed in favor of William III and Mary II.

Martin Van Buren

James K. Polk offered this man the ambassadorship to London after unexpectedly defeating him for the Democratic nomination. This man's presidency witnessed a conflict known as the Battle of Caribou on the Maine-New Brunswick border. This man's posh lifestyle was attacked by a political opponent in the "Golden Spoon" oration, and this man (*) resigned as secretary of state following the Petticoat Affair. This principal founder of the Democratic party ran on the Free Soil ticket in 1848. The Panic of 1837 struck during the presidency of, for 10 points, what man who succeeded Andrew Jackson?

the pampas

People from this region were depicted in a 1926 novel by Ricardo Guiraldes. A group of people from this region used a large knife called a facón. This region is home to the majority of large, hacienda-like ranches called estancias. It's not in Spain, but a university was founded in 1613 in this region's city of (*) Córdoba. Inhabitants of this region were depicted throwing weapons called bolas in José Hernández's epic poem Martín Fierro. The state of Rio Grande do Sul is in this region, which lies southeast of the Gran Chaco and north of Patagonia. Buenos Aires is found in—for 10 points—what grasslands region of Argentina home to many cattle raised by gauchos?

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

This man had his tutor executed for his role in the Pisonian Plot, and after failing to seize this ruler's throne, Gaius Vindex committed suicide. The forces of this emperor's polity defeated a ruler of the Iceni tribe at the Battle of Watling Street, and that queen launched a revolt during this man's reign known as (*) Boudicca's Uprising. This emperor used a sinking boat to murder his mother Agrippina the Younger, and Galba began the Year of the Four Emperors after this ruler's death, who was rumored to have fiddled during the Great Fire of Rome. For ten points, name this son and successor of Claudius, the fifth and last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

William McKinley Jr.

This man lost an election for Speaker of the House to the man who combated the "disappearing quorum," Thomas Reed. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff replaced a fifty percent duty on imports that he framed as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He twice defeated the founder of The Commoner, and fellow Ohio native Mark(*) Hanna aided his "front porch" campaign. At the Buffalo World's Fair, a handkerchief hid a gun that Leon Czolgosz used to kill this man. For 10 points, name this president who defeated William Jennings Bryan, the predecessor of Theodore Roosevelt.

The Philippines and the United States

Two answers required. Hostilities between these two countries continued for 13 years after the end of one war due to a sustained rebellion that ended with the Battle of Bud Bagsak. The advice of the Schurman Commission caused one nation to revoke its promise of independence to the other. During the conflict between these two nations, the capture of President Thomas (*) Aguinaldo caused the formation of a temporary Tagalog Republic. For 10 points, name these two countries, a Western republic and an Asian archipelago governed from Manila, that collaborated against the Spanish in 1898.

coal mining

Workers in this industry were organized in an 1881 strike by Keir Hardie. The 1926 General Strike was called in support of workers in this industry. The Battle of Orgreave occurred during a strike in this industry led by Arthur Scargill. The Geordie and Davy Lamps were used by workers in this industry, and it used the Newcomen engine to pump water. This industry made possible the most famous works of (*) Isambard Kingdom Brunel and James Watt. This industry was proverbially centered on Newcastle, and it made possible the smelting technologies that spurred the Industrial Revolution. For 10 points, name this industry whose product fueled the Great Western Railway.

John Pershing

During one of this man's campaigns, his wife and three children died in a house fire. With the support of Teddy Roosevelt, this man skipped over 835 more senior officers to become a general, and he earned his colorful nickname through serving with a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers. After the Battle of Columbus, (*) Woodrow Wilson tapped this general to defeat Pancho Villa. In another conflict, this man refused to merge his forces with Allied troops and became the first U.S. General of the Armies. For ten points, name this commander who led American troops in World War One.

Edward I

. Louis IX of France offered to aid this man's father by arranging the Mise of Amiens, which backfired by leading to a civil war. The Domus Conversorum was established to house members of a certain group who were earlier expelled from England by this ruler. This ruler led a force which defeated (*) William Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk, despite previously losing at Stirling Bridge. This man expelled the Jews from England and supported his father, Henry III, during the Second Barons' War, where he defeated Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham. For ten points, name this king commonly known as "Longshanks" and "Hammer of the Scots".

Republic of Kenya

A bureaucrat in this country denounced two homosexual lions as being afflicted by "demonic spirits." This country's Nakumatt supermarket became the largest in Africa until its sudden bankruptcy in October 2017. This nation's Deputy President William Ruto avoided a July 2017 assassination attempt while the murder of Christopher Msando sparked controversy before this country's 2017 (*) presidential election. In that race, Raila Odinga lost at the polls but successfully challenged the legitimacy of incumbent President Uhuru Kenyatta's victory. For ten points, name this populous East African nation with capital at Nairobi.

Seven Years' War

A disastrous invasion of Portugal during this conflict was termed "The Fantastic War." This war was partially ended by the Treaty of St. Petersburg, also known as the "Miracle of the House of Brandenburg." The geopolitical landscape of this conflict was shaped by the (*) Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, which included a controversial alliance between France and Austria. William Pitt the Elder led Britain during this conflict, which saw the death of James Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec. For ten points, name this major European war known in North America as the French and Indian War.

