Honors Biology B Unit 2

What would have most likely occurred if plants had not begun to live on land? A. Animals also would not live on land. B. There would be no green algae in the oceans. C. Animals would no undergo cellular respiration. D. There would be no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

A. Animals also would not live on land.

How are protists related to other eukaryotes? A. Today's protists and plants, fungi, and animals have an ancient common ancestor. B. protists evolved from bacteria, while the other eukaryotes evolved from archaea. C. Today's protists gave rise to plants, fungi, and animals. D. Today's protists arose from ancient plants, fungi, and animals.

A. Today's protists and plants, fungi, and animals have an ancient common ancestor.

Which of the following best describes the structure of a mushroom that you observe above the ground: A. fruiting body B. a type of lichen C. mycelium D. hypha

A. fruiting body

If plants need oxygen for cellular respiration, then why do plants release oxygen into the atmosphere? A.More oxygen is produced during photosynthesis than the plant needs for cellular respiration, so the plant needs to release the extra oxygen. B. Plants need to collect more oxygen from the atmosphere because photosynthesis does not produce enough oxygen to meet their needs. C. Plants need to release oxygen into the atmosphere so more carbon dioxide can enter the plant for photosynthesis. D. Plants release oxygen into the atmosphere because the release of oxygen prevents the evaporation of water.

A.More oxygen is produced during photosynthesis than the plant needs for cellular respiration, so the plant needs to release the extra oxygen.

What are protists? A. Prokaryotes that are part of domain archaea. B. Eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms. C. Single-celled organisms that belong to the plant, animal, and fungi kingdoms D. Single-celled eukaryotes that are part of the plant and fungi kingdoms.

B. Eukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms.

Scientists once classified protists based on whether they had plant-like, fungus-like, or animal-like characteristics. Why was this system problematic? A. Nearly all protists actually are members of the plant, fungi, or animal kingdoms. B. Many protest do not have the characteristics of any of the three groups. C. All protists are too similar to each other to be classified in different groups. D. As single-cell organisms, protists can't have characteristics of these groups.

B. Many protest do not have the characteristics of any of the three groups.

Which of the following analogies best describes the motion of a nonmotile protist? A. a boat is moved forward by several oars B. a boat is moved forward by a current C. a boat is moved forward by a single long oar D. a boat is moved forward by a motor

B. a boat is moved forward by a current

Which of the following is the most important process specific to land-dwelling plants? A. production of photosynthetic pigments B. conservation of water C. exchange of gas D. presence of cell walls

B. conservation of water

What is a basic difference between a sporophyte and a gametophyte? A. A sporophyte is a reproductive structure while a gametophyte is not. B. A sporophyte undergoes sexual reproduction while a gametophyte undergoes asexual reproduction. C. A sporophyte is part of the diploid phase while a gametophyte is part of the haploid phase of the plant life cycle. D. A sporophyte is much smaller than the gametophyte.

C. A sporophyte is part of the diploid phase while a gametophyte is part of the haploid phase of the plant life cycle.

Which of the following is true? A. Plants have adaptations that minimize light absorption. B. Plants require less water on sunny days. C. Most plants get the water they need from the soil. D. Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and do not use oxygen.

C. Most plants get the water they need from the soil.

Which of the following is true about fungi: A. Like plants, they carry out photosynthesis. B. Like some prokaryotes, they are autotrophic. C. Like animals, they lack cell walls. D. Like protists, they are eukaryotic.

D. Like protists, they are eukaryotic.

What would be a direct consequence of the disappearance of nitrogen fixing prokaryotes?

Organisms would not be able to get the nutrients they need to make proteins.

plasmodium

a collection of amoeba-like organisms that make up a slime mold at one stage of their life cycle

bryophyte

a group of nonvascular plants that includes mosses and liverworts

prophage

a piece of virus DNA that becomes a part of a bacterium's genome

food vacuole

a temporary compartment some protists use to store food

lytic infection

a type of infection in which a virus immediately starts replicating in the host cell

vascular plant

a type of plant that has a system of tube-like structures to deliver water and nutrients to all parts of the plant

nonvascular plant

a type of plant that lacks a network of tube-like structures to deliver water and nutrients to all parts of the plant.

tracheophyte

a vascular plant

bacteriophage

a virus that infects bacteria

retrovirus

a virus that, upon infection of a host cell, makes a DNA copy of its RNA and inserts that piece of DNA into the cell's genome

Microscopic fossils of eukaryotes date back a. 1.5 billion years. b. 1.5 million years. c. 15,000 years. d. No fossils of early eukaryotes have been found yet.

a. 1.5 billion years.

What advantage would flagellated spores provide for water molds? a. Flagellated spores can move quickly and easily through water. b. Flagellated spores undergo conjugation. c. Flagellated spores are resistant to disease. d. Flagellated spores are diploid.

a. Flagellated spores can move quickly and easily through water.

