HNF 150 FOOD INSECURITY + HUNGER & SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS

Synthetic pesticides

man-made chemicals designed specifically to kill or repel pests. They are used mainly in agriculture, though their use is not limited to the field but also in other industries and also for domestic use. The use of synthetic pesticides began in the United States of America (USA) in the 1930s

2 types of protein calorie malnutrition

marasmus and kwashiorkor

Permaculture

permanent agriculture - A holistic process that enables synthesis of many types of information which is used to create stable, productive communities which don't rely on large energy inputs.

Senior Nutrition Program (Home congregate) -

provides older Americans with hot, nutritious meals and other nutritional services, including nutrition education and nutrition outreach in a group setting. The Congregate program also reduces the isolation of seniors and provides a link to other social and rehabilitative services.

Understand basic requirements of the "USDA organic" certification

"Production system that is managed in accordance with the National Organic Standards Act's regulations. To respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.

Very low food security

"Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake." food insecure to the extent that eating patterns were disrupted (skipped meals) and food intake reduced because the household could not afford enough food.

Describe the importance of healthy soil to the health of plants, animals, people, climate and the environment.

*Balance where carbon is stored: Comes from using earth's materials as fuel *Ocean temp rising from carbon attracting sunlight *Plants extract CO2 from air which makes carbohydrates and sugars that microrganusms eat to produce soil *We can increase carbon in soil by not tilling, planting trees

Define the Thrifty Food Plan, state what it is used for, how often it is updated, and how it is used to determine the poverty line.

*Defines the poverty line and SNAP benefits (Poverty line = 3x the cost of the thrifty food plan to determine the poverty line) -This can be a problem because the cost of food can differ like the cost of housing has increased. People believe that it should be set at 2x *Least costly nutritious diet for a family *Determined by the US department of agriculture *Updated monthly *Meets 100% of RDA's for Protein, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, FOlate, Vit A, Wit E, Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc

What are the differences between downstream and upstream solutions to hunger?

*Downstream solutions such as charities do not solve the root problem, they only provide on the surface level. *An upstream solution would be the federal government taking action to increase wages

According to Karen Washington, what weaknesses has the pandemic exposed in our food system?

*It has allowed companies to control the food supply - Mono cropping (single commodity crops) *Farm subsidies - Paying farmers but mostly mass producers in order to help farms but is now a cash cow which has allowed for mass production of processed foods. *From local markets to global markets. Many households don't even know how to cook so they rely on fast food for eating

How big is the problem of food insecurity and hunger in the U.S.? Who is affected?

*It has caused poor nutrition, distorted eating patterns, hunger of the body, physical pain and discomfort causing shame, losing dignity and many health and societal consequences. *Premature death, infant mortality, poor work capacity, poor academic achievement, violence, negative coping strategies, suicide and mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression *Low income earners and their children

What are the four components of food security?

*Lack of stability/ uncertainty about the food supply *Poor quality foods *Food shortage *Lack of control over food situation

Describe how food insecurity and hunger are measured in the U.S.

*Poverty rate. It is the cause due to lack of a living wage *Wealth inequality between white black and latino families. Huge wealth gap present due to lack of inheretance, slavery, racist policies *The food insecurity and hunger survey: 18 item questionnaire, overseen by the u.s department of agriculture. It measures the amount of people facing food insecurity. It is an underestimate as it excludes the homeless population.

List categories of items that can be purchased with SNAP EBT cards and WIC vouchers.

*SNAP Eligibility: Family income has to be less than or equal to 130% of the poverty line - take the poverty line income for the family x 1.3 *SNAP - Only food purchases are eligible, not toiletries or other essentials *WIC eligibility: Family income is <= 185% of poverty line *WIC - Special Supplemental Food program for Women, Infants and children Nutrition education and food packages to pregnant and nursing women, and kids to 5y. Goal: To improve birth outcomes, decrease risk of development delays, kids more likely to be food secure, healthy weight and good health

How does the U.S. compare to other developed countries with regard to food insecurity?

*They also have programs that help a bit to lower food insecurity *We have the least amount of programs to help with food insecurity *We pay more for the US military (9 times more) than we do to provide for SNAP

List reasons why poverty, hunger and food insecurity exist in the U.S.

*Unemployment rates, low wages, part time jobs, disabled and unable to work

Recognize the health, psychosocial, and academic consequences of food insecurity and hunger for global and U.S. children and adults.