Chinese Americans (prompt on "Chinese")

A man from this ethnic group defended his citizenship in U.S. v Ark, whose large-scale immigration was enabled by the Burlingame-Seward Treaty. Violence against these people occurred in Los Angeles and Wallowa County, Oregon, while at least 28 of these people died during a massacre in (*) Rock Springs, Wyoming, Large numbers of these people labored to construct the Transcontinental Railroad, and this group was notably victimized by California's Anti-Coolie Act and a namesake "Exclusion" Act. For ten points, name this U.S. immigrant group which emmigrated from the world's largest country.

sinking of the RMS Titanic

A poem about this event describes "salamandrine fires" and proclaims that the "Spinner of Years said 'Now!'". The newsboy Ned Parfett is depicted in a photograph taken in the aftermath of this event, which some witnesses blamed on the actions of J. Bruce Ismay, who was said to have escaped this event by crossdressing (*). This disaster occurred after warnings from the captain of the Californian were ignored. The site of this disaster was discovered in 1985 by Robert Ballard, and the Carpathia managed to rescue survivors of this tragedy, although many others succumbed to hypothermia due to the lack of lifeboats. For 10 points, identify this 1912 event that was caused by a collision with an iceberg.

Myanmar​

A prince of this country, Mingyi Swa, was killed while fighting Thai King Naresuan on top of war elephants. The Hmannan Yazawin, or Glass Palace Chronicle, describes the history of this country. Alaungpaya founded the Konbaung dynasty in this country by defeating the Ayutthaya, while this country's earlier (*) Pagan dynasty came to power in the Irrawaddy Valley. During World War II, Joseph Stilwell led Merrill's Marauders against Japanese forces in this country. Hundreds of thousands of refugees have flooded into neighboring Bangladesh as a result of this country's ongoing genocide against its Rohingya people. For 10 points, name this country led by Aung San Suu Kyi with capital Naypyidaw.

Le Pen

After a leader with this surname lost his left eye to cataracts, he falsely blamed it on a brawl with opponents during the 1958 election. Another person with this surname lost parliamentary immunity after tweeting an image of journalist James Foley being beheaded, and her "de-demonization" campaign caused her father (*) to attack her as "ungrateful." That politician with this surname called for a closure of mosques following an April 2017 shooting and promised a referendum to withdraw from the EU during her presidential campaign, but was defeated by Emmanuel Macron. For 10 points, name this far-right French political family that leads the National Front and includes former presidential candidate Marine.

India

An experimental city in this country is said to belong to "humanity as a whole", yet has less than 2,500 residents. That city, the Roger Anger-designed Auroville, has a large golden sphere at its center. Another monument in this country depicts a symbolically enlarged pinky and thumb with a single line across the palm, called the (*) Open Hand Monument. More famous examples of monuments in this country include a collection of nineteen astronomical instruments, called Jantar Mantar, and the Golden Temple at Amritsar. For 10 points, name this country home to Shah Jahan's marble mausoleum, the Taj Mahal.

Republic of Colombia

As a result of high sugar tariffs and dissatisfaction with the Salomon-Lozano Treaty, this country was invaded by a southern neighbor during the Leticia Incident. Alberto Camago entered into a power-sharing agreement with Laureano Gomez in this nation to form the National Front, which ended a period of political instability caused by the assassination of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan and known as (*) "La Violencia". The Medellin cartel operates in this country, whose president, Juan Manuel Santos, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating a peace deal with the rebel group FARC. Drug-related crimes have heavily affected, for 10 points, what South American country with capital at Bogota?

Cyrus II (accept Cyrus the Great)

As an infant, this man was saved by Harpagus, who later helped this man seize power from his grandfather Astyages. This leader commissioned the Chapar Khaneh postal service, and his Edict of Restoration earned him praise in the Book of Isaiah. This man defeated Nabonidus at the Battle of the Opis and bested Croesus at the Battle of Thymbra to conquer the (*) Lydian Empire. This author of a namesake "cylinder" was killed fighting the Massagetae queen Tomyris and founded Pasargadae as his imperial capital. For 10 points, name this founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

James Madison

As his last act in one office, this man vetoed the Bonus Bill. This Princeton grad and owner of Paul Jennings helped write the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and staunchly opposed Macon's Bill Number 2. This man wrote the original version of the 27th (*) Amendment, and as president this man temporarily governed from Brookeville, Maryland after the Battle of Bladensburg. With John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, this man authored The Federalist Papers. For ten points, name this "Father of the Constitution" who led the United States during the War of 1812 as the nation's fourth president.

Battle of Midway

Before this battle, one side planned a surprise attack on "AF" but gave the location away when the message "AF is short on water" was intercepted. One fleet involved in this battle assembled before it at "Point Luck". By following the wake of the Arashi at this battle, C. Wade McClusky was able to locate part of Admiral (*) Nagumo's fleet. Rear Admiral Yamaguchi launched an aerial counterattack from the Hiryu that sank the Yorktown, but Chester Nimitz's fleet managed to sink the Hiryu as well as the Soryu, Akagi, and Kaga. For 10 points, the Japanese lost four aircraft carriers in what turning point of World War II's Pacific theater, fought near an atoll northwest of Hawaii?

Nicolae Ceausescu

During the Jiu valley river strike of 1977, this man had his secret police give strike leaders excessively long X-rays in order to give them cancer. In a show of independence, this man was the only leader in the Warsaw pact who criticized the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. This man succeeded Gheorghe (*) Gheorghiu-Dej in the position of General Secretary and the title of Conducator. This man and his wife were executed on Christmas Day 1989 after an uprising in the city of Timisoara and previously, he had tried to escape Bucharest in a helicopter. For 10 points, name this Communist dictator of Romania.

Qin Dynasty

During this dynasty, one emperor's dead body traveled alongside carts of fish to mask its smell. Shang Yang instituted compulsory military service in this dynasty, and the lute player Gao Jianli nearly assassinated one of its emperors. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang vied for power after this dynasty's fall, while its statesman Li Si advocated for the (*) burning of books. The ingestion of a mercury may have caused the death of this dynasty's emperor Shi Huangdi. For ten points, name this Legalist first imperial dynasty of China that implemented Legalist policies and built the Terracotta Army.

Henry Clay

During this man's tenure as president and founder of the American Colonization Society, he established the country of Liberia. This man advocated for financial independence from Europe; in doing so, he passed the tariff of 1816 and also proposed the creation of the (*) Second Bank of the United States. This man resolved an electoral college deadlock in what became known as the "Corrupt Bargain". He famously supported a bill that proposed proposed that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, but banned slavery in all other states north of the 36-30 parallel. For 10 points, name this longtime Speaker of the House from Kentucky, nicknamed "The Great Compromiser."

War of 1812

During this war, Alexander Smyth led a campaign which was abandoned after the battle of Frenchman's Creek, and one battle during this war inspired a song set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven." The aforementioned campaign featured the defeat of Stephen Van Rensselaer and death of Isaac Brock at the Battle of Queenston (*) Heights. One commander in this war sent the message, "we have met the enemy and they are ours" after winning the Battle of Lake Erie. One battle in this war was fought after this war was resolved in the treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war between Great Britain and the US that began in its namesake year.

Jerusalem

Early references to this city are found in the Execration Texts and the Amarna Letters. The Hasmonean Kingdom was centered around this city, from which the historian Josephus hailed, and the Well of Souls is found in this city. Aelia Capitolina was constructed on top of the ruins of this city, which was (*) sacked by the Romans in 70 AD. The largest Crusader kingdom was named for this city, though it was later reconquered by Saladin. For ten points, name this disputed Israeli capital, a holy city in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

George

Edward Mylius libeled one king of this name as a bigamist. Viscount Stanhope was a minister for one king with this name, and another attempted to pass the Pains and Penalties Bill to divorce his wife, Caroline of Brunswick. One king with this name survived the Forty-Five Jacobite Rising, and was the final monarch of his country to (*) lead troops in battle. The American Declaration of Independence criticizes one king of this name. For ten points, give this name of six British monarchs as well as the eldest son of Prince William and Kate Middleton.

William Jennings Bryan

Failure to pass the Bacon Resolution caused this man to oppose the annexation of the Philippines. This politician, who ran for president with John Kern as his running mate, called for stricter railroad regulations in his magazine The Commoner, and he was prompted by the sinking of the Lusitania to resign as Secretary of State (*). Besides defending the Butler Act in court against Clarence Darrow, this man won the Democratic party's presidential nomination though his support of bimetallism, which he advocated for in his "Cross of Gold" speech. For 10 points, name this orator from Nebraska, a leader of the Populist party and three-time presidential candidate.

tariff (accept import tariff, prompt on "tax")

Henry Charles Carey encouraged the strengthening of these laws during the Civil War. Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution bans one type of this law, and Alexander Hamilton supported one of these laws to cover Revolutionary War debts. In 1833, Andrew Jackson signed the "Force Bill" to enforce one of these laws in (*) South Carolina. Historical examples of these laws include those named for Oscar Underwood and William McKinley, and Herbert Hoover supported the Hawley-Smoot one of these laws to fight the Great Depression. For ten points, name these often-controversial taxes on international trade.

The New York Times

Henry Raymond, a co-founder of this organization, once fought off draft rioters with a Gatling gun. This organization obliged John Patterson's request to retract "Heed Their Rising Voices" in a 1964 Supreme Court case. That case established the "actual malice" standard and was instigated by city commissioner L.B. (*) Sullivan. Daniel Ellsberg provided 43 volumes of a "Study Prepared by the Department of Defense" to this organization detailing US bombings in Cambodia and Laos. This organization originally published the Pentagon Papers. "All The News That's Fit To Print" is the slogan of, for 10 points, what American paper of record nicknamed "The Gray Lady"?

Sinai peninsula

In 2011, Operation Eagle was launched in this region to combat the insurgent group Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis. This region was invaded in Operation Badr, which used water cannons to break through the Bar Lev line. The United Nations Emergency Force was stationed in this region after it was invaded by Britain, France, and (*) Israel following Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal. This peninsula, which had previously been annexed by Israel during the Six Day War, was invaded by Egypt during the Yom Kippur War. For 10 points, name this Egyptian peninsula located between the Suez Canal and Israel.

Kingdom of Norway

In 2016, this country and China announced they would normalize relations, six years after a dispute over a Nobel Prize. This country's region of Finnmark is home to a minority group speaking a Finno-Ugric language. The Bokmal dialect of this country's language is co-official with a "new" dialect. Anders Behring Breivik committed a mass shooting on this country's island of (*) Utoya in 2011. This is the westernmost country in which the Sami live, and its current prime minister is Erna Solberg. The dynasty of this country's King Harald V has led it since its independence from Sweden in 1905. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country that has its capital at Oslo.

Hannibal Barca

In one battle, this man confronted the enemy directly and then used a small force, commanded by Mago, to go behind the enemy and attack their rear. That tactic was used at the Battle of the Trebia. In another battle, this man formed a pocket around Flaminius's army and annihilated it by setting up an ambush near a lake. That battle resulted in the election of (*) Quintus Fabius Maximus as dictator. The Romans broke their ranks and blasted trumpets to frighten this man's war elephants at the Battle of Zama, resulting in the defeat of this brother of Hasdrubal. For 10 points, name this Carthaginian military leader in the Second Punic War.

Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, accept either underlined portion)

It's not the Cistercian order, but Saint Bernard of Clairvaux helped establish this organization's structure. The papal bull Omne Datum Optimum established this organization in 1139, while the recently discovered Chinon Parchment absolved its leadership of heresy. This organization triumphed at the Battle of Montgisard, while members of this organization captured at the Battle of (*) Hattin were executed by Saladin. The final grandmaster of this order was Hugh de Molay, who was burnt at the stake when Philip IV and Pope Clement V disbanded it. For ten points, name this Christian military order which protected pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem.

