HOA-prelim

ex. Kilclooney

County Donegal,Ireland. It utilizes trabeation, the mostbasic construction system for structures. It consists of vertical supports called posts that hold up horizontal elements called lintels.

Khirokitia

Cyprus. ■ One of the earliestNeolithic village. ■ Utilized a complex architectural system built according to a preconceived plan, suggesting a structured social organisation.

Mammisi

Dendera Temple Complex.Dendera, Egypt. Birth-house; a small Egyptian side temple, kiosk or tent shrine to celebrate the place where the god of the main temple was born, or where thegoddess bore her children.

Lascaux Cave

Lascaux, France. A cave in France containing wall paintings and engravings of Paleolithic humans thought to date from c. 13,000- 8,500 BCE.

Avenue of Sphinxes

Leads to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon. Sphinx A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk.

Menhir

Monolith; A prehistoric monument consistingof an upright stone, usually standingalone but sometimes aligned with others in parallel rows.

Hanging Gardens

One of the "Seven Wonders ofthe Ancient World." A royal palace constructed of mud brick walls were covered with glazed, colored tiles decorated with animalreliefs. Legend says that the sumptuous palace was terraced with lush gardens that were irrigated by water pumped fromthe Euphrates.

Dur-Sharrukin

Palace of Sargon. Khorsabad,Iraq. Sargon II. Squarish parallelogram city, with the palace, temples, and government buildings compressed within thewalls. Palace, public reception rooms, inner court, and harem. Temple with7-staged ziggurat. Stables, kitchen, bakery, and wine cellar.

Khirokitia

Partial modern-day reconstruction of Khirokitia, Cyprus. Houses, built in limestone, had acircular plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2 to 9 meters.

Ishtar Gate

Reconstructed. Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Large, four-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city. It was covered in glazed bricks, colorful tiles, and decorative figures of bulls and dragons.

Stonehenge

Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,England. A megalithic monument consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altarstone. It is believed to have been used by a sun cult or for astronomicalobservations.

Pyramid of Zoser

Saqqara, Egypt. Built by Imhotep, architect to KingZoser; begun as a mastaba-tomb then successively enlarged; made of limestone; and set within a complex of buildings.

Apartments in anAssyrian Palace

Seraglio, palace proper Haram,private chamber Khan, service chamber

Mortuary Complex of Zoser

The Mortuary Complex of Zoser, located on a slight hill west of Memphis and just to the north of Saqqâra, was enclosed by a 277-by-544 meter wall laid out in precise orientation to the four cardinal points.

Cove

Three standing stones, twoon the sides and one at the back.

Persian (500-331 B.C)

▪ Characterized by a synthesis of architecturalelements of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece.

Babylonian (2000-1600 B.C.)

▪ The last great Mesopotamian city-empire of the ancient age. ▪ Architecture characterized by mud-brick construction, had walls articulated by pilasters and recesses, sometimes faced with burnt and glazed brick. ▪ Palaces and temples were decorated withenameled brick friezes ofbulls and lions.

Tipi

A portable Indianshelter

Mortuary Temple

(kind of temple) An ancient Egyptian temple for offerings and worship of a deceased person, usually a deified king.

Cult Temple

(kind of temple) An ancient Egyptian temple for the worshipof a deity.

Hogan

A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud andsod.

Cromlech

A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burialmound.

▪ Pyramid causeway

A covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid, notably at sites of the Nile valley pyramids.

Kiosk

A freestanding stone canopy structure supported by columns in Egyptian architecture. (Hypaethral, classical temple that is wholly or partly open to the sky.)

pylon

A gateway guarding a sacredprecinct consisting of either a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them, often decorated with painted reliefs.

Hypostyle Hall

A large hall having many columnsin rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a clerestory.

Pyramid

A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex. Used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh.

▪ Pyramid temple

A mortuary temple connected specifically toa pyramid, or part ofan Egyptian pyramid complex.

Step Pyramid

A pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth, in Egypt predating the true pyramids; the primary existing Egyptian example is that of King Zoser at Saqqara, south of Cairo

Stela

A slab stela shows a royal personage at a funerary repast sitting next to an offering table covered with the loaves of bread that have been brought tohim. Next to him on the floor, on small platforms, are containers holding incense, ointments, figs, andwine.

Trilithon

A structure consisting of two upright stones supporting a horizontal lintel.

History

A systematic, often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period, often including an explanation of their causes.

▪ Valley temple

A temple pavilion in an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex, connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid; used for preparing the Pharaoh for his final journey

Rock-cut Tomb

A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars.

Jericho

Aerial view showing the ruins of TellesSultan. Jordan. ■ One of the world's oldest continually-inhabited city. ■ A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers.

Trullo

Alberobello, Bari Province. A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roofs.

Wigwam

An American Indian dwelling, usuallyof round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid withbark, rush mats, or animal skins.

Obelisk

An Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing stone, tapering to apyramidical cap (a pyramidion), often inscribed with hieroglyphs and erected as amonument.

Bent Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it approaches the top, as in a mansard roof; sometimes also called a blunt or false pyramid.

Sloped Pyramid

An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex.

Pylon temple

An Egyptian temple type with monumental gateways, formed by twined pylons.

Igloo

An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone.

Tumulus

An artificial mound of earth or stone, especially over an ancient grave. Also calledbarrow.

Temples

An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of adeity.

Why a tapering shape?

Ancient rulers liked these artificial mountains for their great height (allowing them to commune with the gods) and commanding visualpresence over flat river valleys. On a practical level, a pyramid concentrates most of its building on the lower half, so fewer stones have to be hauled to the top.

Megaliths

Ancient stone monuments. After people started sharing community life, they began turning their attention to architecture that celebrated the spiritual and the sacred. Their tombs and temples imitatednature in gigantic forms resembling mountains and other landscape formations.

Barque Temple

Aroom or building in which the image of the Pharaoh or deity wasrevered.

Stone Circle

Avebury, England These stone circles were associated with burials, others with cremation. They also worked as celestial observatories that were meant follow the movements of the moon and stars, as would have been typical for early agrarian-based societies.

ex. Kerloas Menhir

Brittany, France.

Pyramid of Sneferu

Dahshur, Egypt. Built by Sneferu (2613-2589 BCE),who ruled during the FourthDynasty. Originally planned to be a towering 150 meters high, it was too bold, and the ground gave way under part of it. In an effort to save the building, the designers added a kink or bend to reduce the weight and angle ofthe slope.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Deir el Bahari, Egypt. Senmut. Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple played a key role in the processional events as the temporary restingplace for the barque during the Beautiful Feast of the Valley. Located in the Valley of the Kings, which was to become the main burial place for the Egyptian royalty

Rock caves

Earliest form of humansettlement.

Egypt, ca. 3rd century B.C.

Egypt's possession of the Nile was of immense advantage, not only on account of its value as a trade route, and as a means of communication, but also because its waters were the fertilizing agents that made desert sands into fruitful fields.

Persepolis

Fars Province, Iran.Darius. Darius designed his own capital city, Persepolis—"the city of thePersians," as the Greeks called it—located 10 kilometers to the southwest and closer to the fertile lands along the coast

Dolmen

From the words daul, a table, and maen, a stone; A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab or capstone, and usually regarded as a tomb.

Pyramids of Giza

Giza, Egypt. Built of local stone on a core of rock with casing blocks of limestone; 480 feet tall with a square base measuring 756 feet on a side.

ex. Goindol

Gochang, South Korea. The Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites are the location of hundreds ofstone dolmen in Korea. The sites were designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.

Ka statue ofZoser

In a small chapel positioned against the north side ofthe pyramid was a life-size statue of Zoser, showing him wearing a priest's Sed festival cloak, a ceremonial beard, and a ritual headdress. Sitting in the dark chamber, he could gaze through two small holes in the wall placed at the statue's eye level, through which he could watch the ceremonies taking place in the court.