Why are scientists rethinking the "protist" classification? a. Many "protists" are more closely related to members of other groups than they are to other "protists." b. "Protists" are the simplest and oldest forms of life. c. "Protists" are either plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. d. "Protists" simply cannot be classified.

a. Many "protists" are more closely related to members of other groups than they are to other "protists."

A virus that infects and kills bacteria is known as a(an) a. bacteriophage. b. viral gene. c. retrovirus. d. bacterium.

a. bacteriophage.

Which of the following eat by sweeping food into their gullet? a. ciliates b. amoebas c. water mold d. plasmodium

a. ciliates

Organisms that recycle waste material are a. heterotrophs. b. amoebas. c. vacuoles. d. autotrophs.

a. heterotrophs.

In any lysogenic infection, the viral DNA a. is inserted into the host DNA. b. destroys the host DNA. c. replaces the host DNA. d. is destroyed by the host DNA.

a. is inserted into the host DNA.

The life cycle of a lytic virus does NOT involve a. lysogenic infection. b. replication. c. cell death. d. infection.

a. lysogenic infection.

In a mycorrhizal relationship, what benefit does the plenty get from the fungus?

aid in the absorption of water and minerals

Which of the following capture and surround food with their cytoplasm? a. ciliates b. amoebas c. water mold d. plasmodium

b. amoebas

An important role of fungi in an ecosystem is a. performing photosynthesis b. breaking down dead organisms c. making alcohol d. killing bacteria

b. breaking down dead organisms

Which viral structure enables a virus to bind to receptors on the cell? a. tail sheath b. capsid c. head d. tail fiber

b. capsid

In a mycorrhizal relationship, what benefit does the fungus get from the plant? a. enzymes b. food c. water d. shelter

b. food

All fungi are a. photosynthetic b. heterotrophic c. autotrophic d. parasitic

b. heterotrophic

Bacteria and archaea differ in____ a. whether they have a nucleus. b. the makeup of their cell walls. c. size. d. whether they have a cell wall.

b. the makeup of their cell walls.

The result of fertilization in a water mold's life cycle is a. female and male reproductive structures. b. zygotes. c. sporangia. d. flagellated spores

b. zygotes.

A virus that infects bacteria is called

bacteriophage

A type of reproduction in which one cell splits into two identical cells is called

binary fission

Which process ensures genetic diversity among protist populations? a. cloning b. alternation of generations c. conjugation d. mitosis

c. conjugation

The process by which prokaryotes exchange genetic material is known as a. budding. b. binary fission. c. conjugation. d. mutation.

c. conjugation.

Plants, animals, and fungi arose from the group of protists that exhibit a. animal-like characteristics. b. unicellularity. c. multicellularity. d. asexual reproduction.

c. multicellularity.

The tangled mass that makes up the part of a fungus that is below the soil is the a. mushroom b. fruiting body c. mycelium d. chitin

c. mycelium

Most of a mushroom-producing fungus' mass is hidden underground in a massive structure known as the a. mycorrhiza. b. fruiting body. c. mycelium. d. zygospore.

c. mycelium.

Which of the following characteristics of living things is NOT true about viruses? a. contain genetic material b. evolve over time c. obtain and use energy d. able to reproduce

c. obtain and use energy

Cell walls that contain chitin are found a. only in bacteria. b. in fungi and plants. c. only in fungi. d. in fungi and protists.

c. only in fungi.

Important differences between Archaea and Bacteria include all of the following EXCEPT: a. nucleotide sequences of DNA b. type of membrane lipids c. presence of capsid proteins d. presence of peptidoglycan

c. presence of capsid proteins

Prokaryotes play an important role in ecosystems as a. plasmids. b. parasites. c. producers and decomposers. d. anaerobes.

c. producers and decomposers.

The structure that temporarily stores food in an amoeba is called the a. heterotroph. b. gullet. c. vacuole. d. autotroph.

c. vacuole.

Which of the following gets nutrients by absorbing molecules from other organisms through its cell wall or cell membrane? a. ciliates. b. amoebas. c. water mold. d. plasmodium.

c. water mold.

