HLTH 231 chapter 1

Missy is motivated to lose weight. She has begun taking a 30-minute walk every morning, has worked with a nutrition counselor to design a new diet, and on Monday will begin following new eating plan. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Missy is in a stage of contemplation. maintenance. action. precontemplation.

action

Jason is frustrated because he has three projects due at the same time next week and he doesn't believe it's possible to get all three finished. His solution is to forget about the projects and meet up with friends for a night out. Jason has an internal locus of control. self-confidence. self-efficacy. an external locus of control.

an external locus of control.

An appraisal of the relationship between an object, action, or idea and some attribute related to it is a(n) analysis. motivation. attitude. belief.

belief

Not allowing yourself to think about stage fright and focusing only on the content of your speech when preparing for a presentation is an example of positive reinforcement. a situational reinforcer. blocking and stopping. countering.

blocking and stopping.

Going out for dinner at your favorite restaurant as a reward for finishing a big project is an example of a possessional reinforcer. manipulative reinforcer. consumable reinforcer. social reinforcer.

consumable reinforcer.

Health and wellness are best described as determined by the environment. dynamic. determined by genes. static.

dynamic

Spiritual health can best be described as having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life. holding to religious beliefs learned in childhood. establishing and maintaining fulfilling relationships. not as important as other factors to overall wellness.

having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life.

Differences in cancer mortality among specific populations are an example of health disparities. biological determinants. risk behaviors. medical malpractice.

health disparities.

The six dimensions of health affect health independently of each other. seldom influence one another. interact continuously. affect either the mind or the body.

interact continuously.

UESTION 8 Which behavior change model involves six distinct stages and is also known as the stages of change model? health belief model social cognitive model shaping model transtheoretical model

transtheoretical model

All of the following are basic mindfulness skills EXCEPT acknowledging your disappointment at a poor grade. acknowledging that you are not perfect. cultivating compassion for a friend with financial problems. tuning out a noisy student in the library.

tuning out a noisy student in the library.

Which of the following contributed to increased life expectancy in the early twentieth century? advances in genetic testing advances in heart and brain surgery vaccinations and antibiotics more doctors in metropolitan areas

vaccinations and antibiotics

Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for changing a behavior? asking friends for advice wanting to change changing environmental obstacles deciding on several rewards for making the change

wanting to change

Studies associate mindfulness with improvements in memory. social isolation. increased religious belief. increased blood pressure.

improvements in memory.

Emotional health can best be described as being able to think clearly, without emotional influence. maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships. feel and express emotions appropriately. adapt to various social situations.

feel and express emotions appropriately.

Effective health promotion programs focus on encouraging behaviors known to support good health. have the most measurable results when implemented in schools. don't attempt to change individual attitudes about health. focus on improving selected negative behaviors.

focus on encouraging behaviors known to support good health.

Which type of costs are related to higher insurance premiums and increased disability payments due to obesity-related health conditions? indirect medical costs Medicaid costs direct medical costs Medicare costs

indirect medical costs

Determinants of health are a range of factors in a person's life that influence his or her health status. influence his or her genes. influence his or her response to medical treatment. predispose him or her to a particular set of diseases.

influence his or her health status.

Beth works part-time as a waitress and receives no health insurance benefits from her employer. She purchased insurance under the Affordable Care Act, but the policy has a $5,000 annual deductible. Beth is likely to delay care that she needs. is uninsured. has equitable access to health services. is overinsured.

is likely to delay care that she needs.

The expected number of years of life remaining at a given age, such as at birth, is known as morbidity. population control. mortality. life expectancy.

life expectancy

Which health model views treating disease through medications and surgery as the surest way to improve health? environmental model social model public health model medical model

medical model

Manuela joined a group exercise class. Her instructor, who was formerly inactive and overweight, participates with the class and also shares personal fitness strategies. In class, Manuela tries to emulate her instructor's moves, and she has also become more physically active as part of her daily routine. Which technique is Manuela using to reach her goal of becoming more fit? modeling reinforcement shaping visualization

modeling

Observing a friend's successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics to quit yourself is an example of conforming. modeling. envy. shaping.

modeling.

A trait or behavior that a person can actively control, such as eating habits, is a(n) social determinant. environmental influence. modifiable determinant. biological determinant.

modifiable determinant.

A sedentary lifestyle, overuse of caffeine, and risky sexual practices are examples of voluntary determinants of health. involuntary determinants of health. modifiable determinants of health. nonmodifiable determinants of health.

modifiable determinants of health.

Washing your hands before eating is an example of disease prevention. screening. intervention. treatment.

prevention.

To successfully change a behavior, a person must recognize that change is a(n) chance to wipe out past mistakes. process that occurs in stages. isolated event. stressful situation.

process that occurs in stages.

The science that views negative health events as resulting from individuals' interactions with their physical or social environment is immunology. public health. disease prevention. medicine.

public health

Jim was successful at meeting his exercise goal and rewarded himself by taking a three-day vacation at a golf resort. This is an example of a negative behavior. reinforcing behavior. manipulative behavior. covert behavior.

reinforcing behavior.

Support from others to change a behavior is an example of a(n) reinforcing factor. enabling factor. predisposing factor. contributing factor.

reinforcing factor.

People with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on previous disappointments. environmental factors. fate and luck. their own actions.

their own actions.

The positive aspects of a person's life, such being satisfied with life in general and having positive emotions, determines one's sense of change. health. progress. well-being.

well-being.

The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions is fitness. wellness. recovery. motivation.

wellness

Major public health achievements of the twentieth century include lower birth rates. workplace safety. pharmaceutical products. mental health counseling.

workplace safety.

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? Mindfulness is a religious practice in which the individual contemplates the divine. The practice of mindfulness emerged in the United States in the 1970s. An essential component of mindfulness is awareness of oneself and one's environment. Research linking mindfulness to improved health is inconclusive.

An essential component of mindfulness is awareness of oneself and one's environment.

Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal? Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 4 or more drinks per night to no more than 3 drinks per night. Drink less alcohol. Stop drinking alcohol. Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 6 or more drinks per night to 1 drink per night.

Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 4 or more drinks per night to no more than 3 drinks per night.

Young adults (ages 15-24) are most likely to die from accidents. cancer. homicide. heart disease.

accidents

Mindy wants to lose weight. The fact that her parents engage in regular exercise is a(n) enabling factor. motivational factor. predisposing factor. reinforcing factor.

predisposing factor.

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental dimensions is the definition of recovery. health. fitness. satisfaction.

health.

The science of epigenetics studies how behavioral choices influence our cells' ability to use genes. how genes influence an individual's behavioral choices. patterns of inheritance. the structure of our genes.

how behavioral choices influence our cells' ability to use genes.

Which strategy is used by many athletes to visualize the attainment of goals? imagined rehearsal athletic imagery vicarious performance coaching

imagined rehearsal

Healthy People 2020 is a plan designed to update FDA regulations on the manufacture and sale of drugs in the United States. improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. increase payments to doctors who serve Medicaid and Medicare patients. extend health insurance coverage to millions more Americans.

improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans.

Health promotion involves social justice efforts aimed at achieving health care for all Americans. includes policies, programs, and financial support for initiatives that promote health. focuses on curing the most prevalent diseases. refers to fundraising campaigns for health-related organizations.

includes policies, programs, and financial support for initiatives that promote health

A person's bone structure is an example of a(n) nonmodifiable determinant. behavioral choice. environmental influence. epigenetic factor.

nonmodifiable determinant.

An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an example of which factor of the health belief model? perceived benefits perceived seriousness perceived barriers perceived susceptibility

perceived susceptibility

The dimension of physical health encompasses the ability to protect yourself from hazards in your environment. perform activities of daily living. reason objectively. analyze information.

perform activities of daily living.

Mrs. J. is trying to get her third-grade students to remember to have their homework signed by a parent before bringing it to class. Students who remember every day for a month receive a gift card from a local bookstore. This is an example of a(n) manipulative reinforcer. consumable reinforcer. possessional reinforcer. activity reinforcer.

possessional reinforcer.

The thought, "I don't have enough time!" is an example of self-talk. punishment. shaping. enabling.

self-talk.

Based on a recent cholesterol screening, Marlon decided that he has to stop eating so much fast food and get more exercise. Between work and school, his free time is limited, but he is determined to lower his cholesterol level and improve his overall health. The best way for Marlon to stay motivated to improve his diet and work out regularly is to depend on his friends to keep him away from his favorite fast-food restaurants. make weekly resolutions for how many times to work out and chastise himself if he hasn't accomplished his planned goal. set an ambitious goal and chart daily and weekly progress using online tools. set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them.

set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them.

Brenda is going on a ski trip over spring break and has 12 weeks to get in shape. She purchased an elliptical trainer and started working out on it for 10 minutes each day. Each week, she will increase her workout by 10 minutes until she can exercise for one hour. If she finds that is too rigorous, she will only add 5 minutes to her workout each week. Which of the following behavior-change techniques is Brenda using to get in shape for her trip? modeling shaping self-talk visualization

shaping

The process of taking small individual steps toward a behavior change goal is preparation. action. shaping. journaling.

shaping.

Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping during the lecture is an example of an activity reinforcer. situational inducement. negative reinforcement. social reinforcement.

situational inducement.

Jill has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others is an example of which dimension of health? intellectual social emotional physical

social

The change model based on three factors (social environment, thoughts and feelings, and behaviors) in interaction with each other is known as the social cognitive model. behavior modification model. transtheoretical model. health belief model.

social cognitive model.

Life expectancy in the early 1900s was largely determined by a person's family history. hygiene habits. occupation and location. susceptibility to infectious disease.

susceptibility to infectious disease.

The contemporary definition of wellness is living longer than one's parents. the ability to move about freely without pain. the absence of ongoing symptoms or chronic disease. the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions.

the achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions.