Honors Chemistry Exam
What is the name for C₂H₃O₂⁻?
Acetate
Substances which, when put in water, disassociate (break apart) to give H+ ions. The cation is always Hydrogen.
Acids
The amount of product in a reaction that was actually obtained through doing the reaction in the lab.
Actual yield
What is the chemical formula for silver hypochlorite?
AgClO
Which group of elements has one valence electron?
Alkali metals
Which group of elements has two valence electrons?
Alkaline earth metals
What is the name for NH₄⁺?
Ammonium
This molecular geometry has two atoms and one lone pair bonded around a central atom, <120° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp².
Bent
This molecular geometry has two atoms and two lone pairs bonded around a central atom, ~107.5° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³.
Bent
For sulfur atoms (₁₆S), which ionization energy will show an exceptionally large increase over the previous ionization energy (big jump)?
Between 6th and 7th
The amount of energy (typically in kJ/mol) required to remove an electron from an atom.
Ionization energy
What is the most predominant IMF for H₂S?
LDF
What is the weakest IMF?
LDF
Write the chemical formula for calcium bromide.
CaBr₂
What is the name for CaSO₄?
Calcium sulfate
In a Lewis dot structure, which element should always go in the middle if it's present?
Carbon
What is the name for CrO₄²⁻?
Chromate
In this type of reaction, oxygen reacts with a hydrocarbon to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Combustion
What is the name for Cu(OH)₂?
Copper(II) hydroxide
Is H₂S ionic or covalent?
Covalent
These compounds are soft, pliable, have lower melting points, low solubility, typically don't conduct electricity in solutions (nonelectrolytes), typically liquid/gas at room temperature, powdery.
Covalent
This type of bonding involves the sharing of valence electrons and occurs between two nonmetals.
Covalent bonding
What is the name for CN⁻?
Cyanide
In this type of reaction, one compound breaks into elements or smaller compounds.
Decomposition
When molecules that have permanent dipoles (polar molecules) come together and arrange themselves so that the negative and positive ends of the molecules attract one another.
Dipole-dipole
In this type of reaction, ionic compounds dissolved in water switch cations/anions.
Double replacement
A measure of the ability of an atom's nucleus to attract electrons.
Electronegativity
The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element in that compound.
Empirical formula
This law says that elements combine in definite whole number ratios to form compounds. For any given compound, the ratio is always the same.
Law of Definite Proportions
What is the name for PbSO₄?
Lead(II) sulfate
What is the name for PbCl₄?
Lead(IV) chloride
The reactant that determines the amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction. The reaction proceeds until this reactant is completely used up.
Limiting reactant
This molecular geometry has two atoms and three lone pairs bonded around a central atom, 180° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d.
Linear
This molecular geometry has two atoms bonded around a central atom, 180° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp.
Linear
What do nonmetals do to satisfy their octet?
Gain electrons
When naming binary molecules (covalent) that contain only nonmetals, the number of each element that is present in the molecule is indicated by:
Greek prefixes
List the seven diatomic molecules.
H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I
Write the chemical formula for chlorous acid.
HClO₂
Which elements form a stable -1 anion?
Halogens
Which group of elements has seven valence electrons?
Halogens
What is the name for HBr?
Hydrobromic acid
In a Lewis dot structure, which elements should you never use as the central atom?
Hydrogen and halogens
A strong electrostatic attraction that is created when H is bonded to N, O, or F (the 3 most electronegative elements). These elements all have lone pairs that easily satisfy H's need, so they have a strong attraction.
Hydrogen bond
What is the strongest IMF?
Hydrogen bonding
What is the name for HI?
Hydroiodic acid
Which periodic trends are observed when the elements in Period 3 on the Periodic Table are considered in order of increasing atomic number (left to right)?
IE and EN both increase
Interactions between molecules.
Inter-molecular forces
If the difference between the ENs of two atoms in a bond is greater than 1.7, what is the type of bond formed between the two atoms?
Ionic
These compounds are strong, crystalline, brittle, have high melting points, are highly soluble, conduct electricity in a solution (electrolytes), are typically solid at room temperature, and form strong bonds.
Ionic
This type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons and occurs between a metal and a nonmetal, creating electrostatic attraction.
Ionic bonding
Small, temporary electrostatic forces that are caused when neutral atoms collide, causing them to repel each other and create temporary induced dipoles.
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
What do metals do to satisfy their octet?
Lose electrons
What is the name for Mg₃N₂?
Magnesium nitrate
What is the name for Mn₂O₃?
Manganese(III) oxide
These elements have low EN/low IE and a larger atomic radius, they lose electrons, falling back to their inner octet, and are cations.
Metals
Which group of elements are the best conductors of electricity and heat?
Metals
Moles of solute / Liters of a solution
Molarity
The formula showing the exact ratio of the elements in a compound, not simplified.
Molecular formula
What is the name for NO₂⁻?
Nitrite
What is the name for HNO₂?
Nitrous acid
Which group of elements has eight valence electrons?
Noble gases
What type of element is Hydrogen?
Nonmetal
These elements have high EN/high IE and a smaller atomic radius, they gain electrons, filling up their outer shell to complete the octet, and are anions.
Nonmetals
If the difference between the ENs of two atoms in a bond is less than .5, what is the type of bond formed between the two atoms?
Nonpolar covalent
This molecular geometry has six atoms bonded around a central atom, 90° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d².
Octahedral
How many bonds can Hydrogen make?
One
Acids that are formed when Hydrogen bonds with oxyanions.
Oxyacids
Polyatomic ions containing oxygen.
Oxyanions
Write the chemical formula for Lead(II) bromide.
PbBr₂
What is the name for ClO₄¹⁻?
Perchlorate
This type of bond is created when there is an unequal sharing of electrons, causing one atom in the bond to carry a partial positive charge and the other atom a partial negative.
Polar bond
If the difference between the ENs of two atoms in a bond is between .5 and 1.7, what is the type of bond formed between the two atoms?
Polar covalent
A group of atoms that are covalently bonded and act as a single unit with a charge.
Polyatomic ion
This molecular geometry has four atoms and one lone pair bonded around a central atom, 120°/90° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d.
Seesaw
What is the name for SeO₃?
Selenium trioxide
In this type of reaction, part of an ionic compound is removed and replaced by a new element.
Single replacement
This molecular geometry has four atoms and two lone pairs bonded around a central atom, 90° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d².
Square planar
This molecular geometry has five atoms and one lone pair bonded around a central atom, 90° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d².
Square pyramidal
The tendency of the surface of a liquid to resist an external force. This property is caused by cohesion of similar molecules.
Surface tension
In this type of reaction, two or more elements or compounds combine to form one product.
Synthesis
This molecular geometry has three atoms and two lone pairs bonded around a central atom, 80° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d.
T-shaped
This molecular geometry has four atoms bonded around a central atom, 109.5° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³.
Tetrahedral
What does a Roman numeral after a metal's name represent?
The metal's charge
This molecular geometry has five atoms bonded around a central atom, 120°/90° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³d.
Trigonal bipyramidal
This molecular geometry has three atoms bonded around a central atom, 120° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp².
Trigonal planar
This molecular geometry has three atoms and one lone pair bonded around a central atom, ~108.5° bond angles, and a hybridization of sp³.
Trigonal pyramidal
The sharing of three pairs of electrons between atoms.
Triple bond
This theory states that atoms will get as far away from each other as they can within a molecule.
VSEPR
What does VSEPR stand for?
Valence shell electron pair repulsion
The pressure of the vapor that has evaporated from a liquid in a closed container.
Vapor pressure
A fluid's resistance to flow. Can be thought of us the 'thickness' of a fluid.
Viscosity
Which has a stronger IMF: water or carbon dioxide?
Water
What is the formula for percent yield?
actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
Any nonmetal in period 3 and below has an empty d orbital. Because of this, they can:
expand their octet
The bigger the molecule gets, the ___ the LDFs.
greater
Weak IMFs cause liquids to have ___ vapor pressures.
high
What is the formula for writing the name of binary acids (acids formed by an element bonding with Hydrogen)?
hydro(element name)ic acid
Like dissolves ___.
like
Weak IMFs cause liquids to have ___ boiling points.
low
Chlorates, nitrates, and acetates are ___.
soluble
Salts of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and group IA are always ___.
soluble
All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are ___ except when bonded with Ag, Hg, and Pb, which are ___.
soluble, insoluble
Sulfates are ___ except with group II elements below Calcium and Ag, Hg, and Pb, which are ___.
soluble, insoluble
The more Hydrogen bonds there are in a molecule, the ___ the molecule is.
stronger
Determining if a molecule is polar: if the molecule is ___, then the polar bonds cancel each other out and the molecule is nonpolar.
symmetrical