*Violence, depression and chronic disease, toxic stress

Identify documented benefits of the SNAP and WIC program for infants and children.

- Mom and kid package: juice, breakfast cereal, cheese, eggs, F & V, whole bread, legumes, peanut butter, fish (breastfeeding moms) -Infant Package: Formula (if not breastfeeding), baby cereal, F & V, and meats if breastfeeding

*GHG footprint of beef and sheep (ruminants):

-#1 contributor to greenhouse gases (48 times more than beans) Cows burp methane Agricultural land is in production to produce animal feed, not human food Raising cows is responsible for forest fires Pigs and poultry contribute 3-10 times higher than beans

School lunch breakfast program

-Federally assisted meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential child care institutions. -Provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to children each school day -Eligibility: <= 130% poverty line for free meal. <= 185% of poverty line for reduced price meal -Includes more whole grains, fruits and veggies and low sodium now -Summer Food service program provides food in the summer

List the three important greenhouse gases associated with industrial agriculture and how they are released

-The earth's surface absorbs solar radiation, and re radiates it as heat -CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) reduce the rate at which this heat can escape into space -Began to rise 200 years ago -The more GHG, the higher the global temperature Carbon Dioxide(CO2) Released when we clear cut trees in the vehicles and machinery used to plow, cultivate, transport in process or a food processor Methane (CH4) Released from ruminant animals like cows and sheep Nitrous oxide(N2O) Nitrous oxide is released from nitrogen-based fertilizers

Identify the goals of sustainable food systems

1.Promote health and food safety 2.Ensure enough food for all 3.Are environmentally beneficial/benign 4.Protect worker safety 5.Justice/provide fair wages 6.Protects animal welfare 7.Preserve rural landscape

According to Karen Washington, what steps are important to improve the food system?

1.Support workers 2.Support those trying to live affordably 3.Sympathize for those whove had their land stolen 4.Demand food and clean air as a right 5.Conservation of seeds and having all foods labeled 6.Protest hazardous working conditions 7.Hold elected officials accountable 8.Eat with someone outside your comfort zone 9.Make your community more diverse and inclusive 10.Support youth leadership

kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza. *Happens to children in Ghana *Swollen bellies *Weaned from breastmilk too early

Marasmus

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies. *Matchstick arms

Community food system

A food system in which food production, processing, distribution and consumption are integrated to enhance the environmental, economic, social and nutritional health of a particular geographic location.

Results of Minnestoa Semi-starvation study

A proper diet cannot be less than 2000 calories a day . The proper level is 4,000 for rehabilitation abundant in proteins and minerals. The speaker continued to eat and never felt full. He became obese. Depression was more of a result than change in body weight .

COMMUNITY FOOD SECURITY

A situation in which all community residents obtain a safe, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system that maximizes community self-reliance and social justice" (Hamm & Bellows, 2003)

Emergency Food Systems

Charitable assistance. aka emergency food assistance system (by the USDA) or emergency food relief, is part of the private sector's efforts to address hunger and food insecurity among low-income individuals and families, as well as other vulnerable populations such as seniors and the homeless *Anti hunger organizations *Food banks *Soup kitchens *Community gardens *Community kitchens

State the basic components of the "planetary health diet". Discuss the economic, environmental, energy, health, and nutrient considerations of the "planetary health diet"

Diets that will sustain our environment and climate for the future: Mostly fruits and veggies and little amounts of meat, fats, added sugars. *Vegan diet

Food sovereignty

Empowers Native households and communities to address issues of hunger and health by cultivating their own healthy, fresh foods.

Fair trade (globally and in U.S.) -

Fair Trade USA says it aims to help ensure that farmers and workers are paid fair prices and wages, work in safe conditions, protect the environment, and earn community development funds to improve their lives. The seal does not signify that the product was grown only by small-scale farmers and traded directly.

Food apartheid

Food is available but it is not nourishing or is more expensive

SNAP

Food stamps program providing debit cards to families to use at the supermarket or farmers market to purchase their choice of food. It utilizes the food system we already have rather than through charities. It provides 9 times more food than charities

How to gain access to more local or responsibly traded and grown food.

If you go to local food markets or look up online where to go for healthy and organic food. Local reduces fossil fuels consumption, is more fresh and sustainable. Incubator kitchens also help.