▪ Mortuary temple

In ancient Egyptian architecture, a place of worship of a deceased king or queen, especially one adjoining a pyramid or rock cut tomb, in which offerings of food and objects were made; also called a funerary temple.

Beehive hut

Kerry, Ireland. A clochán is a stone beehive-shapedhut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the Irishcoastline.

Tower of Babel

Lucas van Valckenborch,1594. As described in the Bible, this structure may have been built in Babylon around 600 B.C. by King Nebuchadnezzar II to "rival heaven." Herodotus recorded that the ziggurat had 7 tiers covered in glazed tiles. The tower may have risen to a height of 300 feet and may have been used as a temple forworshipping Marduk, the god of the city ofBabylon.

Karnak Temple Complex

Luxor, Egypt. When Amun-Re, the god of the sun and the heaven became the national deity during the period of the New Kingdom, at least a dozen temples were built in his honor. One of the main components of this political/religious landscape was the temple complex of Karnak.

Ziggurat

Stepped structures constructed with outside staircases and a temple or shrine at the top for worshipping the gods of nature. ▪ Ziggurats were built of mud bricks made of dirt mixed with water and straw. The mud was poured into wooden molds and left to dry in the sun (or baked in kilns). ▪ Its four corners wereoriented towards the cardinal points. ▪ Priests conduct ceremonies atthe fire altar on top

Ziggurat ofUr

Tell el-Muqayyar,Iraq. A temple dedicated to the moon god built by the Sumerian ruler, UrNammu, and his successors around 2125B.C.

Pyramid

The Egyptian pyramids of theGiza Necropolis. The ancient Egyptians built more than 80 pyramids along the banks of the Nile near modern-day Cairo from 2700 to 1640 B.C. The pyramids were designed according to threeforms: ▪ Step pyramid ▪ Bent pyramid ▪ Straight-sided/Sloped pyramid

Pyramid Complex

The ceremonial area of buildingsand structures surrounding an ancient Egyptianpyramid.

Abu Simbel

The facade, carved directly into the sandstone cliff, takes the form of a pylon and is dominated by four colossal seated figures, 22 meters tall, all portrayals of Ramesses.

Religious Structures

Villages were connected by shared mortuaryand goddess ritual centers

Mastaba

religious structure A tomb for the nobility or members of the royal family. Made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers.

Mesopotamia

■ Fertile Crescent; present day Iraq; ■ From the Greek words mesosand potamas, meaning "middle river." ■ Refers to the fertile plainbetween the Tigris and Euphratesrivers.

Early Cities

■ Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the earth's climate warmed up. ■ As settlements became more permanent,hunters started farming communities. ■ New architecture was also developed to represent communal and spiritual values.

Çatal Hüyük

■ Largest and most well-preserved Neolithic village. ■ Consisted of rectangular flatroofed houses packed together into a single architecturalmass ■ No streets orpassageways

Built shelter

■ Primitive lifestyle was nomadic. ■ Temporary shelter were designed in direct response to climate, local materials, andhunting patterns. ■ Built with limited investment in time and energy

Early Dwellings

■ Shift from nomadic, hunter-gatherer system to a combination of farming andhunting. ■ Domestication of animals andplants. ■ Created societies of villages near caves or along shores and streams.

Sumerian (5000-2000 B.C.)

▪ Architecture developed by theSumerians. ▪ Characterized by monumental temples of sun-dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of theirpredecessors.

Egyptian (3000 B.C.-200A.D.)

▪ Characterized by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief. ▪ A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the building ofthese funerary monuments and temples.

Assyrian (900-700 B.C.)

▪ Palaces took precedence over religiousbuildings. ▪ Architecture was characterized by mud-brick buildings. Stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures. ▪ External walls were plainly treated, but ornamented with carved relief sculpture or with polychrome bricks. ▪ Interior courts were all large, and filled with columns.

Imhotep

▪ The first architect recordedin history. ▪ Designed the Saqqara complexand the Stepped Pyramid of Zoser.