Minoan civilization

Kato Zakros and Galatas are two of the smaller palaces of this civilization that have been excavated. A writing system descended from that of this civilization was deciphered by Michael Ventris. A devastating blow this civilization occurred when the Thera volcano erupted in the 16th century BCE, which contributed to their eventual decline and the occupation by the Mycenaean (*) Greeks. One popular sport of this civilization involved athletes leaping over bulls, depicted in a fresco at Knossos, which also housed a namesake king who sent seven children to the Labyrinth every nine years. For 10 points, name this proto-Greek civilization found on the island of Crete.

Idi Amin Dada

Muammar Gaddafi sent troops to assist this man in annexing the disputed Kagera region, and this man married the nineteen year-old go-go dancer Sarah Kyolaba. This leader ordered the killing of Dora Bloch after his harboring of Palestinian (*) hijackers led to an attack on Entebbe airport to rescue Israeli hostages. This leader expelled 60,000 Asians from his country claimed to be the uncrowned king of Scotland, and titled himself "Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth" before being overthrown by an invasion from his country's Southern neighbor, Tanzania. For 10 points, name this notoriously insane Ugandan dictator.

Charlemagne

One biography of this man was written by the monk Notker the Stammerer. In one campaign, this man destroyed a sacred oak called the Irminsul in a war against King Widukind, and this man's conflicts with the Umayyad rulers to his empire's south led to his creation of the Spanish March and came to a head at the Battle of (*) Roncesvalles. His more notable biographers include Einhard, and he made Alcuin of York the head of his court's school in Aachen, bringing about a "Renaissance" that shared its name with his dynasty. This man's grandsons divided his empire in the Treaty of Verdun. For 10 points, name this Frankish king who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800.

Cuba

One biracial leader of this country's independence movement was nicknamed "The Bronze Titan"; that leader was Antonio Maceo. The Ten Years' War was fought in this country, in which General Valeriano Weyler ran concentration camps. The Platt (*) Amendment was introduced into this country's constitution to allow for American invasion at any time, and the Battles of Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill were American victories in this country. The "Rough Riders" fought in this country in a conflict that began after the sinking of the USS Maine and resulted in an American lease over this country's city of Guantanamo. For 10 points, name this Caribbean country.

American Civil War

One campaign in this war was defeated at the battles of Mesilla and Glorieta Pass. During this war, Horace Hunley bankrolled the construction of a pioneering submarine. In one crisis from this war, diplomats James Mason and John Slidell were captured aboard a British mail steamer in the (*) Trent Affair. One side in this war commissioned "blockade runners" after the "Anaconda Plan" restricted that side's attempts at "cotton diplomacy". An indecisive battle in this war featured a ship built from the hull of the Merrimack and was the first battle between ironclads. For 10 points, name this war in which the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia clashed at Hampton Roads.

prime minister of Australia

One holder of this position changed party five times, and his support for World War I conscription in his country prompted him to create the National Labor party. That man was Billy Hughes. Another holder of this position, Robert Menzies ["Mingus"] gave the (*) "Forgotten People" speech. One holder of this position named Harold Holt entangled his country in the Vietnam War and disappeared after going for a swim. More recent holders of this office have included Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd, and Tony Abbott. For 10 points, name this political office whose holders, including Malcolm Turnbull, live in Canberra.

Great Northern War

One leader during this war fled to the Ottoman Empire after losing its decisive battle. A failure to rejoin Adam Lowenhaupt's army resulted in one side of this war being outnumbered for most of its duration. This war's two major naval battles took place at Grengam and Gangut. The Cossack chieftain Ivan Mazepa fought for its losing side, which had earlier won the Battle of (*) Narva. That battle was a victory for King Charles XII of this war's losing nation. The victor of this war built what would become his capital in captured territory on the Gulf of Finland at what is now St. Petersburg. This war's decisive battle was fought in 1709 at Poltava. For 10 points, name this war in which a coalition led by Peter the Great defeated Sweden.

unification of Italy

One leader of this movement founded the People's International League, and later released a book known as "The Duties of Man". One event in this movement was ended after the Battle of Volturnus and led to the conquering of a state ruled by the Bourbon king Francis II. One leader, a veteran of the Ragamuffin War, created a foundation for this movement while fighting in the (*) Uruguayan Civil War. Red Shirt volunteers served as part of this movement, whose leader launched the Expedition of the Thousand. The state of Sardinia-Piedmont was reformed after this movement, which was led by Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi. For 10 points, name this movement also known as the Risorgimento that led to the formation of a modern-day country with capital at Rome.

South Carolina

One senator from this state was nicknamed "Pitchfork Ben" for his advocacy of lynch mobs; that senator was Ben Tillman. Another segregationist senator from this state fathered Essie May Washington Williams with a black woman and founded the splinter Dixiecrat Party. Strom (*) Thurmond represented this state, as did the congressman who beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor, Preston Brooks. A Confederate battle flag was removed from this state's capitol grounds by its former governor, Nikki Haley, after a mass shooting in its largest city, Charleston. For 10 points, name this state where the Civil War began with the attack on Fort Sumter.

Alaska Purchase

One side in this agreement accepted a less than satisfactory compensation due to the fact that they borrowed money from the Rothschilds and could not afford to pay back the loan. Eduard de Stoeckl was the representative of one side of this agreement and a formal ceremony for this event was conducted at New (*) Archangel. One of the motives behind it was isolating British Columbia. This event was often known domestically as "Seward's Folly". For 10 points, name this event that allowed the United States to annex its northernmost territory.

Maori

One war in which these people were defeated started when a tax on dogs led to a revolt by Hone Toia that was the last major war between this group and the Pakeha. Another war started when Hone Heke chopped down a flagstaff that he had originally gifted to James Busby (*), the first British resident of these people's country. After these indigenous people made contact with the British and obtained firearms, they started taking part in raids known as the Musket wars, which rocked their territories on North Island in the early 19th century. For 10 points, name these native people of New Zealand.