Which of the following is not currently classified as a protist? a. euglena b. brown algae c. yeast d. slime molds

c. yeast

Bacteriophages infect a: other viruses b: any available host cell c: bacteria d: cells undergoing the lytic cycle

c: bacteria

A lytic infection concludes with the a: insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's DNA b: production of a prophage c: bursting of the host cell d: production of messenger RNA

c: bursting of the host cell

the instructions for making new copies of a virus are a: part of a virus's capsid b: coded in proteins on the surface membrane c: coded in either RNA or DNA d: found only in bacteriophages

c: coded in either RNA or DNA

The protein coat that surrounds a virus is called

capsid

During an experiment, a scientist observed prokaryotes that lived near volcanic vents deep in the ocean. The scientist most likely observed

chemoautotrophs

chitin

complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi and in the exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans, and arachnids

During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic information?

conjugation

The process in which a hollow tube forms between two prokaryotes and genetic information is exchanged is called

conjugation

Spore-producing protists can travel by a. air. b. water. c. other organisms. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Organisms that photosynthesize are called a. heterotrophs. b. amoebas. c. vacuoles. d. autotrophs.

d. autotrophs.

Fungi can reproduce a. by the meeting of male and female hyphae. b. only asexually. c. only sexually. d. both asexually and sexually.

d. both asexually and sexually.

The first plants evolved from an organism similar to today's a. ferns. b. fungi. c. brown algae. d. green algae.

d. green algae.

Unlike lytic infections , lysogenic viruses do not a. inject their genetic material into the host cell b. enter the lytic cycle c. lyse the host cell right away d. lyse host cells right away

d. lyse host cells right away

During fungal reproduction, which of the following processes is first to occur after the nuclei of opposite mating types fuse? a. spore production b. gamete production c. mitosis d. meiosis

d. meiosis

Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph a. in your refrigerator b. in the depest parts of the ocean c. in your digestive system d. near the surfaces of lakes and streams.

d. near the surfaces of lakes and streams.

A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a(n) a. rock. b. animal-like protist. c. plant root. d. photosynthetic organism.

d. photosynthetic organism.

A collection of amoeba-like individuals that come together to form a large structure which can continue to move is called a a. ciliates. b. amoebas. c. water mold. d. plasmodium.

d. plasmodium.

Eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi are classified as a. parasites. b. bacteria. c. viruses. d. protists.

d. protists.

Amoeboid movement is made possible by a. flagella. b. cilia. c. spores. d. pseudopods.

d. pseudopods.

The formation of an endospore in many prokaryotic cells provides the ability to a. facilitate binary fission. b. perform conjugation. c. prevent extensive mutations. d. survive very harsh conditions.

d. survive very harsh conditions.

Prokaryotes can be identified by all the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. how they move b. their size c. their shapes d. the presence of a nucleus

d. the presence of a nucleus

Which of the following is not a way in which humans rely on prokaryotes? a. to digest petroleum from an oil spill b. to produce foods such as yogurt c. to synthesise drugs d. to form a symbiotic relationship and obtain ammonia

d. to form a symbiotic relationship and obtain ammonia

A nonliving particle that contains DNA or RNA and is protected by a protein coat is called a a. bacterium. b. protein. c. cell. d. virus.

d. virus.

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are called

decomposers.

The thick internal wall that can enclose a prokaryote's DNA and some cytoplasm when conditions are unfavorable is called a

endospore

Some prokaryotes are able to survive unfavorable conditions by forming

endospores

tracheids

hollow, elongated cells in teh xylem with cell walls strengthened by lignin that are adapted for conduction and support

The type of infection in which a virus does not immediately start replicating itself, but inserts a piece of DNA into the host cell's genome which becomes activated at a later date is called a

lysogenic infection

lichen

mutualistic relationship between fungi and green algae

mycorrhiza

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots

hypha

one of the threadlike elements that make up the mycelium

saprophyte

organism that gets its nutrients from dead organic materials

A unicellular organism with no nucleus is a

prokaryote

A piece of virus DNA that becomes a part of a bacterium's genome is called a

prophage

A virus that, upon infection of a host cell, makes a DNA copy of its RNA and inserts that piece of DNA into the cell's genome is called a

retrovirus

A spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote is called

spirillum

basidium

spore-producing structure on furiting body of some fungi

archegonium

structure in some plants that produces female sex cells

antheridium

structure in some plants that produces male sex cells

gullet

the deepest part of the oral groove in some protists where food vacuoles form

Which of the following were not described as the macronucleus of a paramecium? a. the macronucleus is not exchanged during conjugation b. the macronucleus has multiple copies of the genes that are used in day-to-day activities c. the macronucleus forms from the fusion of micronuclei d. the macronucleus does not disintegrate during conjugation

the macronucleus does not disintegrate during conjugation

mycelium

the mass of hyphae that make up the main body of a fungus

capsid

the protein coat that surrounds a virus

fruiting body

the reproductive body of a fungus

lysogenic infection

the type of infection in which a virus does not immediately start replicating itself but inserts a piece of DNA ino the host cell's genome which becomes activated at a later date

rhizoids

thin filaments that anchor bryophytes to the ground

phloem

vascular tissue that conducts carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis to all parts of the plant

xylem

vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant