Honors Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 2

How are elements and atoms related?

Atoms are the building blocks of elements

Enzyme Action

Attracts substances to its active site, catalyzes the rate at which the reactants form products, and then detaches from the newly formed products. This process is then repeated with new reactants.

Which of the following contains sodium: A) H₂O B) NaCl C) N₂ D) H₂SO₄

B

Which of these vitamins is NOT fat soluble: A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin E E) Vitamin K

B

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound: A) Glucose B) Triglyceride C) Water D) Protein E) Steroid

C

Which of the following statements about enzymes are true: A) They are carbohydrates B) They are stable at high temperatures C) They are biological catalysts D) They are not reusable E) They are required in large amounts in order to be effective

C

Which of these substances is an enzyme: A) Glucose B) Triglyceride C) Oxidase D) Nucleotide E) Omega-3 fatty acid

C

Which of the following substances below is matched with its correct organic group: A) Monosaccharides - nucleic acids B) DNA - lipids C) Steroids - carbohydrates D) Glycerol - proteins E) Enzymes - proteins

E

Iodine

Element essential for normal thyroid function

True or False: Carbon is found in all inorganic compounds

False

Potential Energy

Inactive/stored energy

Why is water so important for homeostasis?

It increases the volume of blood, which affects blood pressure and heart rate. It also dissolves gases and allow for efficient exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Define molecule as it relates to molecular substances and compounds.

Molecules form when 2 or more atoms of the same element are chemically combined by covalent bonds. Compounds form when 2 or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined, usually, through ionic bonds.

Anions

Negatively charged atoms

Alpha Helix

Resembles a metal spring

Beta-Pleated Sheet

Resembles pleats of a skirt or sheet of paper folded into a fan

Radioisotope

-Heavy isotope of certain atoms -Tends to be unstable -Decomposes to more stable isotope

Salt

-Ionic compound -Contain cations other than H⁺ and other anions than OH⁻ -Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water -Vital to many body functions

Inorganic Compounds

-Lack carbon -Tend to be small, simple molecules -Water, salts, many (but not all) acids and bases

pH

-Measures the amount of H⁺ (an OH⁻) ions in different substances -Scale runs from 0-14

Dehydration Synthesis

-Monomers are joined together to form polymers through the removal of water molecules -A hydrogen ions is removed from one monomer while a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with -Water is removed at the site where monomer join

Electrons

-Negative charge -Located outside of the nucleus

pH of 7

-Neutral -Concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions are equal

Neutrons

-No charge -Located in the nucleus

Lipids

-Organic compound -Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -Triglycerides, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins -Most of these are water insoluble

Water

-Polar covalent molecule -Provides cushioning -Acts as a transport medium -Participates in chemical reactions -Acts as a solvent for sugars, salts, and other solutes -Reduces temperature fluctuations

Protons

-Positive charge -Located in the nucleus -Hydrolysis of proteins produces these

RNA

-Ribonucleic acid -Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis -Created from a template of DNA -Organized by complementary bases to form a single-stranded helix -Contains the sugar ribose and the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine -tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

Fibrous Proteins

-Structural proteins -Appear in body structures -Exhibit secondary, tertiary, or even quaternary structure -Stable proteins -Ex.: Collagen and keratin

Kinds of Reactions

-Synthesis -Decomposition -Exchange (Single or Double Displacement)

Energy

-The ability to do work -Does not have mass and does not take up space -Measured by its effect on matter

Primary Structure

Strand of amino acid "beads"

If an element has three isotopes, which of them (the lightest, the one with an intermediate mass, or the heaviest) is most likely to be a radioisotope, and why?

The heaviest is the most likely to be this because it is the most unstable.

Electrical Energy

The movement of ions across cell membranes

Proteins

The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes

Radioactivity

The process by which atoms spontaneously decay

True or False: Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body

True

True or False: he lower the pH, the greater the number of hydrogen ions

True

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

When a pair of electrons is shared equally between 2 atoms -Ex: CO₂

Saturated fats ___.

exist as solids at room temperature

Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of ___.

hydrogen atoms

Energy conversions are not efficient, meaning energy is ___ the environment as ___.

lost to; heat

A solution with a pH of 7 is ___.

neutral

Isotopes have different numbers of ___; thus they also have different ___.

neutrons; atomic masses

Atomic mass is the equivalent to the number of ___ in an atom.

protons and neutrons

The atomic number of an atom reveals the number of ___.

protons in the atomic nucleus

An atom that has lost 2 electrons is called a(n) ___.

cation

Polar Covalent Bonds

-Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of a molecule -Has a positive and negative side -Ex: H₂O

Hydrogen Bonds

-Extremely weak chemical bonds -Formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to the negative portion, such as an oxygen or nitrogen atom, of a polar molecule -Give proteins their structure

Globular Proteins

-Functional proteins -Exhibit as least quaternary structure -Hydrogen bonds are critical to the maintenance of structure -Can be denatured and no longer perform physiological roles -Active sites "fit" and interact chemically with other molecules

Hydrolysis

--Polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water molecules -As a water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and the monomers are released

Enzyme

-A protein that acts as a catalyst for many chemical reactions -Form of globular protein

Nucleotide Bases

-Adenine -Thymine -Guanine -Cytosine -Uracil -All found primarily in proteins and nucleic acids, but nucleic acids also contain a phosphorous group

Covalent Bonds

-Atoms become stable through shared electrons -Electrons are shared in pairs

ATP

-Composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and 3 phosphate groups -Chemical energy used by all cells -Energy is release by breaking high-energy phosphate bond

Phospholipids

-Contain 2 fatty acid chains rather than 3 -Tails are hydrophobic Phosphorous-containing polar "head" carried an electrical charge and is hydrophilic -Form cell membranes

Organic Compounds

-Contain carbon -Large, covalent molecules -Carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

-Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -Includes sugars and starches -Classified according to size and solubility in water -Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

DNA

-Deoxyribonucleic acid -Genetic material found within the cell's nucleus -Provides instructions for every protein in the body -Organized by complementary bases to form a double-stranded helix -Replicated before cell division

Acids

-Electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water and release H⁺ ions -Proton donors

Base

-Electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water and release OH⁻ ions -Proton acceptor

Ionic Bonds

-Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another -Allows atoms to achieve stability

4 most common elements in the human body

1. Oxygen (65%) 2. Carbon 3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen

Quaternary Structure

2 or more polypeptides combined to form a complex structure

An atom with san atomic number of 14 will have ___ electrons in its valence shell.

4

An atom has 8 neutrons 6 protons and 4 electrons, What is the atomic number?

6

pH range of blood

7.35-7.45

Which of the following leads to an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction: A) Increased temperature B) Large particle size C) Lack of catalysts D) Decreased temperature E) Few particles

A

Triglyceride

A lipid containing 3 fatty acid chains and one glycerol

An atom has 8 neutrons 6 protons and 4 electrons, What type of an ion is it?

Cation

Secondary Structure

Chains of amino acids twist or bend

What is the most common steroid?

Cholesterol

Tertiary Structure

Compact, ball-like (globular) structure

Iron

Component of the functional hemoglobin molecule (which transports oxygen within red blood cells) and some enzymes

An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. It's atomic mass is: A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 14 E) 20

D

Denaturization

Disruption of the hydrogen bonds of functional proteins