Catalonia

Operation Anubis targeted one electoral event in this territory. It's not South Africa, but the ANC is a major political force in this region. The Mossos d'Esquadra are the influential police force of this region, which until recently was led by Prime Minister (*) Carles Puigdemont. In October 2017, the government of Mariano Rajoy asserted direct control over this previously autonomous region and indicted many of its leaders on charges of rebellion. For ten points, name this region of northeast Spain with capital at Barcelona which declared independence on October 27, 2017.

Cambodia

Pen Sovan founded this nation's People's Revolutionary Party, which abandoned Marxist policies under the leadership of Heng Samrin. An empire based in this country grew out of the Chenla kingdom, and this nation's dark ages began after being conquered by the Ayutthaya Kingdom. This Asian nation's monarchy ended after a 1950 coup against King (*) Sihanouk. One infamous leader of this nation declared 1975 to be "Year Zero" and purged thousands of "New People" in killing fields. For 10 points, name this country, home to Angkor Wat, which endured the regime of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge.

Sepoy Mutiny of 1857

Reports of this event included a story about Margaret Wheeler killing her rapist and then committing suicide. Nine soldiers blew up an armory while still inside of it in the "defense of the magazine" during one battle in this event; that battle also saw 3 men shot at the "bloody gate". Shortly after this event, the Doctrine of Lapse was rescinded. (*) Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared as emperor of a region central to this event. Sir Colin Campbell relieved a siege at Lucknow during this event. This revolt was partially caused because Enfield rifles used pig and cow grease in their cartridges. For ten points, name this rebellion carried out by namesake soldiers, which resulted in the transfer of the rule of India from the East India Company to the British Crown.

Battle of Marathon

The Festival of Carneia limited the forces of this battle's winning side, who lost only 192 men in the fight. The inciting conflict of this battle included the Sack of Sardis and was crushed at the Battle of Lade. Hippias lost a tooth in the lead-up to this battle, which saw Cynaegirus die while pulling a fleeing (*) trireme back toward the beach. Miltiades' decision to extend the Athenian line contributed to his victory over a larger Persian army in this battle. For ten points, name this 490 BC battle whose outcome Pheidippides ran 26.2 miles to announce.

boycotting the Olympic Games (accept equivalents referring to nations skipping the Olympics)

The Friendship Games were organized in the aftermath of one instance of this action. In 1956, Spain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland performed this action to protest the destruction of the Hungarian Revolution. In 1976, Taiwan took this action over a name-related controversy while 26 African countries also performed this action after the New Zealand national rugby team toured (*) South Africa. After the U.S. and 61 other countries performed this action in 1980, 16 Soviet-aligned countries responded by taking this action in 1984. For ten points, name this action in which a nation skips a certain quadrennial sporting event.

Boston, Massachusetts

The HMS Romney was sent to this city to assist commissioner Charles Paxton in collecting duties. A British withdrawal from this city, an event commemorated by Evacuation Day, occurred after cannons were transported to Dorchester Heights by Henry Knox. An engraving of another event in this city falsely depicts troops being ordered by Thomas (*) Preston to fire on a crowd; the first casualty of that event was Crispus Attucks. A group of men led by Samuel Adams snuck aboard ships in this city's harbor and threw crates of tea overboard. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts city, the place of a namesake 1770 "Massacre" and 1773 "Tea Party".

Yugoslavia

The House of Flowers was built as a mausoleum for one former leader of this country. One faction of this country's World War II resistance movement, the royalist Chetniks, occasionally collaborated with the Government of National Salvation. This country's Partisans were led by a man who once sent a threatening letter to another world leader reading, "if you don't stop sending killers (*), I'll send one to Moscow." This country, the only European founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, was expelled from the Cominform after a postwar split with the Soviet Union. Josip Broz Tito led, for 10 points, what former country that comprised most modern-day countries in the Balkan peninsula?

Republic of Turkey

The Lion Gate marks the entrance to the ruins of one historical capital in this modern-day country. Another site in this country was thought by Klaus Schmidt to be the center of a cult worshipping the dead; that location is Gobekli Tepe. This country was home to the kingdoms of Phrygia and (*) Lydia, and the Hittite capital of Hattusa now lies in this country. as does the prehistoric city of Catal Huyuk. The Greeks founded Smyrna and Ephesus in this country, which was called Anatolia in ancient times. For 10 points, what country's capital, Ankara, was known as Angora under the Byzantines?

Election of 1912

The front runner for the nomination of one party in this election, Champ Clark, lost his momentum after he was endorsed by Tammany Hall. One candidate in this election lost the support of progressives when he fired conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry and endorsing the Payne-Aldrich tariff. (*) Eugene V. Debs received nearly a million votes in this election, the last one before his campaign from prison. This election was won by the Democratic party after the Republicans split with the progressives starting their own Bull-Moose party. For 10 points, name this election, which saw Woodrow Wilson won his first term of office.

Sioux​

The photographers Trager and Kuhn were famed for depicting members of this tribe. In the largest mass execution in US history, thirty-eight members of this tribe's Santee branch were hanged. The Drexel Mission Fight preceded an attack on members of this tribe, whose leaders included (*) Red Cloud and Gall. This tribe forced the closing of the Bozeman Trail in one war that ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Subsequent US encroachment on the Black Hills sparked another war with this tribe in which the 7th US Cavalry were defeated by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. For 10 points, name this tribe that led the winning coalition in the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Thirty Years' War

The siege of Stralsund in this war marked the end of a series of victories for the leader of one side. The deaths of three brothers from the House of Gonzaga led to the War of the Mantuan Succession during this war. Earlier in this war, Frederick V faced heavy losses against Count (*) Tilly in the major battle of its Bohemian phase. THe Treaty of Lubeck ended the Danish phase of this war, whose Battle of Lutzen saw the death of Gustavus Adolphus. This war began with the Battle of White Mountain after the Second Defenestration of Prague. For 10 points, name this war, ended by the Peace of Westphalia, which lasted from 1618 to 1648.