Stunting

Impaired growth and development that children experience from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. - low height for age

Result of taking better care of soil

It reverses land degradation retains nutrients holds water increases plant growth breaks down toxins absorbs carbon to mitigate climate change

NIFA

Lead federal agency providing extramural funding for food and agricultural sciences we were structured through the food conservation and energy act of 2008

State the health benefits and nutrient considerations of whole food, plant-rich diets (Weekly Assignment: Pea Pod on Legumes)

Less fat, less cholesterol, less sodium, more fiber, more vitamins / minerals. *Legumes have a lower impact on the environment *beans,peas, tofu *Contain antioxidants and fiber

Triple Burden of Malnutrition

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions: undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)

Low food security

Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake.

Summer Food Service Program -

Summer Food Service Program - federally-funded, state-administered program. SFSP reimburses program operators who serve free healthy meals and snacks to children and teens in low-income areas.

Certified organic -

Sustainable soil management, no synthetic pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, fertilizers, and hormones , antibiotics, sewage sludge or irradiation, no genetically modified organisms

WIC

The California Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and. Children (WIC) provides supplemental foods, nutrition education and referrals to. health care, at no cost, to low-income pregnant, breastfeeding and postpartum.

Define sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability has three pillars and all are necessary. Economic, environmental, and social or the human dimension.

Food insecurity

The limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited, or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.

Livable wage -

The living wage in the United States is $16.54 per hour, or $68,808 per year, in 2019, before taxes for a family of four (two working adults, two children), compared to $16.14 in 2018. The minimum wage does not provide a living wage for most American families. Minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs

Hunger

The recurrent and involuntary lack of access to food. Food intake has been reduced to an extent that it implies that family members have repeatedly experienced the physical sensation of hunger.

Food security

The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. "food security has declined dramatically in many developing countries

Consider ways that Americans can make a difference to reduce their ecological footprint

The world's richest countries, with 20% of global population, account for 86% of total private consumption, whereas the poorest 20% of the world's people account for just 1.3% 1.Reduce food waste 2. Compost food waste 3.Cook leftovers 4. eat local 5. eat seasonal fruits or vegetables 6. growing your own veggies 7. eat less meat and dairy products 8. focus on fish from sustainable Fisheries 9. reduce kitchen waste 10. eat less highly processed foods

What is the most common cause of death among malnourished children?

Those with severe acute malnutrition, have a higher risk of death from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, and malaria. Nutrition-related factors contribute to about 45% of deaths in children under-5 years of age

Forest gardens

Type of permaculture system.These use landscapes designed to mimic the dynamics and functions of forests in order to produce healthy foods and useful materials

Globally, which groups are most susceptible to hunger?

Women and children, and those who have one income source and are single parents

Cover crops

a crop grown for the protection and enrichment of the soil. (radishes, legumes, wheat)

Food Stamps

a government-issued coupon that is sold at little cost or given to low-income persons and is redeemable for food.

No-till farming

a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) -

a system in which a farm operation is supported by shareholders within the community who share both the benefits and risks of food production.

Organic philosophy

feeding the soil, not the plants, not killing soil features, insects and weeds with chemicals. Involves local production and marketing, it is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, goof tillage and cultivation practices, crop rotation and cover crops, supplemented with animal and crop waste materials (compost), allowed synthetic materials (black plastic mulch) *Organic means lower energy use per acre *Lower pesticide exposure *Improving nutrient density of food

Regenerative Agriculture

increases the amount of topsoil. Natural model involving recycling and regeneration. Based on biomimicry - through reproduction of land technology of natural systems is used

Despite the fact that there are 40,000 food banks in the United States, there is still widespread hunger and food insecurity. Why is this?

lack of a livable wage

Earned Income Tax Credit

subsidizes low-income working families. ... The maximum credit is paid helping to reduce taxes until earnings reach a specified level, after which it declines with each additional dollar of income until no credit is available.

Poverty line

the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life

Ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Wasting

the most immediate, visible and life-threatening form of malnutrition. It results from the failure to prevent malnutrition among the most vulnerable children. Children with wasting are too thin and their immune systems are weak, leaving them vulnerable to developmental delays, disease and death - low weight for height

Food recovery

the practice of preventing surplus foodstuffs from being dumped in the trash - takes numerous forms and provides a variety of social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

time limited, assists families with children when the parents or other responsible relatives cannot provide for the family's basic needs. ... to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.