Honors Biology Final Exam Review

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

monocot

angiosperm whose seed have ONE cotyledon

dicot

angiosperm whose seeds have TWO cotyledons

homologous structures

are structures that have different mature forms in different organism by develop from the same embryonic tissues

community

assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules

biodiversity

biological diversity; the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere

biotic factors

biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem

evolution

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

binomial nomenclature

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

ecosystem

collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment

gene pool

combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

antibiotic

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

cladogram

diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

sporophyte

diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

taxonomy

discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

pathogen

disease-causing agent

pioneer species

first species to populate an area during primary succession

glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

angiosperm

flowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protect the seed

anther

flowering structure in which haploid make gametophytes are produced

conjugation

form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

speciation

formation of new species

niche

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

population

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

species

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

logistic growth

growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

exponential growth

growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

gametophyte

haploid, or gamete-producing, phase of an organism

NADPH

high energy electrons used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, like carbohydrates like glucose

passive immunity

hort-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body

active immunity

immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response

biological magnification

increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web

adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

vaccination

injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

carpel

innermost part of a flower that produces the female gametophytes

predation

interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

ATP synthase

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

carrying capacity

largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

photosystem I

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

immigration

movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population

emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

food web

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

inflammatory response

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

population density

number of individuals per unit of area

ATP

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

vestigial structures/organ

organ that serves no useful function in an organism

chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organism that uses energy from the sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules by photosynthesis

producer

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph

autotroph

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

anaerobic

organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

consumer

organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph

aerobic

organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live

eukaryote

organism whose cells contain nuclei

capsid

outer protein coat of a virus

biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

abiotic factors

physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem

invasive species

plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native

chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

lysogenic cycle

process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA

fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

lytic cycle

process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

nitrogen fixation

process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

anaerobic respiration

process that does not require oxygen

cellular respiration

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

aerobic respiration

process that requires oxygen

acid rain

rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

Calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

light dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

stroma

region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

symbiosis

relationship in which two species live closely together

renewable resource

resource that can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable

nonrenewable resource

resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes

thylakoids

saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

ecology

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

artificial selection

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

food chain

series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

cilia

short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells

genetic equilibrium

situation in which allele frequencies remain constant

contractile vacuole

small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food

trichocyst

small, bottle-shaped structure used for defense by paramecia

grana

stack of thylakoids. (stack of pancakes)

trophic level

step in a food chain or food web

primary succession

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

mutalism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

commensalisms

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it

psuedopod

temporary projection of cytoplasm, or a "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement

capillary action

tendency of water to rise in a thin tube

binary fission

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

endospore

type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

prokaryote

unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

phloem

vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

retrovirus

virus that contains RNA as its genetic information

flagella

whip-like structure on some cells that is used for movement