Boers (accept Afrikaners or Trekboer before "namesake" is read)

These people launched a short-lived 1815 uprising at Slachter's Nek. These people triumphed at the Battle of Blood River during the Great Trek, and later instigated the Maritz Rebellion at the beginning of World War One. The Jameson Raid began one conflict targeting these people, during which (*) Horatio Kitchener imprisoned many of these people in concentration camps. These people made up the Orange Free State and Transvaal, the latter of which was led by Paul Kruger. For ten points, name these ethnic Dutch settlers of South Africa who fought two namesake wars against Britain.

Nanjing

This city was located on the site of the older city of Jiankang. During the recapture of this city from Hong Xiuquan, who declared it the capital of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, its Porcelain Tower was burned down. Nazi Party member John Rabe was credited with saving 200,000 lives from a catastrophe in this city by creating its namesake (*) "Safety Zone". Before the KMT took Beijing, this city fittingly served as the Republic of China's capital, since its name translates as "Southern Capital". In 1938 Japanese troops killed hundreds of thousands of people in this city in what became known as its "rape". For 10 points, name this Southern Chinese city.

Florence

This city's disenfranchised workers rose up in the Revolt of the Ciompi. Pope Sixtus IV placed this city under interdict after the failed Pazzi Conspiracy, and this city's Ordinances of Justice targeted prominent aristocrats and Ghibelline supporters. This Tuscan city traditionally rivaled (*) Pisa before conquering it in 1406. Girolamo Savonarola led the Bonfires of the Vanities in this city before being burnt at the stake, and members of this city's longtime ruling family include Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent. For ten points, name this Italian city on the Arno river once ruled by the Medicis.

Kingdom of Poland (or Poland-Lithuania)

This country enacted Nihil Novi in 1505, sparking a period of elective monarchy called "Golden Liberty." All members of this nation's parliament held the right to block any legislation, called the Liberum veto, and its nobility was known as the szlachta. In the middle ages, this nation was ruled by the (*) Piast Dynasty, whose kings included Boleslaw the Brave and Casimir the Great. This nation was thrice partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and in 1569 it formed a commonwealth with Lithuania. For ten points, name this central European country with capital at Warsaw.

Portugal

This country's capital was relocated to a city later given an epithet meaning "of heroism" after reactionary forces took over its capital during the Liberal War. One of this country's colonies declared independence after its monarch gave the Fico Speech. This country's monarch Joseph I suffered from claustrophobia and lived in a tent city following an (*) earthquake that devastated its capital. Its war with the Netherlands during the Iberian Union led to the loss of Malacca and occupation of Brazil and Angola. For 10 points each, name this country whose royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro during the Napoleonic Wars.

Kingdom of Denmark

This country's monarch lost much of his power after attempting to dismiss prime minister Carl Zahle during the Easter Crisis. A loss at one battle off this country's coast led Admiral Jellicoe to exclaim, "There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships." This country lost a personal union with a nearby country in the 1814 Treaty of Kiel. In 1864, this country lost the region of (*) Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia and Austria but reclaimed part of it after World War I. During the Nazi occupation of this country, nearly all of its Jews were smuggled across the Oresund to Sweden, and its king Christian X apocryphally wore a yellow star in solidarity. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Copenhagen.

Philippines

This country's revolution began with the Cry of Pugad Lawin and was orchestrated by the Katipunan society. The Hukbalahap insurgency advocated for communism in this nation, whose first independent president was Manuel Quezon. An American occupation of this nation was resisted by the islamic Moro people and revolutionaries led by (*) Emilio Aguinaldo. In 1983, Benigno Aquino was assassinated upon returning to this county, an event which helped spark the People Power Revolution against this nation's dictator Ferdinand Marcos. For ten points, name this island nation of Southeast Asia with capital at Manilla.

Ashanti Empire

This empire's king Bonsu fought a rebellion of its neighboring Gyaaman tribe. Another war between the British and this kingdom resulted in the capture of its King Prempeh I. The source of power, called the Dwa, of this kingdom supposedly landed on the laps of Osei Tutu(*) after it was commanded down from the heavens by the chief priest. After the sack of its capital, Kumasi, this kingdom was annexed into the Gold Coast colony. For 10 points, name this African kingdom which was annexed by the British in the 19th century, whose monarchs used a throne called the Golden Stool.

Mali

This empire's rulers employed the architect As Sahili for buildings like the University of Sankore. The 16 clans in the military wing of this empire's assembly, called the Gbara, had their roles laid out in the Kouroukan Fouga and were known by a term literally translating as "carriers of the (*) quiver". The founder of this empire was only able to walk upright after receiving a tree branch, according to an "epic" about him. Another ruler of this empire depressed the price of gold in Cairo with lavish spending during his expensive Hajj pilgrimage. Mansa Bakari and Mansa Musa ruled, for 10 points, what empire centered at Timbuktu?

Fourth Crusade

This event began during a jousting tournament held by Thibaut, the count of Champagne. This event overthrew Alexios III Angelos and restored his deposed father as emperor at the request of Alexios V Doukas. In order to obtain the support of one city state, the participants of this event agreed to sack the city of Zara (*) in Hungary. Enrico Dandolo, a blind doge of Venice, was the main commander of this event and his attacks on Orthodox Christians caused Pope Innocent III to declare that this event was the will of God to reunite the Catholic and Orthodox church. For 10 points, name this crusade that attempted to recapture Jerusalem but instead sacked Constantinople.

Indira Gandhi (prompt on "Gandhi")

This leader served as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting during the Shastri government. The Shah Commission investigated alleged abuses of power by this leader, including the Turkmen Gate Incident and forced sterilizations. To escape an electioneering conviction, this leader ruled through executive decree during the (*) "Emergency". This leader oversaw the Smiling Buddha nuclear tests, and ordered an attack on the Golden Temple at Amritsar which precipitated this woman's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards. For 10 points, name this daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the 1st female prime minister of India.

Josip Tito

This man imprisoned the author Venko Markovski at his Goli Otok prison camp. Earlier in his career, this man liberated the short-lived Republic of Užice. At the behest of Winston Churchill, this rival of Draža Mihailović joined forces with Ivan Šubašić's government-in-exile. Though an early backer of the Cominform, this man split with (*) Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union over this man's aggressively expansionist views. During World War II, this man and his Partisans became Europe's most effective anti-German resistance movement before forming a post-war socialist government. For ten points, name this notably independent longtime leader of Yugoslavia.

Ho Chi Minh

This man once lived in a cave he named for Lenin, on a mountain he named for Marx. At one battle, an organization led by this man captured a fortress with eleven outposts each named for women its commandant had slept with. This man tried to present an eight-point petition(*) to delegates during the Versailles conference, which prompted no response from the delegates. The emperor Bao Dai abdicated in favor of this man's revolution, and one of his generals, Vo Nguyen Giap, decisively defeated the forces of the French at the battle of Dien Bien Phu. For 10 points, name this man who founded the Indochinese communist party in Vietnam.

Oliver Cromwell

This man planned to move to America if the Grand Remonstrance didn't pass. Rising to prominence in the Eastern Association army, this man later ruled through the Instrument of Government and the Humble Petition and Advice. After the resignation of Sir Thomas Fairfax, this man assumed overall command of the (*) New Model Army in which he won major victories over cavalier forces at Preston, Dunbar, and Worcester. Nicknamed "Old Ironsides," this man crushed the Irish Confederacy and sanctioned the execution of King Charles I. For ten points, name this Lord Protector and primary ruler of the Commonwealth of England.

Paul von Hindenburg

This man quipped that he'd make his eventual successor "postmaster, so he can lick stamps with my face on them". A group of advisors to this man included his son Oscar and was called the camarilla. This man served as the commander of the eighth army along with Erich von Ludendorff (*) at the Battle of Tannenberg, at which he destroyed a Russian army. This man served as chancellor after the death of Friedrich Ebert, the first president of the Weimar Republic. This man failed to block the ascendancy of the Nazi party, and a hydrogen-fueled zeppelin named for this man crashed over New Jersey in 1936. For 10 points, name this Field Marshal and president of the Weimar Republic who appointed Hitler as his last chancellor.

Ashoka Maurya

This man sent missionaries to a ruler he referred to as "Antayaka" and had a torture chamber disguised to look like a garden from outside, his namesake "hell." During a rebellion by the Avanti kingdom, this ruler escaped from his brother Susima by hiding his wounds. After witnessing atrocities committed in his name during his conquest of the (*) Kalinga Kingdom, this ruler converted to Buddhism. He created a statue of lions at Sarnath along with several rock-pillar edicts, one of which is visible on India's national seal. For 10 points, name this Mauryan emperor.

Maximilien Robespierre

This man won a prize from the Academy of Metz for an essay criticizing royal absolutism. Cécile Renault planned to kill this man, so this man had Renault and her family executed. Originally a lawyer from Arras, this man opposed Jean-Jacques Brissot's warmongering and sponsored the (*) Cult of the Supreme Being. During his period of preeminence, this man oversaw purges of the Girondins, the Herbtists, and Georges Danton, but was eventually toppled and executed amidst the Thermidorian Reaction. For ten points, name this "incorruptible" radical Jacobin and leading figure during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.

William Pitt the Younger

This man's biggest rival was Charles James Fox, whose father was the main rival of this man's father as well. This man tried to emancipate Catholics in his country, but was denied by his king. That attempt was mostly due to this man's (*) Acts of Union 1800, which merged the United Kingdom and Ireland into a single nation, leading to a greatly increased Catholic population. At only 24 years old, he was the youngest British PM to take office ever, and had to deal with George III's mental problems. For 10 points, name this British Prime Minister who led Great Britain during the French Revolution and the early Napoleonic Wars, the son of another Prime Minister of the same name.

Simón Bolívar

This man's early education was overseen by the philosopher Simón Rodríguez. Though he swore never to remarry after his wife's early death, this statesman carried on notable affairs with Pepita Machado and Manuela Sáenz. After returning several times from exile, this man secured the independence of (*) New Granada before effectively freeing his home country at the Battle of Carabobo. This author of the "Cartagena Manifesto" famously conferenced with Jose de San Martin at Guayaquil, and he founded but failed to preserve the nation of Gran Colombia. For ten points, name this creole Venezuelan revolutionary nicknamed "The Liberator."

Charles V (or Charles I of Spain)

This man's forces crushed a regional rebellion at the Battle of Villalar. This victor over the Revolt of the Comuneros sanctioned the longtime confinement of his mother, Joanna the Mad. This ruler's forces sacked Rome while fighting against the League of Cognac, and later captured (*) Francis I after winning the Battle of Pavia. This man convened the Diet of Worms to evaluate Martin Luther, and his son Philip II claimed one of his primary imperial titles. For ten points, name this dominate Hapsburg King of Spain and Holy Roman emperor during the sixteenth century.

Andrew Carnegie

This man's rise to prominence was championed by Thomas A. Scott. This man served as Superintendent of Military Railways during the Civil War before creating the Keystone Bridge Company. This man pioneered the use of vertical integration in his largest business venture, and this employer of Henry Frick used Pinkertons to crush an 1892 strike at his (*) Homestead plant. This author of The Gospel of Wealth became the richest man in America after selling his namesake metal company to J.P. Morgan. For ten points, name this Scottish-American philanthropist and steel magnate.

