Honors US History A FInal

Belligerence

nation engaged in war or conflict, as recognized by international law.

Henry David Thoreau-

was an anti-war figure during the mexican war. An author, poet, and philosopher. He wrote Walden and an essay titles resistance to civil Government. it reflects upon simple living, natural living and ecology. He believed that "we should be men first and subjects afterwards" meaning that we should put what we feel is morally right before we listen to our leaders.

19th Amendment-

~Amendment for woman's suffrage. Gave the rights to women to vote

Emancipation

Liberation- the process of being set free

Arawak People

Lived in the Bahaman islands when Columbus came seeking gold and riches. They welcomed the Europeans with open arms, however were taken advantage of by the white men.

Monroe Doctrine

Made people believe in the ideology of expansionism. 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Miguel Barragan

Mexican General. He explained that Texas colonists were disrespecting Mexicans despite the fact that the Mexicans were treating the colonists with respect. They labeled Mexicans as foreigners in their own country.

Why did Frederick Douglass consider the war with Mexico to be a war against the free states? Thoreau writes that what is legal is not necessarily right. Do you agree or disagree?

Mexico already abolished slavery and the US did not. This is why it was a war against the free states. I agree that what is legal is not necessarily right. The only way to change is through resistance. Standing up for what is right is more important than following your leaders,

Why would the victorious US government reappoint the same Spanish authorities who had been in Cuba prior to the revolution?

The US did not want Cuba to gain independence because they feared rebellion. They wanted to have control and influence of what was happening in Cuba.

Double Oppression-

Black women faced double oppression. There were persecuted for the color of their skin and their sex.

Abolish

Formally put an end to

Are the conditions of slavery as important as the existence of slavery? How can (should) slavery be defined?

When you get lost in the conditions, you forget the existence is bad. Getting lost in the conditions emphasizes the very existence of slaves.The existence of slavery far outweigh the slaves conditions. If slavery did not exist, then the slaves would not face poor living conditions, infact they would not be slaves. They would not be forced to work and would not be whipped, beaten and sold. They would be treated as human beings not a piece of property with a price tag on their foreheads.

Civil Disobedience-

refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by the use of passive resistance or other non-violent means

Patronization

Behaving in an offensive and condescending way toward someone. or to act as a patron toward something or someone ie. giving support.

Tell the story behind: "Slavery without submission, emancipation without freedom."

"Slavery without submission, emancipation without freedom" The slaves did not submit to slavery, they were forced into it. When they were emancipated they faced Jim Crow laws were racially discriminated.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent; idealistic, sent by God, not for economic or territorial reasons

Juan Soto

Believed that the Irish should switch to the Mexican side during the war because they were of the same religion.

Spanish American War

1898 War, "The Splendid Little War" that resulted in US gaining Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam. This 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for indepedence. started because of yellow journalism (Hearsts NY and Pulitzer's NYW) and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine. The U.S. wanted to claim territory over seas they needed a reason to get into the war with spain so a U.S. ship called the main was blown up and Spain was blamed. The U.S. joined the war and eventually a treaty was signed to give up the Philippine Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.

Theodore Roosevelt

26 U.S. president hungry for war. Former secretary of navy. He lead the roughriders, a group of cowboys and Ivy league grads to fight in Cuba.

Ethan Allen Hitchcock-

A U.S. soldier who supported Mexico claim during the war. He believed that the United states had no right to start a war on disputed land. He believed the U.S were the aggressors.

San Patricio Battalion

A group of Irish soldiers fighting for Mexico during the war. Many of them had originally fought for the U.S. but switched sides due to common religious beliefs with Mexico and persecution from the U.S.

Bartolome De Las Casas

A priest who participated in the conquest of Cuba. He was the only direct source of information. He wrote in his journal about the terrorizing of the Native Americans and did not agree with what was happening to them. Though he was for the enslavement of Native Americans in the beginning, he had a change of heart.

Mutiny-

A revolt against authority. For example, the Mexican-American war when over 9000 soldiers deserted

Roosevelt wrote in 1897: "In strict confidence...I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one." Reflect on this using the following concepts: Rebellious energy, strikes and protest movements, external enemy, uniting the people, and twin drives of capitalism and nationalism.

Before the Spanish/American war, rebellious energy filled the United States. The people held strikes and protest movements. The Unites States thought that the people would unite against the external enemy due to the twin drives of capitalism and nationalism.

Moro Massacre

A tribe of Malays that fiercely resisted both Spanish and American occupation. The U.S. decided to pacify them. Led in March 1906 my Leonard Wood. A tribe of - had fortified themselves in the bowl of an extinct volcano, called Mount (Bud) Dajo. They were hostiles, and bitter against the U.S. because they had tried for 8 years to take away their freedom. General Wood ordered the troops to "kill or capture the 900 [-]" None of them were left alive. A tribe of Morro fled to a crater and US soldiers were commanded by General Wood to use vicious weapons to kill or capture the 600. 15 American soldiers were killed. Roosevelt wired congratulations to the troops who killed the women and children.

Smedley D. Butler

A veteran who wrote War is a Racket. a "racket" is an illegal or dishonest scheme for obtaining money. In war, it is the war millionaires who profit. He asks in his paper, "How many of these war millionaires shouldered a rifle?" The millionaires profit from the war without ever getting their hands dirty. The people beneath them do all of the heavy labor and profit very little, if anything. In fact, most experience loss and hardship from war.

Tell the story behind the following statement: "We take nothing by conquest, thank God."

After the Americans won the war on Mexico, they forced Mexico to accept a payment of $15 million for all of the land the US took. The united states claims to take nothing by conquest.

Samuel Clemens/ Mark Twain-

Against imperialism. Member of the Anti- Imperialist league. H used his writings to propagate the anti imperialist message. He did not want US to become a global power and take away the independence of others.

wounded knee massacre

Agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs made it illegal for tribal leaders to meet and imprisoned them if necessary. Also many thought to destroy the Native American's religion. They began by creating a criminal code which prohibited practicing their religion. Therefore, in 1890 to suppress the Ghost Dance religion the US used the army and artillery and killed at least 200 Sioux people. (wounded knee massacre)

Denmark Vesey

Born a slave, he bought his own freedom and became a religious leader in the black community. Led a slave rebellion in 1822 which bothered federal interference with the slave society. A free black from Charleston who led a rebellion which caused increasing anxieties in the south whose blame was outlet into protest of the tariffs. This slave rebellion showed that the time of slavery in America was coming to a crossroads where something must be done. They did not want it reach a level as it did in Haiti and along with increasing pressure from Britain, slavery was becoming redefined as immoral. Much of the South's frustrations were outlet into tariff protests.

Balangiga Massacre

Citizens rose up and killed a company of American soldiers because they were invading their territory. This resulted in the American troops cutting off the food and then General Jacob Smith ordered everyone over 10 should be killed.

Cuban Rebellion

Cuba fought for independence from spain. The Unites states stepped in last minute to "help" Cuba but in reality just wanted the glory and benefits from winning. They also wanted to keep their interests in Cuba protected. 1895 Cuban rebel against Spanish government, Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler to put it down, places Cubans in concentration camps, 200,000 die due to disease, starvation, Cuban exiles led by Jose Marti plead for US interpretation, President Cleveland McKinley say no, Cuban turn to destroying US sugar plantations to get America's attention

Calixto Garcia

Cuban general who fought in all three of Cuban uprising

Women are not mentioned in the _________________ Women are absent in the__________ . Women were invisible in the new ______________.

Declaration of Independence. constitution. Political Democracy

The Whig Party

Elected Abraham Lincoln to congress after the war began. They were against war, but not against expansion. This party wanted expanding power of the federal government, encouraged industrial and commercial development, and was cautious about westward expansion because they feared it would produce instability. It encouraged rising to commercial and manufacturing power and was found favorable to the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, the wealthy planters of the South, and the farmers of the West. This party also attracted Evangelical Protestants.

Abraham Lincoln

Elected to congress in 1846 by whigs party became 16th president in 1860 as republican. He was the president when they abolished slavery. He wrote the emancipation proclamation.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slavery and went back 19 times to rescue more than 300 slaves. Escaped through the underground railroad. It was either liberty or die for her.

List five ways in which the legacy of slavery affects our society today.

Five times the amount of Blacks are killed by cops than any other race. Racism still occurs to this day. We have only had one black president. Music and religion, clothing

Frederick Douglass-

He supported Women's rights. He was a featured speaker at the Seneca Falls Convention. Also an abolitionist leader. He was born into slavery in Maryland, and escaped at 20. Eventually published an autobiography. Editor of the North Star. An abolitionist who believed the war with mexico was " a war against the free states". He was against slave owners. He helped change many the perspective people had toward black intellectualism.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. A militant women's rights activist who went on a hunger strike after being arrested for obstructing traffic during a protest. She helped win passage of the 19th amendment

What are the primary arguments for trying to convince Irish, French, and German Catholics to join Mexico in the fight against the United States?

Irish started on the US side then a group of Irish soldiers joined the San Patricio Battalion and joined Mexico side because they realized that Mexico shared their religion. They were also tired of being persecuted by the United States.

Explain who declared the following: "Mexico...has invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil." Tell the story behind this statement.

James Polk said "Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil" the story is; James Polk ordered American troops to camp and patrol the disputed land and there were killed by Mexican troops. He lied about where they were killed. Because of this lie, a war was declared on Mexico.

List ten characteristics of the "Ideology of Expansion."

Nationalism, capitalism, militarism, greed, pride, social unrest, fear, racial supremacist, oppression, war, rebellion, hatred

30. S. Margaret Fuller Ossoli wrote "the free America so often feels himself free... only to paper his appetites and indolence through the misery of his fellow beings" Can anyone free of that freedom is dependent on the enslavement of others? Why or why not?

No, because part of being free is having self reliance. Depending on others is not freedom. If someone wants something to be done, to be free, they need to find a way other than slavery to solve their problems.

Describe the significance of what took place at the Seneca Falls Convention.

People made a declaration of sentiments and resolution. It was meaningful because men and women came together to do it. It was phrased similarly to the declaration of independence because they were pointing out how women were absent from it. The declaration of sentiments and resolution said men and women are created equal. Eighty six women and thirty toe men signed the declaration of sentiments.

Who makes History?

People make history. The winners write history.

Expansionist-

People who believe in expanding their territory or the greater good of the nation.

Anne Hutchinson

Purtian Woman who challenged religious authorities in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. Very intelligent and religious women who wanted to read and interpret the bible herself. She defied the church in early massachusetts bay colony. she was put to trial twice: Once by the church for heresy and once by the government for defying it, She was the mother of thirteen children. During her trials, she was pregnant and not allowed to sit down. She was banished from the colony and moved to rhode island supported by 35 other families.

Roughriders

Roosevelt's group of cowboys and Ivy league grads to fight in Cuba.

The condition under which white settlers came to America created various situations for women. Name as many as you can.

Sex slaves, gentleness, complying to men, baring children, companions, indentured servants

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. He was an American slave who led an effective slave rebellion in Virginia during August 1831 freeing slaves and killing the white people they found. Although the rebellion was effective, he was captured and executed November 11, 1831 in Virginia, and it stiffened pro-slavery. The oppressive legislature prohibited education, movements and assembly of slaves.

Discuss the fear among slave owners. What kinds of things might they be afraid of and how might these things affect their treatment and actions towards the slaves?

Slave owners feared slaves rebellion so they threatened their slaves and surprised them with new cruel and unusual punishments each time so the slaves would not know what to expect. the slave owners wanted their slaves to fear them and not disobey.

Did slave rebellions set back the cause of emancipation, as some abolitionists claimed at the time? Why or why not?

Slave rebellions gave other slaves the courage to stand up and lead a rebellion against their leaders. Harper's Ferry Attack pushed America towards the Civil War. This attack by slaves and abolitionists took place only two years before the war. The other attacks and rebellions built up to the Harper's Ferry Attack, which ultimately helped build up to the civil war. slave rebellions helped the slaves because they lead to the civil war which lead to their freedom.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Suffragette who, w/ Lucretia Mott, organized the 1sr convention on women's rights held in Seneca Falls; issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women; co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association w/ Susan B. Anthony in 1869

What were the overall effects on the Arawak people? Name the specific ways they were affected. How many people perished on Hispaniola from 1494-1508.

The Native Americans were tourchered, killed and raped, They were forced to work in mines and not allowed to see their families. b. From 1494-1508, over three million people died on Hispaniola.

Describe the primary impact of Sojourner Truth's speech "Ain't I a Woman".

The Primary impact of this speech is that it is given by a black woman. She faced double oppression. She was persecuted for being a woman and fore being black. She was not treated the same as a white woman was treated. She also brings up the fact the men would not exist without the woman. She reiterates the fact that All men and women are created equal despite the color of their skin or their gender.

How can both the Mexican government and the United States government fight a war for "God and Liberty"? How can justice and power be on both sides?

The US fought to defend their religion and beliefs of God. Mexico was fighting to abolish slavery and the US was fighting to expand their territory and for manifest destiny.

Mexican-American War-

The United States wanted to expand their empire and wanted Mexico's land. James Polk ordered US troops to camp on disputes land and these troops were killed by Mexican troops. James Polk lied and said that Mexican troops killed US soldiers on US land. Because of this lie, war was declared on Mexico and the US won. They annexed Texas land take land from Texas to California. However, their claim to take nothing by conquest so they forced Mexico to accept a payment of fifteen million dollars for over one third of their land.

Annexation-

The conquering of land.

Intervention

The deliberate act of a nation or a group of nations to introduce its military forces into the course of an existing controversy.

The White Man's Burden

The duty to colonize the world and civilize the savages.

Cession-

The formal giving up of rights, property, or territory, especially by a state. When Mexico gave up their land because they lost the war.

Christopher Columbus

The man credited for "discovering" America. He discovered and old world. He took advantage of the Arawak people and brought them to be slaves in Europe.

Summarize the events of the Balangiga Massacre. Who was the commanding general involved? Detail his involvement in other infamous events.

The people of Balangiga attacked a US troop. As a form of retaliation General Jacob H Smith and his men participated in the massacre of Filipino civilians. They first cut off food to Samar and they then proceeded to kill everyone over the age of 10. Smith was the commanding general involved. He committed thousands of murders and was involved in the wounded knee massacre.

What resulted from the Cuban Revolution? When American forces moved into Cuba, the rebels welcomed them, hoping they would guarantee Cuban independence, but what happened and why?

The result of the Cuban revolution was the United states claiming victory over spain. They took credit for the entire win. The US gained control over Cuba, Philippine islands, Guam and Puerto Rico. The US reappointed the same Spanish rulers over Cuba as before. The US reappointed spain as the Cuban's leaders because they wanted to keep their influence.

27. Women rebels have always faced special disabilities. Why is this? Name at least three of them

They are oppressed privately in secret. They are intimately oppressed. The rebels didn't have companionship of other people because they were forced to stay at home as a housewife. They were always under the eye of their masters because they lived with them. They were oppressed in the privacy of their own homes. Men have custody over their wife's person. Men have exclusive control of the children. Men also have ownership of their wives real estate.

A young Winston Churchill wrote: "A grave danger represents itself. Two-fifths of the insurgents in the field are negroes. These men...wound, in the event of success, demand a predominant share in the government of the country... the results being, after years of fighting, another black republic." Who is meant by the reference of "another black republic"? b. Why is a black republic a threat?

They feared that if Cuba gained Independence, they would have a black republic like Hati.They feared black republics because they knew that their past actions to enslaving an entire race were wrong. They were afraid that if more black republics rose, there would be an overthrowing of their nation. They did not want blacks to have power.

How does reading de las Casas and learning about Columbus charge your understanding of the consequences of European contact on the native people of the Western Hemisphere? Does this view make the Spanish Explorers any less heroic? How and why?

Through De las Casas journals, the truth about the Europeans is revealed. They are the true savages. The Native Americans were just victims of the cruel and inhumane deeds of the white men. Through his journals we know how poorly the Native Americans were treated.

What does it mean to be "Intimately Oppressed?"

To be oppressed quietly and privately.

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. ship anchored in Havana harbor that was blown up and got the United States into the war with Spain.

Summarize the events of the Moro Massacre. Who wrote a piece of Satire about this massacre?

US troops carried heavy and unnecessary, advanced equipment to a crater on a mountain where the Moro people hid. US soldiers were ordered to killed them while their officer watched them. Samuel Clemens aka Mark Twain wrote a piece of satire on the massacre.

James Polk

United states officer who lied and said that Mexico had spilled American Blood on American Soil. Because of this lie, the Mexican American war took place.

Given the origins and nature of the war with Mexico, how mate today's Mexicans respond to the efforts to exclude Mexicans from the United States territory.

We took Mexico's land and now we aren't letting them in and we are forcing Mexicans out of our country. It is ironic and incredibly dark because it was their land in the first place and we cheated them out of it. Today's Mexicans might feel disturbed and angry.

John Brown

White American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States.He led an attack on harpers ferry. Harpers ferry was a rebellion lead by white abolitionists and slaves. John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".

How long have women had the right to vote? How did they get the right to vote?

Women have had the right to vote for 96 years. They got the right to vote by nonviolent movements and protests. They did not rest until they got what they wanted and they did not back off during the war. Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party held strikes in front of the white house, talked to Congressmen, and participated in hunger strikes when they were arrested. Alice Paul was even force fed and poorly treated while in jail, but she would not cave.

Sojourner Truth

a black abolitionist who was freed from slavery in 1827 spoke to a gather in gof feminists denouncing the religious arguments commonly made to justify oppression of women. She also speaks out on the matter of equality toward race she believed that black and white women should be treated equal.

Sphere of Influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority A geographical area where one country, state, empire, etc. is very dominant and controlling. Controlling group often brings their own customs, political ideas, and so on.

Underground Railroad

a network of safe houses and routes for slaves to escape to freedom.

Susan B Anthony

one of the 14 women who defied the law to cast a ballot in the presidential election. She was arrested for knowingly voting without having the right to vote. She pointed out that the law was unjust and created by and in favor of men.

Oppression

prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control

Columbus wrote that with fifty men we could

subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.

Seneca Falls Convention-

the gathering of supporters for women's rights in July 1848 that launched the movement for women's right to vote. This had the effect of organizing the campaign for the vote that would continue until 1920 (19th Amendment) Other rights for women were achieved more quickly. People made a declaration of independence for women saying that men and women are created equal. Eighty-six women and thirty-two men signed the declaration of sentiments.