homeworks exam 2
The thin filaments consist of ____
A pair of F-actin molecules twisted together
The superficial muscles of the spine are identified by subdivisions that include ___________
-Iliocostalis -longissimus -spinalis
The 3 components of the adult sternum are the ___________
-Manubrium -Body -Xiphoid process
The 4 types of muscles identified by different patterns of organization?
-Parallel -convergent -pennate -circular
Errector spinae group muscles:
-Spinalis -longissimus -iliocostalis
Which type of contraction results in elongation of the muscle?
Eccentric contraction
A blending of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium that forms a broad sheet at the end of a muscle is known as _______
An aponeurosis
Which of the following is the largest fontanelle and is called the "soft spot" in newborn babies?
Anterior fontanelle
On the tibia, which structural feature is a ridge that begins at the tibial tuberosity and extends distally?
Anterior margin
The affected muscles of shin splints are located _______
Anterior surface of the leg
What is the name of the first cervical vertebrae?
Atlas
During __________, the muscle fiber is rapidly and continuously being stimulated and is never allowed to relax completely.
Complete tetanus
During which phase of a muscle twitch do cross-bridge interactions occur?
Contraction phase
A muscle like the pectoralis major muscle in the chest, whose fascicles originate over a large area and insert on a common point, the anterior humerus, is an example of a __________ muscle.
Convergent muscle
Which arm muscle inserts on the medial margin of the humeral shaft and acts in adduction and flexion at the shoulder?
Coracobrachialis muscle
The process of complete tetanus is reached by __________.
Increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated
What is the term for the pad of fibrocartilage found between opposing bones in some synovial joints?
Meniscus
Which description of the superior oblique muscle, an extrinsic eye muscle, is correct?
Origin: sphenoid around optic canal. Action: eye rolls, looks inferiorly and laterally.
The movement in which the palm is moved to face posteriorly is ______
Pronation
Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica
If you run your fingers along the superior surface of the shoulder joint, you will feel the process called the __________.
Acromion
The sliding of __________ over ___________ causes shortening of skeletal muscle fibers.
Actin;myosin
Which phase of the contraction cycle directly requires that calcium ions bind to troponin?
Active-site exposure
Which femoral structure is located at the distal end of the medial supracondylar ridge?
Adductor tubercle
Which process can, by itself, power the greatest number of twitches, based on the energy sources available in a typical muscle fiber?
Aerobic metabolism of glycogen
What are the 2 mechanisms used to generate ATP from glucose?
Aerobic respiration and glycolysis
The portions of the maxillae and mandible that border the mouth are called (the)
Alveolar processes
What is the term for a slightly movable joint?
Amphiarthrosis
What is the term for rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints?
Arthritis
The joint surfaces of the bones of a synovial joint are covered with _______________.
Articular cartilage
Even thought he specific cause varies, arthritis always involves damage to the __________
Articular cartilages
Motor units are activated on a rotating basis to reduce fatigue. What is this mechanism called?
Asynchronous motor unit summation
Which bones conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear?
Auditory ossicles
What rough area of the ilium marks the site of articulation with the sacrum?
Auricular surface
Which of the following occurs during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch?
Calcium levels are falling in the sarcomeres
The first step in the contraction cycle in skeletal or cardiac muscles is when ____ finds to _____
Calcium;troponin
Which pair of articulating elements correctly describes the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum-radial head
The only vertebrae that have transverse foramina in the transverse processes are __________.
Cervical
Identify the secondary spinal curves.
Cervical and lumbar
Of the following, which correctly identifies the sequence of the vertebrae from superior to inferior?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Depolarization of the skeletal muscle sat the NMJ occurs as a result of acetylcholinebinding and opening the
Chemically gated sodium channels
Which type of muscles contains fascicles that are organized in concentric rings around an opening?
Circular
The only joint between the upper appendage and the axial skeleton involves which bones?
Clavicle and sternum
Which shoulder ligament runs from the fingerlike projection of the coracoid process(superior to the glenoid cavity) to the collarbone?
Coracoclavicular ligament
Which scapular structure projects anterior and superior to the glenoid cavity?
Coracoid process
The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the ________
Cranial and thoracic cavities
What provides ATP for the first 15 seconds of a muscle contraction?
Creatine phosphate
In isotonic contraction, ________
Cross-bridges must produce enough tension to exceed the load to be moved
Synovial joints are classified functionally as
Diarthroses
Which muscle originates on the inferior surface of the mandible at the chin and mastoid region, and acts to depress the mandible or elevate the larynx?
Digastric muscle
The head of the ulna is located _____ to the ulnar tuberosity
Distal
A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in ______
Incomplete tetanus
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the motor end plate of the muscle cell membrane?
Increasing the permeability to Na+, causing Na+ to diffuse into the muscle cell
Mature skeletal muscle fibers:
Individually contain hundreds of nuclei just internal to the plasma membrane.
Which primary vertebral ligament connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae?
Interspinous ligament
You are hiking in the mountains and the trail goes around the side of the mountain. The trail slopes outwards such that your feet are tilted and one foot is below the other. What are the movements to postition your feet that let you walk on the tilted trail?
Inversion and eversion
The enlarged roughened projection that bears your weight when you are sitting is the
Ischial tuberosity
The structure that bears the body's weight when one is seated is which of the following?
Ischial tuberosity
Which muscle of the urogenital triangle inserts on the pubic symphysis, anterior to the base of the penis or the clitoris?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Pushing both hands against a nonmoving wall represents which type of muscle contraction?
Isometric
What is the type of contraction in which the muscle does not change length and the contraction does not produce tension that exceeds the load?
Isometric
Which of the following is the function of the meniscus?
It channels the flow of synovial fluid
Which statement is correct regarding thick filament structure?
It consists of a core of titin, forming a strand that continues across the I band to the Z line on that side
Regarding the vertebral arch, what is the significance of the lamina?
It forms the "roof" of the vertebral foramen
How is the H band distinguished from the other prominent structural features of the sarcomere?
It is a lighter region that contains thick filaments, but no thin filaments
How does the release of calcium ions from the terminal cisternae initiate contraction?
It triggers the binding of myosin to actin
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
Its collagen fibers attach the intervertebral disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
Joining the bones together
Fibrocartilage pads are important in stabilizing which joint?
Knee
During anaerobic muscle metabolism, _______ is produced as the end product of glycolysis
Lactate
When glycolysis produces pyruvic acid faster than it can be used by the mitochondria, the pyruvic acid is converted to __________, which lowers the pH of body fluids.
Lactic acid
What happens in the muscle fiber during the Cori cycle?
Lactic acid is shuttled to the liver and glucose is shuttled back to the muscle fiber from the liver
The malleolus of the fibula is always on the __________ aspect of the leg.
Lateral
bending the vertebral column from side to side is an example of _______
Lateral flexion
With which structure does the lateral malleolus of the fibula articulate?
Lateral surface of the trochlea
Which facial expression muscle acts to elevate the upper lip?
Levator labii superioris muscle
Weight transfer occurs along the _____ of the foot
Longitudinal arch
What type of vertebrae are characterized by short, stumpy spinous processes and large bodies?
Lumbar vertebrae
Which are the largest and most massive of the vertebrae?
Lumbar vertebrae
Which of the following features, found on the tibia and fibula, provides support for the ankle joint?
Malleoli
Which of the following forms the lower jaw?
Mandible
The clavicles articulate with a bone of the sternum called the __________.
Manubrium
Which structure articulates with the clavicles and the cartilages of the first pair of ribs?
Manubrium
Why is the control over leg muscles LESS precise than control over the muscles of the eye
Many muscle fibers in the legs are controlled by a single motor neuron
Which of the following is not a cranial bone?
Maxilla
Which nasal complex structure is paired with the correct description?
Maxillary sinuses - Largest of the sinuses, and produce mucus secretions that flush the inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities
Which bones form the palm of the hand?
Metacarpals
All the muscle fibers and the single motor neuron that innervates them are called a __________.
Motor unit
The surfaces of the scapulae and clavicles are extremely important as sites for __________.
Muscle attachment
Inherited disorders that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration within muscles are called
Muscular dystrophies
Which mandibular structure marks the insertion of the muscle that supports the floor of the mouth?
Mylohyoid line
One of the distinct features of the skeletal muscle fibers is that they are multinucleated. The multinucleation is the result of the fusion of embryonic cells called _________
Myoblasts
Skeletal muscles develop from the conjoining of a group of embryonic cells known as
Myoblasts
Determine the correct structural hierarchy of skeletal muscles, from microscopic to gross levels.
Myofibril--fiber--fascicle--muscle
What chemical changes most likely happen during aging to make meat regain its tenderness?
Myofilaments decompose and break down
Presence of _______ in the sarcoplasm provides a ready supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration in muscle tissue.
Myoglobin
The soft, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc is called the __________.
Nucleus pulposus
The amount of tension produced by an individual muscle fiber ultimately depends on the __________.
Number of Pivoting cross-bridges
The H band contains which structure?
Only myosin in the thick filaments
The passageway that allows the optic nerve to reach the eyeball for the sense of vision is the __________.
Optic canal
Tim is a new father and is not used to changing diapers. He grimaces and purses his lips when he changes his son's diapers. Which collection of muscles is he using to contort his mouth this way?
Orbicularis oris and risorius
Skeletal muscles generate maximum tension when the maximum number of cross-bridges can form in the zone of _________
Overlap
Which of the following muscles are found in the cervical region and act in elevating the ribs?
Scalenes
Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?
Scaphoid and lunate
At the proximal end, the round head of the humerus articulates with the ______
Scapula
The calf muscles pull on the calcaneus and extend the ankle, lifting the person onto their toes. That makes this arrangement an example of what class of lever?
Second-class lever
The deltoid muscle is so named because it is _______
Shaped like a triangle
Which of the following is not a characteristic of synovial joints?
Short fibers connecting two bones
Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greatest concentration in __________.
Slow fibers
Which of the following activities describes an isotonic eccentric contraction?
Slowly lowering a book in front of you with the arm extended
Why does the adult vertebral column have fewer vertebrae than that of a newborn?
Some vertebrae fuse together after birth
Circular muscles that guard entrances and exits of internal passageways are called __________
Sphinctors
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly?
Spinous process
The ulnar collateral ligament ______
Stabilizes the medial surface of the elbow joint
Which of the following represents a gliding joint?
Sternoclavicular joints
The paired superficial muscle on the anterior and side of the neck that flexes the head and neck toward the chest is the __________.
Sternocleidomastoid
The sacrococcygeal joint:
Structurally resembles a simplified intervertebral joint.
Which muscle of the pectoral girdle acts in depressing and protracting the shoulder?
Subclavius muscle
the term for a partial dislocation of a joint is _______
Sublaxation
The regulatory protein responsible for elasticity of skeletal muscles is ______
Titin
What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?
To connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord
Which action correctly applies to the quadratus lumborum muscle?
Together, they depress the ribs; alone, each side laterally flexes the vertebral column.
The distal carpals are the _______
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Which muscle positions the pectoral girdle?
Trapezius
Which of the following structures of the humerus is most medial?
Trochlea
The regulatory protein responsible for binding to calcium for contraction to proceed is _____
Troponin
Which thin filament-associated protein binds two calcium ions?
Troponin
The first 7 ribs are called _________, and they connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages
True ribs
As the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs through the shoulder joint and passes through the articular capsule, it is surrounded by which structure?
Tubular bursa
What structures make up a triad?
Two terminal cisternae and a T tubule
The trochlea of the humerus articulates with
Ulna
The muscular floor of the pelvic cavity is formed by muscles that make up the
Urogenital and anal triangle
Which of the following muscles of the thigh is located most anteriorly?
Vastus medialis msucle
What is the term for the opening in the vertebrae that encloses the spinal cord?
Vertebral foramen
Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 are called ______
Vertebrochondral ribs
What is the difference between vertebrosternal ribs and vertebrochondral ribs?
Vertebrosternal ribs connect directly to the sternum
Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?
Vomer
It seems like we hear about hip fractures occurring often in elderly people. Why are hip fractures likely in this strong joint?
Weight distribution is not aligned along the shaft of the femur
When would we use the contractile proteins in our skeletal muscle cells to provide energy?
When our diet contains too few proteins or calories
When does a muscle contraction begin?
When stored calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm through gated calcium channels
Inside the sarcoplasm, T tubules encircle each sarcomere at which point?
Zones of overlap
Which 2 joints allow rotation?
p-Pivot joints -Ball and socket joints
The sagittal suture joins the ___________
parietal bones to each other
Facial bones do NOT __________.
Include either the sphenoid or the parietal bones
The neurotransmitter required to trigger skeletal muscle contraction is ______
Acetylcholine(ACh)
What must bind to troponin in order to expose the active sites on actin?
Calcium ions
What event initiates the contraction cycle?
Calcium ions arrive within the zone of overlap.
Which of the following consists of five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum
The muscular system of humans contributes approximately what percentage to the adult body weight?
44%
Which of the following is the dark band seen on myofibrils?
A band
Which of the following has been correlated with muscle fatigue?
A decline in pH within the muscle, which alters enzyme activities
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?
A new ATP molecule binds to the myosin head
What mechanism allows standing for prolonged periods without continually contracting the extensor muscles?
A slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens the ACL and joins the meniscus between the tibia and the femur
A fixator is _____
A synergist that prevents movement at another joint and stabilizes the origin of the agonist
A single stimulation-contraction-relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber is known as ________.
A twitch
At full extension of the knee, a slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens in which ligament?
ACL
A two-second duration of isometric tetanic contraction is supported by which energy source alone?
ATP
The muscle tissue in the meat would probably not become stiff after death if it still had enough
ATP
__________ is required to detach cross-bridges and reactivate the myosin head
ATP
The thick filaments consists of ___
About 300 myosin molecules twisted around one another
What is the name of the large, concave socket that articulates with the head of the femur?
Acetabulum
Mitochondrial activities are relatively efficient, but their rate of ATP generation is limited by the __________.
Availability of oxygen
In a ball and socket shoulder joint, what structure is the ball and what is the socket?
Ball=head of humerus Socket=glenoid cavity
In a convergent muscle, the muscle fibers are _________
Based over a broad area, but all the fibers come together at a common attachment site
Which of the following describes an articulation that allows movement along 2 axes?
Biaxial
What important function is associated with the ribs?
Breathing
What term is used to name a short muscle?
Brevis
The general appearance of the female pelvis is different from that of the male pelvis in that the female pelvis is _________
Broad, light, and smooth
When the nucleus pulposus is compressed by the adjacent vertebrae, causing distortion of the anulus fibrosus into the spinal canal, the result is a __________.
Bulging disc
Which of the following tarsals form the bone of the heel?
Calcaneus
Which of the following is correct regarding muscle fatigue and recovery?
During the recovery period, lactate can be recycled back to pyruvate
After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to its original length because of:
Elastic forces and the movement of opposing muscles
Excitation-contraction coupling forms the links between
Electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction
During the recovery period the body's oxygen demand is ______
Elevated above normal resting levels
What two movements are carried out when you open and close your mouth?
Elevation and depression
The connective tissue layer that surrounds a single molecule fiber and joins it to other muscle fibers is _______
Endomysium
Nerves and blood vessels are contained within the connective tissues of the _______
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
Which bones make up the nasal septum?
Ethmoid and vomer
Because of its position in the skull, there is one bone that forms part of the floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, a wall of the eye orbit, and divides the nasal cavity into two parts. Which bone does all this?
Ethmoid bone
The superior and middle nasal concha are part of which bone?
Ethmoid bone
Which muscles are synergistic with the diaphragm during inspirtaion?
External intercostals
Structures that are associated with a synovial joint but are commonly superficial to the joint capsule and that help protect the articular cartilage are __________
Fat pads
The type of tissue that comprises the outer ring of the intervertebral disc is _______
Fibrocartilage
Why can the skull be distorted without damage during birth?
Fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones
What is the structural classification of the joints that form when the bones of the cranium grow and articulate as a structure in an infant?
Fibrous joints
Which of the following ligaments does not connect the tibia and the femur?
Fibular collateral ligament
In which class of lever is the fulcrum between the load and the applied force?
First-class lever
Movements in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating elements past the anatomical position is called _________
Hyperextension
An origin on the ischial spine and the pubis, an insertion on the coccyx and median raphe, and the action of flexing the coccygeal joints refers to which anal triangle muscle?
Iliococcygeus muscle
Choose the correct statement regarding muscle contractions.
In an isometric contraction, the individual muscle fibers shorten as connective tissues stretch.
Which of the following describes movement that reduces the angle between 2 articulating bones?
Flexion
Movements of the vertebral column are limited to __________.
Flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
What can the gastrocnemius muscle do that the soleus muscle can't do?
Flexion of the knee
Of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, which one originates on the hamate bone?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Which muscles insert on the midlateral surfaces of the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5?
Flexor digitorum superficialis muscles
The rectus muscles are important
Flexors of the spinal column
The foramen that allows the medulla of the brainstem to connect with the spinal cord is the __________.
Foramen magnum
Which bone is NOT part of the floor of the cranium?
Frontal
A lever moves on a fixed point called __________.
Fulcrum
Which muscles can extend the ankle?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
The type of joint that involves flat or slightly curved joint surfaces and that allows slight nonaxial movement is a ______
Gliding joint
This type of joint allows flexion, lateral flexion, and the rotation of the vertebral column is a ______
Gliding joint
Which muscle of the gluteal group acts in extension and lateral rotation at the hip?
Gluteus maximus muscle
Which muscles can cause abduction and medial rotation at the hip?
Gluteus medius and manimus
Which of the following produced ATP from glucose anaerobically?
Glycolysis
The fibrous joint that holds a tooth in the bony socket of the jawbone is __________
Gomphosis
Voluntary control over swallowing, defection, and urination is provided by muscles that _________
Guard entrances and exits
Type II-B fibers:
Have the largest diameters among the three skeletal muscle fiber types and contain densely packed myofibrils.
If the nucleus pulposus breaks through the outer fibrocartilage ring of the intervertebral disc, this condition is called ____________.
Herniated disc
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge
All of the following are joints of the axial skeleton except:
Hip joint
Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?
Holding a heavy stack of books above the ground
Which of the following collections of bones include bones that are unpaired in the skull?
Occipital and frontal bones
Which bone forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium and contains a large opening called the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone
Which structural feature is the site of articulation between the skull and the first vertebra of the neck?
Occipital condyle
Rigor mortis __________.
Occurs as the sarcoplasmic reticulum deteriorates, releasing calcium ions
Which feature of the ulna forms the point of the elbow?
Olecrannon
Do your remember the tongue twister "sally sea shells"? Which groups of muscles work together to provide delicate movements of the tongue during the speech?
Palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus
Which of the following is a wrist flexor?
Palmaris longus muscle
A muscle in the body that is a spindle-shaped is an example of a
Parallel muscle
The structural commonality of the rectus femoris and the rectus abdominis is that they are __________.
Parallel muscles whose fibers run along the long axis of the body
What is the largest sesamoid bone found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris?
Patella
Which type of muscle fascicle arrangement produces more tension than others?
Pennate muscle
The connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of skeletal muscles fibers is called _____
Perimysium
Which bone-associated structure is continuous with the capsule of the joint, adding strength and helping to stabilize the joint?
Periosteum
The intervertebral foramina ____
Permit the passageway of nerves to and from the spinal cord
Which muscles of the tongue or the pharynx insert on the median raphe attached to the occipital bone?
Pharyngeal constrictors
Which muscle terminology pairing is correct?
Platy-flat
Extrinsic muscles are those that _______
Position or stabilize an organ
The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to _______
Position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement
Which muscles arise on the humerus and the forearm and rotate the radius without producing either flexion or extension of the elbow?
Pronator teres and supinator
Which special movement of the clavicles occurs when one crosses one's arms?
Protraction
The amphiarthrotic articulation that allows limited movement between the two pubic bones is the
Pubic symphysis
The joint between the two coxal bones is called the
Pubic symphysis
Which of the following is the most medial, in the anterior aspect, of the broad ligaments that reinforce the articular capsule of the hip joint?
Pubofemoral ligament
The first carpometacarpal joints are examples of which type of synovial joints?
Saddle joint
Myofibrils are formed as a result of repeating functional units called ______
Sarcomeres
Where is the site of calcium storage in the skeletal muscle fibers?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which intrinsic muscle of the foot originates on the calcaneus and acts in flexion at the joints of toes 2-5?
Quadratus plantae muscle
Prior to the death of the cow that the meat came from, the living skeletal muscle cells used energy (hydrolyzed ATP) in order to
Reactivate myosin heads
The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.
Recruitment
Which phase of a muscle twitch is eliminated in complete tetanus?
Relaxation phase
You make a scary face by grabbing your bottom lip with your top teeth. Your mandible moves in an anterior direction. This is an example of _________
Retraction
pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal/muscular system may be caused by ________
Rheumatism
A pair of deep posterior trunk muscles that adduct the scapula and cause downward rotation of the scapula are the __________.
Rhomboid major and minor
Which of the ribs are referred to as vertebral ribs?
Rib pairs 11 and 12
Which ribs are named False Ribs?
Rib pairs 8-12
Which appendicular joint firmly attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle?
