History WWI

David Lloyd George

1. David Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister who led Britian through the First World War. He was known as an energetic Prime Minister who provided strong leadership. 2. He is significat becasue he played an important role during the Paris Peace Conference along with Woodraw Wilson which led to the Treaty of Versailles. He supported punishing Germany severly without utterly destroying it.

Triple Entente

1) An alliance formed in the years leading up to WWI between Britain, Russia, and France. 2) Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy also formed a separate alliance- the Triple Alliance. The two alliances opposed each other. Germany, fearful of its opposing neighbors, stared an arms race that further increased tensions. Finally, in 1914, due to obligations within these alliances, WWI started.

Alfred Dreyfus

1) Dreyfus was a hapless French Jew army officer who was taunted by French mobs who fasely accused him of telling Germany France's military secrets. He was later exiled to the infamous penal colony on Devil's Island. 2) His mistreatment became the flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the right and left in France. The incident also helped cause the formation of the World Zionist Organization, which promoted Jews to migrate to Palestine, where a Zionist state could be established.

Ho Chi Minh

1) Ho Chi Minh was a revolutionairy in Vietnam who led the Vietnamese movement for independence. Also pushed for Vietnam to evolve into a communist nation. After this event, Ho Chi Minh became president of the new Vietnamese nation. 2) Significant because it was during a period of many colonies uprising after World War 1. Nationalism becoming more prominent.

Woodrow Wilson

1) The President of the United States that helped to end WWI. He wrote his famous fourteen points. 2) He made the decision to have the United States join the war, which broke the stalemate and helped end the war. He put forth his fourteen points in the Treaty of Versailles, and because of these, the League of Nations was founded.

Theodor Herzl

1) This man was an Austrian journalist who joined the World Zionist Organization and pushed for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. 2) He is significant because he supported the Zionist movement and knew first hand the terrible treatment of Jews in some areas of Europe. He represents Zionists who wanted to move into Palestine without concern for the natives.

Treaty of Versailles

1) This was a treaty between the Triple Entente (mainly France and Britain) and Germany, declaring what Germany must do to make up for its role in the war. 2) It is significant because Germany lost land, was forced to demilitarize, gave France control over German coal mines, and put the war guilt on Germany. This treaty essentially destroyed current Germany and had bad repercussions in the years to come. It essentially lead directly to WWII

jingoism

1. A political ideology that is an extreme form of nationalism. 2. Jingoism was a cause of WWI as it fueled conflict between rival nations. There was also an increase in Jingoism after WWI as rival conflict was increased, plus it was present in the numerous new nations that gained self-determination after WWI.

Marne River

1. A river in France, near Paris, which is the high-water mark of the German's push into France 2. The battle at this river stopped the German forces from advancing further into France and possibly taking Paris. The battle at the Marne River was a critical battle in the war.

Ataturk

1. Ataturk was the first president of Turkey. He was an undefeated commander during WWI and he became the leader of the Turkish national movement 2. He is responsible for creating the country of Turkey out of the Ottomans. He built Turkey as a modern, westernized state that was secular.

Gavriel Princip

1. Gavriel Princip assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. It is belived Gavriel Princip had connections to Black Hand, a secret Serbian military society whose goal was to unite all teritiories containing slav populations within Austria-Hungary. 2. He is significant because his assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the event that led to the outbreak of The Great War after years of rising tensions.

Archduke Ferdinand

1. Heir to the Austrian throne who was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist 2. His assassination lead to Austria-Hungary invading Serbia, and therefore the start of WWI

Propaganda

1. Information spread throughout the masses that strongly suggests that their point of view is right and everyone else is wrong. 2. During WWI, propaganda was widely used to convince people that they were winning the war and that they should come join the army.

Lord Cromer

1. Lord Cromer was High Commisioner of Egypt in the decades following British conquest. 2. He was significant because his reforms reduced the khedival debts, reorganized the bureaucracy, and oversaw the construction of large public projects such as irrigation systems.

Mandates

1. Mandates were Middle Eastern governments that were entrusted to major European powers through the League of Nations. The European nations that held power over these Middle Eastern countries made decisions for them, almost limiting the newly developed countries the status of colonies. Some decisions regarding the mandates, such as the British promise of Palestine to both the Arabs and the Jewish Zionists, proved to be problematic in the future.

Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Dubois

1. Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Dubois were charismatic African American political leaders. They had a strong influence on early African nationalist leaders during the 1920s and 1930s. 2. They are significant because their influence began to orginize unhappy members of the emering African elite and form all-Africa loyalties. This unification of Africans is known as Pan-Africanism.

Satyagraha

1. Satyagraha was the term applied to Mahatma Gandhi's tactics of non-violent protest in India against British rule in order to gain independence. 2. These tactics, by preventing the British from enacting violent reprisals to counter Indian protests, allowed the movement to intensify. The pattern of protest became a model in other nations for gaining independence.

Triple Alliance

1. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1907 by Italy, Germany, and Hungary. The purpose of the Triple Alliance was to provide military support to one of the three countries if it were attacked. This Alliance made other European nations uneasy, leading to the formation of the Triple Entente. 2. The Triple Alliance led to the dividing of Europe into two different regions, which ultimately led to the arms race that became World War 1.

Lord Balfour

D: Foreign secretary of Great Britain; promised support for a Jewish settlement in Palestine known as the Balfour Declaration S: Balfour's support of the Jews was very important because it helped establish a settlement for them in their holy land. Unfortunately, this created conflict with the people who previously lived there

Indian National Congress

D: Major Indian political party founded in 1885, became a major player in the independence movements following the ripple of nationalism from WWI. Monhandas Gandhi became the president of the congress in 1915 S: Under the presidency of Monhandas Gandhi they were able to unify India by performing non-politically charged peace demonstrations. Although India would not gain independence until much later, the INC was fairly successful in undermineing British rule

Eastern Front

D: Mobile front established during WWI; the tsarist government of Russia failed due to military defeats coming from the hands of the Germans. S: The Germans moved many of their troops from the Easter Front to the Western Front after Russia was knocked out of the war. This was significant because Germany was trying to beef up their efforts in conquering Western Europe after they had already won in the East.

Mohandas Gandhi

D: Mohandas Gandhi was an successful Indian nationalist who developed satyagrah-- an aggressively non-violent method of resistance against colonists. S: Gandhi was the man who really got the Indian nationalist movement going strong. He became the model for later nationalist movements. The methods he developed eventually led to the end of colonialism, both in India and throughout the rest of the world.

Pan-Africanism

D: Pan-Africanism is a political ideology that suggests an all-African loyalties and the creation of all-african organizations. S:After the Great War, in the 20's, African leaders put a lot of effort towards pan-africanism. However, the leaders of these organizations were usually African American and West Indian, so failed to relate to colonized peoples in Africa itself, and pan-africanism was found to be unworkable.

Blank Check

D: The blank check was a promise given to the Austro-Hungarian empire by Germany saying that Germany would support them in war if they were to declare war on Serbia S: Austria-Hungary would never have attacked Serbia without Germany's support, and as such it was one of the biggest immediate causes of The Great War

Western Front

D: The front during WWI in Western Europe, which was defined by trench war fare. S: The trench war fare caused many casualties, as well as a stalemate. Also, because of technology developed on this front, there were many casualties.

Zionists

D: Zionists were members of a movement originating in Eastern Europe in the 1860's and 1870's, who thought that the Jewish people must return to a middle Eastern holy land. S: Zionist leaders were promised by Lord Balfour, the British foreign secretary, that his government would push for the establishment of Palestine as a Jewish homeland. In response, many Zionist leaders encouraged Jewish emigration to Palestine.

Georges Clemenceau

Def: He was the French prime minister in the last years of World War I and attended and dominated the proceedings (with Wilson and George) at the Peace Conference in Versailles in 1919. Sig: He is significant because he insisted that France suffered the most and convinced Wilson and George that their losses had to be avenged by forcing Germany to pay huge reparations to France and the other assaulted nations. He also worked to cut down the size of Germany and funnel its resources to France and the other powers.

Gallipoli

Def: Peninsula south of Istanbul. Sig: The site of a Turkish victory in 1915 over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI.

Self-dermination

Def: the right of a people, such as an ethnic group, within a specific region to choose whether they want independence. So whenever anyone sought self-determination, they really sought independence. Sig: It was brought up during most of President Wilson's 14 points for the resolution of WWI. Many colonies either gained or began fighting for self-determination after WWI, such as Ghandi's struggle for Indian self-determination.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Definition - President of Egypt Significance - He westernized Egypt, but also tried to help rid Palestine of the Jews.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Definition - The emperor of Prussia around the time of WWI Significance - Formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, and was forced to abdicate in 1918

Th Great War

Definition - The term used for the first world war before it was dubbed 'World War One' years later. It began in 1914 and ended four years later Significance - This was the first war of its kind, being the first true global war. It introduced new weapons and ways of fighting, and also caused millions of casualties.

Tsar Nicholas II

Definition - Tsar during WWI, Last of the Romanov dynasty Significance - He took control of the Russian army in 1915, and the failures of the Russians during the war reflected directly on him, causing discontent in Russia

Pogroms

Definition: Pogroms are attacks, riots, or other violent acts directed towards Jews. During WWI, they occurred in Russia and Romania in the 1860s-1870s. Significance: These attacks forced Jewish intellectuals, like Leon Pinsker, to realize that they assimilation of Jews into Christian European nations was impossible; calling for a return to the Holy Land.

Jutland

Definition: The battle of Jutland was the largest naval battle of World War I with the use of large battleships for the first time. The battle was between the German navy and the British navy, with the British being informed of a large scale pending attack. Significance: This was significant because it was the last large naval battle with both sides claiming victory. The British had lost more ships but were able to defend against the German navy and their new submarine technology.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. Significance - Was one of the two opposing forces during World War 1

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks were a radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement. The name Bolshevik literally means majority party but they were a minority until they won in the Russian Revolution of 1917. They were led by Lenin who made them powerful. They are significant because they are the ones that turned Russia into the Soviet Union and made them powerful and caused the Cold War.