Homework #3 Assignment

common signs and symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease can include:

abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and fever

diarrhea is most often caused by ________.

bacterial or viral infections

the main function of ________ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion

bile

the breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of:

chemical digestion

when an internal sphincter contracts, it ________ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

closes

________ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon

diverticulosis

arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

the ________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption.

epiglottis

transfer of food from mouth to stomach

esophagus

which of the following is a symptom of GERD?

gagging, hoarseness, and nausea

release bile into duodenum

gallbladder

which of the following can contribute to constipation?

lack of exercise, changes in routine, and low water intake

in contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine:

lacks digestive enzymes, has increased bacterial action, and lacks villi

the ________ intestine doesn't have villi

large

elimination of waste products

large intestine

produce and secretes bile

liver

components of saliva include:

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

produce and secrete salivary amylase

salivary glands

chyme is formed in the ________ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

umami

what is generally an unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine?

vomiting

what type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-soluble compounds

the stomach empties in about ________ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal

3-4

the chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of:

amylase

which are functions of the digestive system?

breakdown of foods into nutrients and absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph

irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by:

constipation, loose stools and sensation of incomplete elimination

Crohn's disease is a condition caused by:

an autoimmune disorder

minimum absorption occurs here

ileum

constipation can be caused by a diet that is ________ in fiber and water

low

Crohn's disease often results in the formation of:

intestinal abscesses, intestinal blockages, and fistulas

produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes

pancreas

muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food

stomach

the ________ uses cholesterol to make bile

liver

identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called ________.

peristalsis

almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the ________ intestine.

small

major site of chemical digestion and absorption

small intestine

the acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms

stomach

begins the chemical digestion of starch

mouth

water-soluble nutrients are absorbed via the ________ vein.

portal

what can metabolize undigested food, make vitamins K and biotin, and produce substances that the colon can use for energy?

intestinal bacteria

a person with dumping syndrome may often experience the following soon after eating a meal:

sweating, abdominal fullness and nausea

prompt treatment for diarrhea is especially important for:

the elderly and infants

to remedy constipation, you should:

drink more water

bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid) is secreted here

duodenum

heartburn can be worsened by ________.

excess body fat, drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes

what factor(s) can upset the normal balance of the intestinal microflora:

excessive emotional stress, starvation, and antibiotic use

________ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy

facilitated diffusion

________ is pain typically felt in the upper chest that results from the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus

heartburn

absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part

jejunum

fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the ________.

lymphatic system

which of the followings are functions of the liver?

manufactures bile and makes cholesterol

a slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called ________.

mucus

to reduce the likelihood that young children will choke on food, caregivers should:

not allow children to run with food in their mouths or not leave children unattended while eating

when we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because:

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste

the two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes:

pancreas and small intestine

the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in _________.

partially digesting protein, killing disease causing microorganisms, and activating some digestive enzymes

________ are food components in a wide variety of foods, such as soybeans and berries, that are used as fuel for beneficial bacteria in the large intestine

prebiotics

the main function of the lower gastroesophageal sphincter is to:

prevent the flow of food to the stomach from entering too quickly

which of the following is a function of the pancreas?

secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCl

________ is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution to raise the pH of chyme

secretin

ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help to mix the chyme in the small intestine are called ________.

segmentation

treatment for diarrhea in infants and older adults:

should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration

most ulcers are now attributed to infection with H. pylori. other risk factors that may contribute to the development of an ulcer include:

smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and regular use of NSAIDS (anti-inflam. drugs)

the pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the ________ into the small intestine

stomach

the wall of the ________ is the thickest and strongest of the GI tract

stomach

a primary purpose of the villi is to increase the ________ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

surface area