Sacro-iliac joint
The repeating functional units seen in the myofibrils are
Sacromeres
What term is given to muscles visible at the body surface?
Superficialis
During swallowing, which muscles help you push a bolus of food from your throat to your esophagus?
Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
The endomysium _________
Surrounds individual muscle fibers
What is the term for an immovable joint that holds together the flat bones of the skull?
Suture
Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degrees of movement. From the following selections, choose the group of terms that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
A fibrous joint that is slightly movable is called a
Syndesmosis
Functionally, all of the following are synarthroses except:
Syndesmosis
Which joint results from the fusion of two bones?
Synostosis
A freely moveable diarthrotic joint is always what type of structural joint?
Synovial
Which type of a joint is freely movable?
Synovial joint
Which structure in a muscle fiber or muscle cell is continuous with the sarcolemma and carries the signal to contract deep into the muscle cells?
T tubules
What is the only bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and the fibula
Talus
Which of the following bones contains the auditory ossicles?
Temporal bone
Which of the following bones is not part of the orbital complex?
Temporal bone
Which muscles maximize the efficient use of teeth during mastication?
Temporalis, pterygoid, and masseter
The structures that pass across or around a joint, limiting range of motion and providing support, are _______
Tendons
What structure is not part of a synovial joint but may still support it?
Tendons
The transmission of an action potential along the T tubules stimulates the release of calcium from which structure in the sarcomere?
Terminal cisterna
A complete dislocation of the knee is extremely unlikely because of ________
The 7 major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint
In a shoulder separation, _________
The acromioclavicular joint undergoes partial or complete separation
Which is true regarding events that occur at neuromuscular junctions?
The binding of acetylcholine molecules to the receptors alters the membrane's pereability
Which ligaments connect the bodies of the vertebrae together?
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
As a group, the metatarsals are the bones that comprise __________.
The arch of the foot
Which of the following joints is not classified as a synovial hinge joint?
The atlantoaxial articulation
In neurotransmitter junctions(NMJ):
The cytoplasm of the synaptic terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of acetylcholine
Beginning at the superior end of the vertebral canal and proceeding inferiorly, __________
The diameter of the vertebral foramen decreases, and the size of the vertebral body increases
When considering the rectus abdominis muscle, what does the term "rectus" describe about this muscle?
The fibers of the muscles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle
A first-class lever is one in which
The fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load
In a first-class lever __________.
The fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load
The ligamentum flavum is a ligament that connects _________
The laminae of adjacent vertebrae
What is the result when the zone of overlap is reduced to zero
The muscle fiber cannot produce any active tension.
What is happening during the contraction phase of a single twitch?
The muscle is producing tension
What structure is part of the cross-bridge?
The myosin head
What causes the myosin head to reenergize itself once the power stroke has occured?
The myosin head splits a fresh ATP molecule
Which of the following statements is the most accurate comparing the differences in male and female pelvic girdle?
The pelvic inlet in the female is more open and circular
Which skull structure encloses the structures of the inner ear?
The petrous part of the temporal bone
The skeleton of the chest, or thorax, consists of __________.
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
What bones connect the axial skeleton and the lower appendicular skeleton?
The sacrum and the pelvic girdle
Which occurs in a muscle at moderate levels of activity?
The skeletal muscle relies primarily on the aerobic metabolism of pyruvate to generate ATP.
What is the unique compromise of the articulations in the appendicular skeleton?
The stronger the joint, the more restricted the range of motion
Which occurs during an eccentric contraction?
The tension developed is less than the load, causing the muscle to lengthen while it is contracted.
What happens during the power stroke?
The thin filaments slide toward the M line.
Which of the following is characteristic of Type II-A skeletal muscle fibers?
These fibers are known as fast-twitch oxidative fibers.
Which of the following accurately describes the pterygoid processes?
They are vertical, inferior projections that originate on either side of the sphenoidal body.
Which description applies to the prominent transverse lines located on the anterior surface of the sacrum?
They mark the former boundaries of individual vertebrae that fuse during the formation of the sacrum.
What is the most common lever in the body?
Third-class lever
The effect of an arrangement in which a force is applied between the load and the fulcrum illustrates the principles of __________.
Third-class levers
Which class of levers improves the speed of movement and the distance the load is moved more than it improves lifting the load?
Third-class levers
Which region of the vertebral column articulates with the ribs?
Thoracic