Justinian I

This man's successes are often credited to the budget surplus he inherited from his predecessor, Anastasius, whose nephew Hypatius he later had executed. This man was alleged to have a vanishing head by a history that also accused him of killing one trillion people. This leader ordered Narses to quell a feud between the Blues and the Greens, two (*) chariot racing factions. Upon completing a major building project, this leader exclaimed "Solomon, I have outdone thee". The historian Procopius chronicled the defeat of the Sassanids at the hands of this man's general Belisarius. For 10 points, name this Emperor, the builder of the Hagia Sophia and developer of a namesake Byzantine law code.

(Republic of) Poland

This modern-day country's capital city was attacked by Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces in 1920, but that attack was unexpectedly repelled by the defenders. According to legend, the first bagel was served to this country's king after his forces relieved the 1683 Ottoman Siege of Vienna. Earlier in that century, this country lost around a third of its population in an invasion by Sweden known as the (*) "Deluge". The marriage of this country's first female monarch, Jadwiga, allowed the Union of Lublin, which united this country and Lithuania until it lost its sovereignty in the late 18th century. For 10 points, name this country which was partitioned three times and has its capital at Warsaw.

League of Nations

This organization issued Nansen passports for stateless refugees. This organization successfully resolved the Åland Islands dispute, but failed to arbitrate the status of Vilnius. This organization distributed three classes of territorial mandates, and this body's demise was demonstrated by the Chaco War and the Italian (*) Invasion of Ethiopia. Japan, Italy, France, and Britain made up the permanent executive council of this organization, which the U.S. did not join because of the efforts of Henry Cabot Lodge. For ten points, name this ineffective peacekeeping organization envisioned by Woodrow Wilson and replaced by the United Nations.

Margaret Thatcher

This person won a leadership position over Willie Whitelaw and went on to defeat David Steel in a general election. IRA member Patrick Magee unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate this leader by detonating a bomb at the Brighton Hotel, and as Education Secretary under Edward Heath, she attempted to cut a free (*) milk program in schools, earning her the nickname "milk snatcher". Dissatisfaction with the Labour candidate John Callaghan resulted in this leader coming to power during the Winter of Discontent, and she sent British forces to defend the Falklands after an invasion by Argentina. For 10 points, name this "Iron Lady" , a Conservative Prime Minister of Britain.

Michael I Romanov

This tsar's ascent to the throne was met with challenges from Karl Philippe of Sweden, and the son of False Dmitry II. This tsar signed the treaty of Stolbova with Sweden, which gave him the city of Novgorod, and also signed the peace of Deulino with Poland-Lithuania. This man appointed his father, Philaret, as patriarch. (*) This man was succeeded by his son, Alexei, the same day that he pardoned all the criminals in Moscow and died peacefully in his sleep. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar, who ascended to the throne during the time of troubles and founded the Romanov dynasty.

Helen Keller

This woman founded a charity to combat malnutrition with George Kessler. Writing that "our democracy is but a name," this woman joined the Industrial Workers of the World and argued against "education without revolution." This woman penned such autobiographical works as Light in my Darkness and Story of My Life, and she cofounded the (*) American Civil Liberties Union in 1920. Earlier in life, this woman attended the Perkins Institute where she learned language and speech from Anne Sullivan. For ten points, name this deaf-and-blind activist from Alabama depicted in The Miracle Worker.

Kuomintang

Though one of this party's founders created a "united front" with the help of Comintern agents like Henk Sneevliet, this party later suppressed political dissidents after the deaths of at least ten thousand civilians in the 228 Massacre. In one civil war, this party launched five unsuccessful "encirclement campaigns". One leader of this party adapted Henry George's philosophy to form his (*) Three Principles of the People. Another leader of this party was kidnapped in the Xi'an incident and unified his country's warlords in the Northern Expedition before losing a civil war against the Chinese Communist Party. For 10 points, name this party that evacuated to Taiwan under the leadership of Chiang Kai-Shek.

Syria

Upon capturing one city in this province, Khusrau II built a new city to resettle its population called "better-than" that city. One empire based in this province was led by Queen Zenobia after her husband's death. This province was the main power base of a general who was defeated at the Battle of (*) Carrhae, Marcus Licinius Crassus. The city of Palmyra and the earthquake-prone city of Antioch were located in this province, which contained portions of modern Turkey along with its modern namesake country. For 10 points, name this Roman province that shares its name with a modern country with its capital at Damascus.

Horatio Nelson

While serving under his uncle Maurice Suckling, this man went on an expedition looking for the Northwest Passage. This man utilized a strategy known as his namesake "touch" and had a long running affair with Emma Hamilton. He won an early victory against a Danish fleet at the Battle of Copenhagen and defeated Pierre Charles (*) Villeneuve at his most famous battle. This man used a mixture of semaphore alphabets to display the message "England expects every man to do his duty" at that battle. For ten points, name this captain of the HMS Victory, the victor at the Battle of Trafalgar.

(Publius Aelius) Hadrianus (Augustus)

While this man was away from Rome, his prefect Attianus executed the general Lusius Quietus. A grain collection agency was converted by this man into his secret police, the Frumentarii. This ruler deified his lover Antinous, who drowned in the Nile, and ordered Sextus Severus to suppress a revolt in Judea led by Simon Bar Kokhba. (*) A coffered dome tops a temple dedicated to all the gods that was rebuilt during the reign of this emperor, who was succeeded by Antoninus Pius. This man separated the northern border of the Roman Empire from the Picts with a massive stone fortification. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who succeeded Trajan and built a namesake wall in Britain.