Honors World History Final exam

Lateran Accord

1929 signed by Mussollini and the Catholic Church to end dispute over Italy's seizure of church lands. Catholicism recognized as state religion and pope a head of the Vatican.

Islamic Revolution in Iran

1978 Shi'ites and secularist joined to overthrow shah's regime, 1979 Republican constitution is Islamic, not secular, Shi'ite leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini takes power.

Gavrilo Princip

19yr old member of the Black Hand-a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule- assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife as they visited Sarajevo

Conservatism

Argued for protecting the traditional monarchies as Metternich, usually wealthy property owners and nobility.

Battle of Britian

Bombing of Britain by the Luftwaffe in an attempt to break British morale

Tehran (conference)

First meeting of three leaders-Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, aatmosphere of goodwill, Western promise of a second front, Stalin agrees to join war against Japan, German disarmament and denazification, Eastern Europe a problem, agreement that neighboring countries should be friendly to the Soviets, West - states independent, democratic

Irish Potato famine

From 1845 to 1847 a fungus destroyed Ireland's potato crop; their main source of food. Over 1,000,000 died of starvation and disease, and an additional 1,500,000 fled Ireland. Most came to the U.S.

1) Reason for america's entrance into WWI

German unrestricted submarine warfare -sinking of Lusitania and the Sussex

Unification of Germany and Rise of Prussia

Germany achieved national unity in the mid-1800s as the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia formed the German confederation.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin, leader after Lenin, takes over as totalitarian ruler

Treaty of Portsmouth

President Theodore Roosevelt helped draft this treaty which gave Japan the territories they captured and forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and Korea. President Roosevelt's efforts to mediate the proceedings earned him a Nobel Peace Prize.

Crisis proceeding WWI

Moroccan Crises and Balkan Crises

The Indian National Congress

a spirit of Indian nationalism led to the founding of two groups; the Indian national Congress in 1885, and the Muslim League in 1906. Both groups called for self-government.

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Wahhabism , Followers of him. They believed the only authorities were Qur'an and traditions of the prophet Muhammad. Wahhabism is the guiding ideology of Saudi Arabia today

Embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country, ban on trade or any commercial activity with another country-as with the US and Japan

Protectorate

an small autonomous country protected by another larger country with loss of some of it sovereignty

The Sepoy Mutiny

as economic problems increased for Indians, so did their feelings of nationalism and resentment. Sepoys, Indian soldiers, refused to use cartridges sealed with beef or pork fat and were jailed. Others marched to Delhi and captured the city and the rebellion spread. Indian Hindus and Muslims were unable to unite against the British. Britain took direct control of India. The term Raj referred to British rule over India from 1757 until 1947.

British Imperialism in India

as the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized Indian Territory until it controlled almost the entire subcontinent. During the Industrial revolution, India was a main supplier of raw materials and its people were an important market for British goods. It was considered the "jewel in the crown" of all of Britain's colonies.

Vladimir Illich Lenin

created the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party which would become the communist Party of the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution. Lenin urged that the socialist revolution unite the proletariat and the peasants.

The Rhineland

demilitarized area between Germany and France; Hitler violated the terms of the Treat of Versailles by bringing troops into the area

The Manhattan project

development of the atomic bomb

First Battle of Marne

first major clash of the western front and the single most important event of the war. French military had discovered the path of the German army and they attacked northeast of Paris in the valley of the Marne. This defeat of the Germans left the Schlieffen plan in ruins.

Sputnik I

first satellite launched by the Soviets

Joseph Goebbels

head of the elaborate Nazi Propaganda Ministry which operated on the principle of the big lie-the bigger the lie, the more likely people would believe it.

Leon Trotsky

helped negotiate the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk which allowed Russia to peacefully exit World War I, and served as commander of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.

Caudillo

is a type of personalist leader wielding political power. Spanish censors during his rule went after publishers who applied the term to Latin American strongmen., military type ruler

Proletarianization

is the social process whereby people move from being either an employer or self-employed (or rarely unemployed), to being employed as wage labor by an employer. In Marxian theory, proletarianization is often seen as the most important form of downward social mobility

Schlieffen Plan

plan for a large part of the German army to race west, to defeat France, and then return to fight Russian in the east. It worked well, initially.

The Muslim League

political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.

Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact

secret agreement between Germany and Russia for the division of Poland

The Salt March

staged by Gandhi to protest that salt could only be purchased from the government at a high tax rate. He and his followers walked 240 miles to the sea where they made their own salt by collecting sea water and letting it evaporate.

The Treaty of Prague

stated that Austria must remove itself from German affairs.

Pogroms

violent attacks by local non-Jewish populations on Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries. The first such incident to be labeled a pogrom is believed to be anti-Jewish rioting in Odessa in 1821.

Mary Wollstonecraft

wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a "sneak attack" upon the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, forcing the United States actively into the war. Japan planned to humble the United States and assure Japanese domination of eastern Asia.

Usman Dan Fodio

African who called for a pristine style of Islam

Einsatzgruppen

paramilitary Nazi death squads responsible for mass killings

Heinrich Himmler

head of the Gestapo-secret police that brutally suppressed all resistance.

Apartheid

"Apartness" the term referring to racist policies enforced by the white-dominated regime that existed in south Africa from 1948-1992

Boxer Rebellion

"Righteous and Harmonious Fists"; The Boxers rebelled against in the spring of 1900 when they attacked Beijing shouting : "Death to the foreign devils". They laid siege to the European section of the city for months and while the Dowager Empress Cixi openly supported their cause, she refused to send them military aid. A multinational force of 20,000 soldiers from eight nations (six European nations as well as Japan and the U.S.) were dispatched and quickly suppressed the uprising. While a failure, was significant because it 1) increased nationalism, 2) showed that the government needed to be more responsive to the needs of the Chinese people and 3) demonstrated Chinese needed reform and modernization.

Kristallancht

"Night of the broken glass" involving anti-Jewish violence in early November 1938, carried out by SA men set off by the killing of a German minor official Ernst vom Rath by a 17 year old Jewish student, Hershel Grynszpan. 35,000 were arrested 35 killed and hundreds of synagogues and Jewish businesses were destroyed.

Bltizkrieg

"lightening war"-German attack on Spain in support of Franco

The Ausgleich

( German: "Compromise") also called Compromise of 1867, the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Jamal al-din Al-Afghani

(1839-1897) 19th century European writers generally viewed Islam as hostile to science and closed to new ideas.Egyptian Muslim . Argued Islam would modernize, over time

Theodor Herzl

(1860-1904) Founder of Zionist movement. Desired to find a homeland for the Jews and called for a Jewish State (1896). Originally a combination of a rejection of anti-Semitism, it expressed a desire to establish some of the ideals of liberalism and socialism in state outside Europe

Jiang Jieshi

(aka Chiang Kai-shek) headed the Kuomintang-after Sun's death. . His followers were bankers and businessmen who feared the goals of the communists. In 1927, Nationalist troops and armed gangs carried out the Shanghai Massacre. They nearly wiped out the Chinese Communist party. Remaining members went into exile. Jiang became president for of the nationalist Republic of China.

Charles Darwin

-Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out) wrote On the Origin of Species In his book The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, the controversial Charles Darwin challenged the idea of special creation by stating that all forms including human beings, evolved from earlier living forms that had existed millions of years ago.Darwin's Theory of Evolution held that some species evolve and adapt to their environment in order to survive changing conditions, or in the midst of competition over a limited food supply. Those that don't evolve, die out or are consumed by species that do. Further, the offspring of the surviving species share traits of their parents which allowed them to survive and flourish.While he did not know how living things passed on their traits from one generation to the next; Darwin laid the foundation of the study of genetics.

1) Cause of the Russian Revolution

1. Political Conditions Absolutism of the Czar. The czar ruled as an unlimited monarch and exercised all powers. (Just like Louis XVI)

Opium War

1839-war between the British and Chinese over the British selling opium to the Chinese. Battles took place at sea and the Chinese were easily defeated. A peace treaty-The Treaty of Nanjing gave Britain Hong Kong. Trade in opium continued.

Commodore Matthew Perry

1853 sailed into Tokyo Harbor forcing Japan to accept US offer of opening trade with Japan. His demand led to the Treaty of Kanagawa, opening two ports to trade. The Meiji Era-Japanese were angry that the shogun had given in to a foreigner's demands rallied around the young emperor Mutsuhito. He began his reign in 1867 at the age of 15, ruled for 45 years, and took steps to modernize Japan. His reign is known as the Meiji (means enlightened rule) era.

First Sino Japanese War

1894 War between Japan and China after China broke a treaty w Japan by going into Korea and fight to aid the king. Japan drove China out of Japan and destroyed China's navy. The Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Taiwan to Japan and Japan began taking over Manchuria.

Adam Smith

18th century Scotsman who believed in a free economy. He claimed that the government need not interfere and shared his view in his book The Wealth of Nations. He supported the notion of a Laissez faire economic policy allowing owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference

The Rowlatt Act

1919, India-These acts were passed by the legislature of British India. They allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years. Violent protests resulted. In Amritsar, many Hindus and Muslims had gathered for a festival. Most people were unaware that public meetings had been banned by the British. Believing the ban was being openly defied, British troops opened fire and a massacre resulted. Indians changed from loyal British subjects to revolutionaries and nationalists, opening the door for Mohandas K. Gandhi to emerge as leader of the independence movement.

2) Cause of the Russian Revolution

2. Social Conditions - Rigid Class Distinctions. Privileged classes: The clergy of the state controlled Russian Orthodox Church preached obedience to the czar. (In the French Revolution, the First Estate; The Roman Catholic Church) The nobility owned much land and held important army and government positions. (In the French Revolution, the Second Estate) Unprivileged classes: The peasants, the bulk of the population, lived impoverished lives and worked hard without prospect of advancement. (French Revolution - Sans culottes) The city workers, few in number, faced the same situation. The unprivileged classes remained mostly illiterate, for the Czar feared that education would teach commoners "dangerous" ideas.Russification Subject peoples, such as Poles, Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, and Armenians, were pressured to adopt the Russian language, culture, and religion. They resisted the government's attempts to destroy their national heritages. Persecution of Jews Jews were forbidden to own land and were almost completely barred from educational institutions.They were required to live in restricted districts, called the Pale of Settlement. (The Pale)

Juan Peron

20th century embodiment of the caudillo who fed off discontent of working class Peronism - authoritarian, militaristic, anti-Communist, socially progressive

3) Cause of the Russian Revolution

3. Economic Conditions: Russia was an agrarian society where its peasants, used primitive farming methods, lacked sufficient land, and eked out a wretched living.Beginnings of Industrialization (Late 19th Century) With peasants providing cheap labor and French investors supplying capital, Russia began its industrial revolution. Russia's industrial beginnings created two new economic classes: workers and capitalists. The workers resented their low wages and slum conditions. The capitalists (business owners) resented the privileged position of the nobility. (This should sound just like the Bourgeoisie) Both groups desired a voice in the government and opposed absolutism.

Bloody Sunday

A group of workers, trying to deliver a petition to Czar Nicholas II at his Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, were fired up in an event called "Bloody Sunday."

Clash of Civilizations

A political theory, most often identifies with Harvard political scientist Samuel P. Huntington that contends that conflict between the world's religiocultural traditions or "civilizations" increasingly dominates world affairs.

Baatan Death March

About 76,000 prisoners, including 12,000 Americans, were forced on the sixty miles march under a blazing sun without food or water toward the new POW camp in the Philippines. Over 5,000 Americans died on the march which began on April 10th and lasted six days for some and up to twelve days for others.

Africa before imperialism

African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic groups. Most followed traditional beliefs but many had converted to Islam or Christianity. Powerful armies had kept Europeans out and in 1880 Europeans controlled only 10% of the continent, mainly on the coast. Large networks conducted trade. These networks kept Europeans from controlling the trade of items such as ivory and gold.

the Cuban Missle Crisis

Adlai Stevenson, presents evidence to the Security Council on October, 25, 1962, in support of the claim that the Soviet Union was installing offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. The events surrounding this discovery became known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. In October 1962, reconnaissance photographs by U2 spy planes revealed that the Soviet Union was installing nuclear missile sites on the island of Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of Florida. The United States dispatched naval forces to block the Soviet shipment of nuclear arms to Cuba. The Soviet Union discontinued their effort.

Provisional Government

After Czar Nicholas II steps down, the leaders of the Duma establish a temporary government. It was toppled by the Bolshevik Red Guards who took over government offices in November 1917.

Danzig

After Czechoslovakia, Poland was the next target. In 1939 Hitler demanded the return of ------ and the Polish Corridor. Chamberlain announced Franco-British guarantee of Polish independence on March 31, 1939. On August 1939, the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, was reached which was a secret agreement for division of Poland. It allowed Germany to take the western half of Poland, and Russia to take the eastern half as well as the Baltic states. (port city)

Fidel Castro

After a long struggle in the Cuban countryside, HIS rebel forces marched toward Havana, Fulgencio Bastista fled the country and HE seized control of the capital city on New Year's Day, 1959.

Congress of Vienna

After exiling Napoleon, European leaders tried to restore order and reestablish peace. As foreign minister of Austria, Metternich worked with Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Emperor Francis I of Austria to prevent further French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries (containment) , restoring a balance of power, and restoring Europe's royal families to their thrones( legitimacy). Congress of Vienna created a time of peace in Europe. Peace lasted until the Crimean War in 1853. Series of Alliance devised by Metternich-the Concert of Europe-assured that nations would help each other out of revolutions broke out. Conservatives held control of governments to guard against revolutions breaking out in Europe

Tiananmen Square

After several weeks, tanks and troops cleared the square. Between 250 and 3,000 people were killed and 7,000 to 10,000 thousand people were injured. Between then and today freedom has been allowed in most areas of life in China, but no challenge to Communist Party rule has been tolerated.

Japanese Militarism

After the political upheaval and liberalism that preceded the 1920's; the military became driving elite in Japanese politics.Soldiers saw themselves as heirs of founders of modern Japan and the guardians of Japanese tradition.In 1931, Japan used ambiguous treaty language, assassination and an aggressive foreign policy to take Manchuria. Japan then withdrew from the League of Nations: Differences from Nazi's: Japan more homogeneous, Spiritual mobilization of Japanese population, Different political process Similarities with Nazi's: Japanese militarism and Nazism, Late developers with strong military traditions, Patriarchal family structures, Solution to Great Depression in expansion They both persecuted Socialists; then liberals

Warsaw Pact

Alliance against democracy, supporting communism, n response to NATO the Soviet Union created its own military alliance known as the .... which included the U.S.S.R. and the other Soviet Block nations of Eastern Europe.

3) Reason for america's entrance into WWI

Allied propaganda-help Britain

Propaganda

Americans were receptive toward Allied this because: (a) we felt a kinship for Britain, based upon common our culture, and (b) our friendship for France went back to France's support of the colonial cause in the American Revolution.

The Vietnam War

America continued its Cold War policy of containment in Southeast Asia. The epicenter of this conflict was in the former French colony of Vietnam. French Indo-China, was conquered by the Japanese during World War II, and after the war ended Nationalist minded Vietnamese like Ho Chi Minh, hoped that they would be given their independence. They were wrong.The French reclaimed their imperialist holding after the war, and Ho, supported by the Communists, fought the French using guerilla tactics.In 1954, the French suffered a humiliated defeat at Dien Bien Phu and were forced to leave Vietnam.The United States, fearing that the rest of Southeast Asia would fall to Communism (Eisenhower's domino theory) began supporting an anti-Communist government in south Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel.

4) Reason for america's entrance into WWI

American economic interests-want to recover money spent to help France

Argonne Forest

American entry into war broke stalemate in France-this battle was the first decisive victory

5) Reason for america's entrance into WWI

American idealism-Wilson-world must be safe for democracy

Ngo Dinh Diem

American supported anti-Communist government in the south was led by Ngo Dinh Diem. The Diem regime was dictatorial, extremely corrupt and very unpopular, conversely, Ho Chi Minh began a land redistribution program that was well received n the north. Resistance to Diem in the south was led by pro-communist guerillas known as the Vietcong. Diem suspended free elections and banned protests. The ban didn't work. Resistance to the Diem regime grew to such an extent that the U.S. helped a group of south Vietnamese generals assassinate him. His replacement was no more popular.

Joseph Mengele

Angel of Death of Auschwitz; known for his medical experimentation, especially on twins, and his decisions as to who would die.

Lech Walesa

August 1980 strike at Gdansk shipyards led by Lech Walesa. The strike ended when government allowed formation of union, Solidarity. Summer 1981, secret elections for Polish party congress December 1981, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law. Temporary end to democratization experiment

Sigmund Freud

Austrian doctor who believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act. He created a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to help people deal with the psychological conflicts created by these forces.

Dominion

Britain allowed self rule in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, but delayed independence for Ireland. By the mid 1800's many Canadians believed Canada needed a central government. In 1687, provinces were joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Now Canada was self-governing in domestic affairs but still a part of Canada.

The Big Three

Britain, Russia,US

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime minister who in 1939 commented that "it is peace in our time" when Sudetenland was given to the Germans

Impact of Colonial Rule

British gained complete control of India in 1858 Indirect control 50 years before that Economic impact of East India Company rule Exploitation of Indian land and resources Series of uprisings, Indian environment altered, Encouragement of settled agriculture, Land cleared to deny cover to rebels, Massive commercial logging operations Positive 1) Railroads 2) Helped India develop a modern economy 3) Infrastructure improved 4) Sanitation and public health improved. 5) Helped end Civil W Negative 1) Britain held most of the political and economic power. 2) They restricted Industry. 3) Emphasis on cash crops reduced domestic food supply. 4) Famine. 5) Racism and intolerance.

Bernard Montgomery

British general in control of forces in North Africa

Mustafa Kemal

By the end of World War I, Turkey was all that remained of the old Ottoman Empire. In 1919, Greek forces invaded Turkey and dealt a deathblow to the Ottoman empire. The Sultan, powerless to stop the Greeks, was overthrown by a group of Turk Nationalists led by Him and he pushed the Greeks out of Turkey, established the Republic of Turkey, and was named its first president.

African Independence

By 1980 no African state was ruled by a European state. Transition to independent states was more peaceful than expected. Internal conflicts since independence have led to instability and violence.

Liberalism

Challenged the old conservative order of Europe, were mostly middle class business leaders and merchants, and they sought to give more power to parliaments where the educated and the landowners could vote.

Nationalism

Changes Europe as countries seek their own unique identities.

The Cultural revolution

China inched toward capitalization, but Mao saw that this threatened his idea of Communism in China. Additionally, he believed that China was headed toward a Soviet-style bureaucracy where the Party members were the new privileged elite. Proclaiming that all who opposed his methods were capitalists and therefore subversives, Mao reemerged by launching the ------- (1965-1976) to create a truly egalitarian culture. The Four Olds: Ideas, Culture, Customs and Habits) It really was an attempt by Mao to remove his rivals from government and to revive his image to the Chinese people after the disaster of the Great Leap Forward.

Potsdam conference people

Clemet Atlee, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin.

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.Hitler's attack on Germany

HIV/Aids

Collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) The late stage of the condition leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to decelerate the virus's progression, there is currently no known cure.

The Meiji Era (Restoration)

Committed to progress defined as achieving wealth and power as Western industrial nations possessed.Required the Japanese people to make sacrifices for the sake of the government's future success.Announcement of restoration - January 3, 1868*The bakufu was defeated militarily *Edo renamed Tokyo, "the eastern capital" *Young emperor controlled by Kyoto nobles; The corner stone of the Meiji era was modernization: Feudalism was replaced independent land ownership (Just as it had in Europe) A strong centralized government was established. (Just as it had in Europe; Germany became Japan's model) The Japanese built a strong and modern military. (Just as the countries of Europe had done; particularly Germany) Japan began to industrialize; Rail lines, factories, weapons production. (Just like the west)

Zyklon B

Cyanide gas used at Auschwitz.

Huda Sha'rawi

Egyptian Feminist Union 1923 Reform of marriage laws / access to education Women should no longer be concealed from society (removal of the veil). Inequality rooted in cultural, political, and economical structures

Battle of Tannenberg

Eastern front that allowed -the Central Powers to move into Russia

Factors to Nazi rise of Power

Economic distress, fear of communism, appeal to nationalist feelings of Germans, and anti-Semitism

Forces enabling imperialism

European technological superiority and racism, economic competition, nationalism, Missionary impulse, cure for malaria, ethnic strife

Social Darwinism

Europeans took Charles Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" and applied it to social change. Those who were fittest for survival, were wealthy, technologically advanced, and successful in capitalistic endeavors. Europeans felt it was their duty to bring their advanced lifestyle, technology and progress to other countries.

Joseph Stalin

Even during World War II the relationship between the United States and Joseph Stalin wasn't great. 1) Stalin had signed a treaty with Hitler (The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) 2) Stalin claimed the allies took too long to attack German occupied Europe. (According to Stalin, D-Day should have happened earlier) 3) Contrasting political ideologies (this one should be obvious) Driven by these and other conflicts, the two allies began to pursue opposing goals.

Muhammad Ali

Father of modern Egypt" who attempted to rejuvenate Egyptian agriculture, introduced modern mechanized industry, added European education culture in schools, modernized army with European help, and set Egypt on path to becoming a distinct modern national state.

Radicalism

Favored drastic change, sought to extend democracy to the people as a whole and believed in the ideals of the French Revolution.

Containment

Fearful that Communism would spread, Truman adopted a foreign policy called -------. -------- policies included creating alliances, implementing policies, and diverting aid toward weak nations so that they could resist the Soviet Union. The two most aggressive policies were the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan or aiding western europe to keep from the spread of communism. Truman Doctrine involved provided aid to countries like Turkey and Greece who received over $400,000,000 despite a great deal of opposition.

World war II (Nanking)

For Communists, Japanese occupation was opportunity Communists operated at grass-roots level, The Communist party strengthened itself from 40,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million in 1945 Communists operated at grass-roots level To the Chinese, Mao represented himself as the successor to Sun Zhongshan, and to the Communists he presented himself as theoretician in line of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.

Charles de Gaulle

French general; free French movement

The July Monarchy

France in 1830, a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, ended with the Revolution of 1848, with the The Charter (constitution) that: Limited the power of the king Embodied the rights of the people Censorship abolished Catholicism not the official religion Socially a conservative revolution, Liberal monarchy showed little sympathy for the lower classes.

Nanking

From December 1937 to February1938, the most extreme example of Japanese brutality was committed against the citizens of Nanking in China. During a three month period, Japanese soldiers slaughtered approximately 200,000 Chinese and raped over 20,000 women.

Satyagraha

Gandhi's strategy for battling injustice was called satyagraha or "truth force". You know this as passive resistance or civil disobedience. It was logical since violent protests in India resulted in hasher treatment.

Louis Pasteur

Germ theory of disease was developed by French chemist Louis Pasteur in the mid-1800s when he discovered that bacteria was responsible for fermentation and could be killed by heat. This discovery led to the development of pasteurization to kill germs in liquids like milk. Joseph Lister, a British surgeon read about Pasteur's work and made the connection between cleanliness and reducing infection. He began sterilizing surgical wards and patient's wounds and drastically reduced infection in his hospital.

Luftwaffe

German air force

Aunchluss

German invasion and annexation of Austria

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who encouraged return to heroic values of pride, assertiveness and strength. He believed humans could become super men and rise above others. His ideas impacted politics in Germany and Italy in the 1920s and 1930s.

Scramble for Africa

Germany's annexations in Africa started a wild "Scramble for Africa" By 1890, almost all of Africa was claimed. Great powers extended into areas that were neither profitable nor strategic. Belgian Congo prime example of irrationality as it became King Leopold II of Belgium's personal property. Horrors told in Joseph Conrad's - Heart of Darkness

Weimar Republic

Germany's democratic government set up in 1919, had serious weaknesses from the start. Many blamed the Weimar government, not wartime leaders for their country's defeat and humiliation.

Declining Islamic power

Great Islamic empires (Ottoman-Mughal-Safavid, etc.) weakened in 18th century due to rise of the West as well as internal problems such as: Increasingly decentralized and dominated by entrenched hereditary elites.Less stable economically.Their resources were becoming dominated by the Imperialist aspirations of the west.Britain, Russia, Germany and France all began to compete for control of the region.

Hershel Grynszpan

He was the polish Jewish teenager who assassinated Ernst vom Rath which provided a pretext for the Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass."

Ernst vom Rath

He was the German Diplomat remembered for his assassination in Paris in 1938 by a polish Jewish teenager Herschel Grynszpan, which provided a pretext for the Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass."

Munich Conference

Hitler delivered a speech on September 12,1938 which causes rioting in the Sudetenland. To settle the matter, Germany, Italy, France, and Britain meet in Munich on September 29, 1938. The Munich Conference, its settlement, and Hitler's push to take over the rest of Czechoslovakia is considered the high point of appeasement. The Sudetenland was given to Germany and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain stated, "I believe it is peace in our time" Hitler then took Prague in March 1939.

Simon Wiesenthal

Holocaust survivor who dedicated his life to prosecuting of Nazi war criminals.

2) Reason for america's entrance into WWI

Hostility towards Germany Zimmermann Note-written by German ambassador to Mexico offering help to Mexico to recover territory in US if Mexico would ally with Germany

Debt Peonage

Image result for debt peonage definition Peonage, also called debt slavery or debt servitude, is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work, work to death because debt kept growing.

The Hungarian revolution

Imre Nagy, the new Hungarian Communist leader, wanted greater independence for Hungary. He called for removal of Soviet troops and withdrawal of Hungary from Warsaw Pact.Soviets send in tanks, Nagy was executed, and Janos Kadar chosen as Hungary's new premier.

Wilhelm I

In 1861 Wilhelm I became king of Prussia. He moved to reform and increase the military but had trouble getting money from parliament. He named Otto von Bismarck-a master of realpolitik- as his prime minister. He sought to expand Germany and provoked Austria over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. The result was the Seven Week's War. It was over quickly, Austria was humiliated, and Prussia took control of northern Germany.

Détente

In 1963 (after the Cuban Missile Crisis) the U.S.S.R. and the United States signed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.This marked the start of a ------, or lessening of tensions that would later intensify under Richard Nixon.This period was defined by trade agreements and a mutual reduction of strategic armaments.Relations were further strained by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The Senate refused to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) in response. ---- at High Tide - The visit of Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev to Washington in 1973 was a high-water mark in the search for ---- between the two nations, a search that had begun as early as 1962. It continued through parts of five presidential administrations, and that collapsed in disarray in the 1970's.

Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev

In 1980, Ronald Regan was elected president and he sought to outspend Soviets and exhaust their resources. In 1985, Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev held a summit in 1985 and agreed to dismantle 2,000 missiles and hold mutual inspections. This was the most significant agreement between the two superpowers since World War II.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

In 1990, Gorbachev proposed that the party abandon its monopoly of power Central Committee accepted proposal Gorbachev faced challenges from three forces Groups that wanted to maintain the influence of the Communist Party and Soviet army Those who wanted even greater change Regional unrest - Baltic states

Douglas MacArthur

In August, 1942, moved the Allied forces (chiefly American) northward in "island-hopping" offensives on the road to Japan.

Treaty of Kanagawa

In Tokyo, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, representing the U.S. government, signs this Treaty with the Japanese government, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade and permitting the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.

Franco Prussian War

In an effort to unify Catholic and Protestant states, Bismarck provoked France into war- the Franco-Prussian War-Prussia is victorious, the war ends with the Treaty of Frankfurt, and Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser at Versailles. The Germans called the new empire the Second Reich. (Holy Roman Empire was the first)

John Pershing

Leader of American expeditionary forces-US general

Victor Emmanuel II

In the Italian unification he was proclaimed king

Unchecked capitalism

In the early years of industrialization, workers had become dependent upon the employer for their livelihood and faced many hardships. Wages were low, just above the starvation level. Hours were long. Children from age 5 and women held jobs in factories and mines. Since they were less demanding and accepted lower wages, they often replaced men. Factories were unlighted and unsanitary; machines lacked proper safeguards against accidents.

Causes of the Great Depression

In the late 1920s, the world economy was like a delicately balanced house of cards. They key card that held up the rest was American economic prosperity. If the US economy weakened, the world's economic system might collapse. In 1929, it did. With the crash of the stock market on Black Tuesday, unemployment rates began to rise as industrial production, prices and wages declined. The collapse of the American economy sent shock waves around the world.

Factors of production

Industrialization brought the use of machines for manufacturing. Britain was in a good position to take advantage of advancements as it had factors of production: land, labor, and capital. In Europe, cities doubled in population in this period of urbanization. In cities, living conditions for workers were not always good, and working conditions could be poor as manufacturers wanted their machines running as many hours as possible. The industrial revolution also brought changes in social classes. Most notable was the rise of the middle class: factory owners, shippers and merchants.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots, which in Japanese means "divine wind", were suicide squadrons organized by the Japanese air force in the last months of World War II. Pilots flew their aircraft, loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels. Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 40 U.S. ships.

Unification of Italy

Italians no longer wanted to live under the rule of different countries. In 1832 Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group called young Italy for those under 40. He believed in the establishment of nation-states but his rebellion failed and he was exiled. In 1852 Camillo Cavour was appointed prime minister by Victor Emmanuel II. He worked to increase the power of Sardinia and take Sardinia from Austrian control. He also liked to the south to seek further control. He helped rebels (Red Shirts) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi to capture Sicily and later advance to the mainland. The result was southern Italy united under the King of Sardinia.Venetia was added in 1866 and the Papal States in 1870. Problems erupted between the industrial north and the agricultural south.

Bloody Sunday

January 1905- St. Petersburg, Russia-unarmed demonstrators bringing a petition for better working conditions to the czar were fired upon by the Imperial Army.

Korea under Japanese occupation

Japan brought Korea under its control in 1910. The Japanese were brutal rulers. Japan businessmen were encouraged to open businesses in Korea. Despite technological progress, Japan's rule in Korea was imperialism at its worst.

Battle of Somme

July 1916- British offensive along the Somme River, northern France . British gained only 7 miles. Heavy casualties.

Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919 signed by German Democratic Govt. 1) Germany surrenders territory-esp. Alsace-Lorraine to France 2)Colonial-Germany cedes all its colonies to the Allies 3) Disarmament-German army limited to 100,000 volunteers, Navy reduced to a few small ships, submarines, military aircraft and war industries were prohibited 4) War and Guilt reparations -Germany accepted sole responsibility for causing war, paid reparations for all damages 5) The League of Nations-first article of the treaty provided for establishment of this group which later became United Nations

Wilhelm II

Kaiser who forced Bismarck to resign and wanted sole control of the government

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878.

Battle of the Bulge

Last major German offensive of WWII

Economic Dependency

Latin America became dependent on Britain and later the U.S. instead of Spain for financial support. Post-independence; Latin America was similar to Africa and Asia during the 19th and early 20th centuries

The Korean War

Like Berlin, Germany and Europe, the nation of Korea was divided after World War II. The Japanese surrendered to the Soviet Union north of the 38th Parallel and the Americans south of the 38th parallel. In 1950, supplied by the Soviet Union, North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel in an attempt to unify the country under Communist rule.The United Nations assembled a force under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur to stop the invasion. On July 27, 1953, the U.S.,North Korea and China signed an armistice which ended the war, but failed to bring about peace. To date, the Republic of Korea (South) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North), divided at the 38th parallel, have not signed a peace treaty.

Intifadah

Literally "shaking" uprisings by the Palestinians against Israeli occupation.

Revolution of 1911

Major players: Gentry / Qing military commanders Sun Zhongshan (1866-1925) Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) Declared himself first president of Republic of China Nationalists win elections in 1913 Yuan names himself new emperor, dies in 1916 China falls into period of warlord warfare

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong and The Communists 1) Controlled Northern China and had fewer numbers. 2) Were extremely organized, and their military was well trained. 3) Promised land reform and gained popular support. 4) Supported by the Soviet Union Despite the fact that the Nationalists were supported by the United States, the Communists were able to take control of China in October of 1949. Jiang and the other nationalists leaders fled to the island of Taiwan. (also called Formosa) Mao declared the People's Republic of China, and the U.S. saw this as another step toward global domination by the Communists.

Long March

Mao fled to the countryside. He believed he could bring a revolution to the countryside. He thought the peasant could be the true revolutionaries. By 1930, communists and nationalists were involved in a bloody civil war. Jiang's army surrounded the communists in their mountain stronghold. In 1934, outnumbered, the communists began the long march of over 6,000 miles to safety in northwest China.

The Great Leap forward

Mao then sought to move China beyond the great western powers like the United Kingdom and the United States with his Great Leap Forward. Collectivization was, of course, a part of this process as was industrialization. The result were catastrophic. (Just like Stalin) Between 18 to 43 million (there's really no way to know for sure) Chinese starved to death, and industrial output was disappointing. Additionally, the relationship between China and the Soviet Union began to collapse for a variety of reasons. The failure of the Great Leap Forward resulted in Mao being disciplined, but quietly within the confines of the Party.

Causes of WWI

Nationalism, Imperialism, Complex alliances, International anarchy, Militarism

Mutterkreuz

Nazi award to Aryan mothers for having children-"mother's cross"

Weltanschauung

Nazi ideology that Jews were the enemies of the world.

Neoclassical economy

Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics that relates supply and demand to an individual's rationality and his ability to maximize utility or profit, Political philosophies discouraged any real challenge to social order. Shortage of capital discouraged indigenous industrialization. Greater landed estates were promoted; the more raw materials produced, not more they could import finished manufactured goods. Ignored social problems of poor, those without property.

Potsdam Conference July 1945

New Big Three - Joseph Stalin, Harry Truman and Clement Attlee, Germany was defeated, Poland moved 100 miles west for Soviets , Allies agree that Germany is to be divided into occupation zones, Council of Foreign Ministries established to draft peace treaties for Germany's allies

Conditions in Czarist Russia

Nicholas II sought to maintain autocracy and was blind to changes in the world. Nobility owned most of the land. The Czar controlled the Russian Orthodox Church which preached allegiance to the czar. In spite of industrial growth, by 1900 Russia still lagged behind. Growth of factories brought poor working conditions, low wages, a poor standard of living, and lack of political power. Peasants used primitive farming methods, had little land, and barely made a living.

Nikita Khruschev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War, who had replaced Stalin in 1958

Latin American Colonial Society Hierarchy

Peninsulares -Latin Americans who had been born in Spain Creoles -Spaniards who were born in Latin American Mestizos -Persons of mixed European and Indian Ancestry Mulattos -Persons of mixed European and African Ancestry Indians -Native Latin Americans

Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of Russia

Perestroika ("restructuring") Proposed major economic, political reforms Advocated private ownership of property Liberalize economy - toward free market Glasnost ("openness") Dissidents released from prison Censorship relaxed

Creole

Persons of European descent who were born in the Spanish Colonies.

German Reunification

Popular demonstrations in East German cities Demanded democracy, end to Communism Gorbachev told East German leaders Soviets would not support them anymore Berlin Wall torn down in November, 1989 In 1990, Communist government lost election in East Germany Reunification in 1990

The Truman Doctrine

President Truman said, "I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". The Truman Doctrine involved provided aid to countries like Turkey and Greece who received over $400,000,000 despite a great deal of opposition.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of England during WWII-"Blood, toil, tears, and sweat"

Decembrist Revolt

Rebels protest Nicholas I taking the throne in Russia, in December 1825

Collectivization

Russia takes control of all farms and makes them into huge, government run farms. By 1930's, 90% of land was government controlled

The Cheka

Russian secret police created to maintain order

The Crimean War

Russians believed serfdom should end, but the czar was reluctant to anger the landowners. After industrial inadequacies led to Russia's defeat in the Crimean War in 1856, Alexander II decided to move Russia toward modernization and cultural change. He freed the serfs in 1861. His assassination in 1881 halted the social reforms as Alexander III tightened control on the country. Alexander III encouraged industrial development and nationalism untied the country and the desire to compete with other nations.

Stalingrad

Russians held off German army and forced retreat

Benito Juarez

Santa Anna's dominance in Mexican politics was replaced by a liberal reformer named Benito Juarez.Juarez was the son of a poor farmer who worked his way through school and earned a degree in law.In the mid-1800's Juarez worked to start a liberal reform movement in Mexico called La Reforma. Juarez sought to: 1) Re-distribute the land of Mexico; 2) Separate church and the state; 3) and to increase educational opportunities.

New Imperialism

Science, technology, military weapons, transportation, communication, agriculture provided the foundation for European dominance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Europe also possessed another weapon: belief in superiority of their own civilization. Europeans controlled 1/5 of world's land Europeans controlled 1/10 of world's population, "The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political control over other nations".

The Marshall Plan

Secretary of State George Marshall wanted to pass th Europe Recovery Act which was to provide food, machines and other materials to the nations of Europe to help them rebuild after World War II. After the Soviet Union seized Czechoslovakia, Congress immediately passed a bill that gave 12.5 billion dollars to fund the Marshall Plan.

U2 Spy Plane Incident

Since 1955, American U2 spy planes had been flying secret high-altitude surveillance missions over the Soviet Union. On May 1, 1960, the U2 plane piloted by Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet airspace. Powers somehow survived, and was tried by the Soviet Union. The U2 incident was not only a source of embarrassment for the United States, but it prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the U.S.S.R.

Neutrality Act of 1939

Soon after World War II started, President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested Congress to pass the Neutrality Act of 1939. This law permitted belligerents to purchase war materials, provided they paid cash and carried the goods away in their own vessels.

Emmeline Pankhurst (WSPU)

Spurred by demands of ordinary people, great Britain and France underwent democratic reforms. By 1890, several industrial countries had universal male suffrage, but no country allowed women to vote. During the 1800s, women in both Great Britain and the US worked to gain the right to vote. In Britain, Emmeline Pankhurst formed the Women's social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. It became one of the most militant organizations for women's rights. Pankhurst and her daughters were arrested many times. In jail, she organized hunger strikes to keep their cause in the public eye. Women did not gain the right to vote in national elections in Britain or the US until after WWI.

The Five Year Plan

Stalin's plan to catch Russia up to the rest of the world economically

The Bay of Pigs

Started by Eisenhower and executed by Kennedy, the 1961 ------- invasion, an unsuccessful attempt by the United States backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, failed miserably. Kennedy took responsibility, but mutual political suspicions between Cuba and the U.S. continued for decades.

Globalization

Term used to describe the increasing economic and cultural independence of societies around the world.

Iraq: Intervention/Occupation

Territory controlled by Britain after WWI, Competing ethnic and religious groups, Ruled by Arab Hashemite Dynasty 1921-2958

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift NATO

The Berlin Blockade began in 1948 as Russian forces surrounded West Berlin in an effort to make Allied soldiers there surrender from starvation. In response to this, the Allies instituted the Berlin Airlift on June 21, 1948, in order to provide West Berlin with food and fuel. Cargo planes dropped food, fuel, and other supplies into West Germany 24 hours a day. Russia rationalized the blockade by saying that they were doing extensive roadwork

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

The Bolsheviks, led by -------, was a more radical group who supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for radical change. (The Jacobins in the French revolution) ------- was an excellent orator, organizer, and, due to his charisma, was very popular. He was also ruthless. (Robespierre in French revolution)

Dunkirk

The British retreated to ----- and miraculously evacuated 300,000 troops to England. French resistance collapsed, and French forces fled southward. As the German forces continued their advance southward, France surrendered on June 10, 1940.

Vichy

The Germans occupied over half of France, including the whole Atlantic and English Channel coasts. For unoccupied France, they permitted an antidemocratic government at Vichy, headed by Marshal Henri Petain.

The Holocaust

The Nazi policy of ethnic cleansing—targeting Jews, Gypsies, political dissidents, and "social deviants" began with imprisoning them in concentration camps, but by 1943 the Endlösung, or Final Solution, called for the systematic extermination of "undesirables."

The Chartist Movement

The People's Charter called for reforms to make England's political system more democratic. Such as: Universal Male Suffrage Implementing a Secret Ballot (also known as the Australian Ballot) No Property Qualification for Members of Parliament Payment of Members, of Parliament Annual Parliament Elections

9/11

The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish elections of 1936 were won by the Republicans, but the Spanish Fascists wouldn't accept the results. Francisco Franco led an army against the republic aided by Germany who gave men and equipment. Franco overthrew the Spanish republican government and established a dictatorial regime.

Decolonization

The achievement of political self determination for former colonies usually through national independence

Self-Strengthening

The attempt to restore dynastic power by adopting Western technology while retaining traditional Confucian ideals. The failure of this movement combined with China's economic and political weaknesses caused outside nations to grow stronger.

Dresden

The city of Dresden,(Right) was almost destroyed by Allied bombers. About 50,000 were killed. City in Germany

Trench Warfare

The fighting consisted largely of trench warfare, in which each side laid siege to the other's system of trenches.

Yalta Conference

The future of Germany and Poland. Churchill, Stalin FDR, Situation very different Roosevelt wanted to bring Soviets into Japanese theater of war as quickly as possible. Roosevelt and Churchill made concessions to Russia in Asia Roosevelt was suspicious of British desire to establish spheres of influence in Europe, Felt it would inspire Russians to do the same, Roosevelt stressed a United Nations

Laissez-faire economics

The idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses. Adam Smith believed that government taxes and tariffs interfered with the production of wealth and that, if governments allowed free trade, the economy and people would prosper.He outlined these ideas in his book The Wealth of Nations.

Ronald Reagan as President

The oldest man ever elected to the presidency, Ronald Wilson Reagan displayed youthful vigor both on the campaign trail and in office. He also displayed a willingness to take a firm stance against the Soviet Union. Reagan's budget cuts fell almost exclusively on social programs, while the military outlay was scheduled to increase substantially. The National Defense Budget had steadily climbed from 1940-1985.

Appeasement

The policy of making concessions to Germany to avoid war

Arab-Isreali Conflict

The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early 20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab-Israeli War in May 1948 following the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. Occupied territories are land occupied by Israel as a result of wars with its Arab neighbors in 1948-1949 and 1967 and 1973. Peace process efforts by the US to broker a peace between the state of Israel and the PLO.

Operation Overlord

code name for D-Day

Consequences of Independence

The wars of independence left Latin America 1) Economically exhausted and 2) Politically unstable What is lost when you gain your independence? Everything that the ruling country provided: * The Peninsulares left (Investors) * Military - gone * No Guarantee of Political Stability * Trade ceases New sources of discontent: Catholic church tried to maintain privileges Indians faced new exploitation Civilians versus the military for power Disagreements between creole elites Rural versus urban centers

Dependency Theory

Theory that contends that after the states of Latin America achieved independence in the early to mid 19th century, they remained economically and culturally dependent on Europe and the United States.

Tripartite Pact

There were three critical decisions that sealed Imperial Japan's fate: 1)The Invasion of China 2) Joining the Tripartite Pact An alliance with Nazi Germany, and Fascist Italy to Isolate the United States, improve relations with the Soviet Union, and to take over Southeast Asia colonies of countries defeated by Germany (the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) 3) Going to War with the United States

Sun Zhongshan

To the Chinese, Mao represented himself as the successor to Sun Zhongshan, and to the Communists he presented himself as theoretician in line of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.

Jeremy Bentham

Utilitarianism-represents the philosophy of Englishman Jeremy Bentham. He modified the ideas of Adam Smith. He believed that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and that each individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

US general in command in North Africa

The United Nations

United States and the Soviet Union joined 48 other countries in forming the United Nations. This New York based international organization was intended to protect its membership from aggression and war.

Internal Problems in China

Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade and influence. Population increased rapidly, but food production had not. Government was corrupt and could do little to help. People became discouraged, opium use increased, and the people began to rebel against the Qing dynasty. Rebellion became China's largest and was led by Hong Xiuquan. Influenced by missionaries, he had mystical visions and wanted to save the world beginning with China. His revolt was the The Taiping Rebellion (means great peace). Revolt was eventually quelled but fighting went on for many years and more than 20 million lives were lost. Government debated the need for reform. Empress Dowager Cixi was committed to some reform but also held on to traditional values. Because of its weak military technology and political problems, many nations took advantage of China. Afraid that China would be turned into colonies, the US wanted to protect its trade with China so it declared the Open Door Policy, first proposed by John Hay, stating China be open to merchants of all nations

Islamic Responses to Imperialism

Western impact on Islamic world produced varied responses. Three typical reactions: Tendency to emulate Western ideas (Muhammad Ali "Father of modern Egypt" Attempted to rejuvenate Egyptian agriculture) Attempt to integrate Western innovations with traditional Islamic institutions (Muhammad Abduh sought to modernize Muslim education.) Traditional rejection of things Western (Wahhabism: Followers of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Only authorities were Qur'an and traditions of the prophet Muhammad.)

Nicholas II and WWI

When ------- became czar in 1894, he refused to surrender any of his power, In 1914, Russia joined forces with France and England in World War I, but they were woefully unprepared for the fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Their economy was weak, and while they had a larger population than Germany and Austria Hungary combined, their military poorly lead and poorly equipped. Nicholas II took full control of his military in 1915, and his wife Czarina Alexandra took control of the Russia government. Increasing, she allowed a mysterious monk named Rasputin to make political decisions, appoint friends to government positions, hinder reform, and spread corruption throughout the royal court. Rasputin was later killed by a group of nobles, but the damage had already been done. The bad situation in Russia was getting worse. Russia's economy began to collapse, the war effort was not going well and the Romanovs seemed incapable of dealing with the enormous problems that Russia faced. Revolution was inevitable.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for peace outlined in address to Congress-included freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments and adjustment of European boundaries

The Big Four

Wilson-US, Clemenceau-France, George-England, Orlando- Italy

Yalta conference people

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin.

Siberia

With Russian revolution; Through the secret police he (the Czar) suppressed demands for reforms and punished reformers by imprisonment, execution, or exile to penal colonies in -------. (Just like the Bastille)

Red Guards (Cultural Revolution)

With the support of the military, Mao urged China's youth to form bands of Red Guards and, armed with Mao's Little Red Book they sought to change Chinese society. On the surface, it was intended to remove all capitalistic elements from China and all traditional elements as well. Tired of the violence (2 to 7 million were killed) and wanting to disperse the students so that they could not turn on him, Mao sent the Red Guard to the countryside to work on farms. Over time, the Cultural Revolution eased until Mao's death in 1976. Mao successors (the Gang of Four; which included Mao's wife) were arrested and the Cultural Revolution ended.

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson was hailed as the "peacemaker from America" as he traveled to Europe to attend the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles. He proposed sweeping reforms including his Fourteen Points and the ---------; the precursor to the United Nations. But as previously stated, the other members of the "Big Four" were more concerned with punishing the vanquished.

Proclamation of neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's decree that when WW I began in 1914, the U.S. would remain neutral.

Auguste Comte

a French philosopher, who advocated Positivism which became popular in Latin America. This philosophy promoted science and technological progress and stated that either technocrats or dictatorial governments could best achieve modernization. Highly undemocratic; popular among military officers Example: Brazil's motto: "Order and Progress"

The Great purge

a campaign of political repression. 1934, Stalin turned against the members of the Communist Party and launched campaign of terror. Many were executed for crimes against the state in the Red Terror that followed.

Rosie the Riveter

a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies.

Colony

a land controlled by a distant nation

The Berlin Conference

a) Fourteen European nations met to draw up rules of colonization of Africa. The rules were not meant for the benefit of Africans but to decrease the chance of conflict between the European powers. By these rules any country could claim land in Africa by notifying the other nations and show them that they could also control this region The Imperialists hence divided Africa as they saw fit caring less for the ethnic, religious, or linguistic grouping of nations already in place. By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free.

WWI alliance system

a. The Central Powers: (Germany and Austria-Hungary) were joined by two nations I) Turkey in 1914 - to combat its traditional enemy, Russia II) Bulgaria in 1915 - to secure revenge against Serbia. Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) b. The Allied Powers. (Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and Belgium) were joined by: I) Japan in 1914 - to acquire German territories in the Pacific; II) Italy in 1915 - to acquire territory from Austria-Hungary; III) The United Stated in 1917. Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain)

Collective Bargaining

acting together as a group, workers were more likely to have their demands met

Erwin Rommel

commander of German forces in North Africa-"desert fox"; accused of attempt to assassinate Hitler

Muhammad Iqbal

advocated purifying and uplifting the individual self above enslavement to reason or conformity.

The May Fourth Movement

after WWI student protestors launched demonstration against European imperialists that showed China was committed to becoming a strong, modern nation. Young Chinese intellectuals gave up Sun Yixian's beliefs in favor of Lenin's Soviet communism. In 1921, a group, including Mao Zedong, met in Shanghai to organize the Chinese communist party.

The Security Council

an 11 member body of the United Nations that carried the real power to settle disputes. The Security Council had six elected members that serve a two year term (now there are ten) and five permanent members: China, The Soviet Union, The United States, France and England.

Sphere of Influence

an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. (Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the US)

Capitalism

an economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. These ideas helped bring about the industrial revolution.

Adolf Hitler

became chancellor of Germany in 1933 promising President Hindenburg that he would uphold the constitution.

The Russo-Japanese War

began after Japan started taking Manchuria. Japan stated that they would stay out of Manuchuria if Russia would stay out of Korea. Russia refused and Japan ran Russian troops out of Korea and captured most of Russia's Pacific fleet. A peace treaty, the Treaty of Portsmouth, drafted in part by T. Roosevelt was signed in 1905 off the coast of New Hampshire. Japan received captured territories and Russia must stay out of both Manchuria and Korea.

The Boer War

between the British and the Boers, was the first total war-Boers launhed commando raids and used guerilla tactics against the British. The British burned the Boer farms and imprisoned women and children. Britain won the war.

Ivan Pavlov

broke new ground in the field of psychology with his discovery that an animal's reflexes could be changed, or conditioned through training. He conducted his research using dogs and studied the way their mouths water at the sight or smell of food. He connected the food with the ringing of a bell and trained the dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell.

Ram Mohun Roy

challenged traditional Hindu culture and resolved to end practices that had India rooted in the past. He called for India to adopt western ways, and founded a social reform movement that worked for change.

Marie and Pierre Curie

discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium. They received the 1903 Nobel Prize for their work in radioactivity, and Marie received another Nobel in 1911 for the discovery of the two elements.

Forms of African Resistance

disengagement, protests, violence

Swadeshi

economic self-sufficiency

Motives driving imperialism

economic, social, and political forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe. The industrial revolution provided countries with a need to ad lands to their control. They needed new markets for their goods and new sources of raw materials for manufacturing. Racism-the idea that one race is superior to others-drove the countries of Europe. The theory of Social Darwinism used Darwin's "survival of the fittest" to apply to social change.

Deng Xiaoping

emerged as the dominate political figure in China after Mao's death. He eliminated the lingering effects of the Cultural Revolution, ousted his enemies, and put his supporters in power. Deng's attempt to moderate Mao's attack on intellectualism, the passage of time, and Eastern Europe's break from the Soviet Union, encouraged some to press for greater freedom.Student demands came to a head in the spring of 1989 when hundreds of thousands of Chinese citizens demonstrated for democracy in Tiananmen Square.

Fascism and Mussolini

emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for the hard times, and restore national pride. Newspaper editor and politician, Benito Mussolini, promised to rescue Italy. In October 1922, Fascists marched on Rome and demanded King Victor Emmanuel put Mussolini in charge. He did.

Imperial Message of August 15, 1945

ended WWII with Japan

Zulu Wars

fought between the Zulus and the Boers as the Boers forced the Boers northward.

Alexander II

freed the serfs in Russia, however, his reforms only went so far.The nobility kept half of the land and the peasants were to pay the government for the land they were given. Denied a means of expressing discontent, many Russian reformers identified with a radical movement called nihilism. Nihilists believed that nothing was worthwhile in Czarist Russia and that all must be destroyed.

Treaty of Nanjing

gave Britain Hong Kong after the Opium Wars

Hermann Goering

head of a Nazi four-year plan to economically prepare Germany for war -also became leader of the Luftwaffe, President of the Reichstag, was second in command to Hitler, And initiator of the final solution

Four Ordinances

in 1830, Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy, he stated his case and he tried to make changes to establish his authority in the July Ordinances. Riots broke out and he was forced to flee. Louis-Phillipe took control until 1848. When he was forced out, Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III took the title of emperor and led the country to prosperity.

Reichstag Fire

in February 1933, the Reichstag was set on fire, and Hitler blamed it on the communists.

Closed Country Policy

in the 17th century, Japan shut itself off from almost all contact with other nations.

Economic Imperialism

independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by governments (the Dole fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii)

Auschwitz

largest concentration camp; located in Poland

The Second battle of the Marne

last major German offensive on the western front -became significant Allied victory

Nuremberg Laws of 1935

laws depriving Jews of their German citizenship enacted at the Nazi national convention in Nuremberg in September 1935.

Nathuram Godse

leader of Indian nationalism who assassinated Gandhi

Ferdinand Foch

leader of all Allied Forces on the western front-Frenchman

Lebensraum

living space-Hitler declared that Germany was crowded and needed more living space-his justification for conquering eastern Europe and Russia

The Nuremberg Trials

military tribunals to investigate Nazi officials

Rasputin

mysterious, self-described "holy man" who gained favor with Czarina Alexandra by seeming to heal her hemophiliac son and advised her in government affairs. He spread corruption throughout the court and was murdered by a group of nobles in 1916.

Desden

nearly destroyed by allied bombing-50,000 people killed

NEP

new economic program-was not pure communism-the government controlled major industry while small businesses and factories engaged in capitalism.

Napoleon III

of France opposed a Prussian Hohenzollern candidate for the throne of Spain, Bismarck rewrote the Ems Dispatch, a telegram dealing with the issue, so as to intensify Franco-German hatred. Thus provoked, Napoleon III declared war upon Prussia, which was joined by the four south German states. The Franco-Prussian War, The combined German armies quickly overran France.

Extraterritorial Rights

of foreigners outside of ("extra-") their own country. These rights are negotiated by diplomats from more powerful countries: Western government extracted capitulations Granted commercial concessions and "extraterritorial" legal status in exchange for military protection, Easy for Western powers to take control.

Bolsheviks

one of two groups from the split of Russian Marxists-supported a small number of revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for radical change. Lenin, an engaging personality who was also ruthless, was their leader. He left Russian in the early 1900s to avoid arrest under the czarist regime, but he returned to Russia in 1917 as he and the Bolsheviks recognized their opportunity to seize power. They pledges "peace, bread, and land. " Lenin prepared to revive the economy and restructure the government. Causes of the Russian Revolution center around wartime incompetence.

Sudetenland

part of Czechoslovakia bordering Germany and Austria-taken by Germany with the approval of Britain and France

The General Assembly

part of the United Nations in which every member could cast a vote

Haciendas

post-independence era, Latin America was mostly rural and agriculture still dominated by haciendas (and latifundias) Landowners ruled estates as small domains and were a society of their own: *Wealth, literacy, social ties, army support *Many peasants live as virtual slaves *Debt peonage was widespread *Poor roads and limited railways *Little effort to provide any education

Harry Truman

president of US at the end of WWII; made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan

Stages of Russian revolution

provisional government fails, Novembre revolution launches Radical stage as Bolsheviks take over, and finally, Lenin restores order only to die in 1924. Trotsky is forced into exile in 1929 and Joseph Stalin returns the country to totalitarian rule.

Guomidang-Nationalist Party

pushed for modernization and nationalization. Sun Yixian was their first leader. It was his Revolutionary Alliance that overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, the dynasty had ruled since 1644. In 1912, Sun became president of the New Republic of China. He served for only six weeks before he turned the role over to Yuan Shikai, a general, because sun did not have the authority or military support to carry out national unity. Yuan became a military dictator.

Marxism

radical type of socialism developed by German journalist Karl Marx. Marx and Frederich Engels outlined their ideas in The Communist Manifesto. They state that people have always been divided into warring social classes and in their times these groups were the middle class "haves," or the employers- the bourgeoisie, and the "have-nots,"or the workers-the proletariat. They believed that the Industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor. They thought that the capitalist system would destroy itself because the proletariat would rise up against the factories owners and take over the factories and produce what society needed. The workers would then control the government. The government would wither away and a classless society would develop

Phony War

refers to a seven month period at the start of World War II, during which there were no major military operations on the Western Front.

The Western Front

region in northern France that became deadlocked -the western edge of the fighting.

Swaraj

self-governance were Gandhi's goals for India

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

sites on which the US dropped atomic bombs in Japan leading to the surrender of the Japanese

The Beer hall Putsch

small rebellion involving early Nazi party members in which Hitler was involved-he was briefly imprisoned-during which time he wrote Mein Kampf-My Struggle-which became the Nazi ideology

Getulio Vargas

supported internal industrialization and modernization.His confrontation with political opposition caused Vargas to launch his Estado Novo, "new state" dictatorial government.Brazil became a highly unstable democracy. Widespread poverty and illiteracy were huge problems Brazil's economy remained highly unstable despite large projects like the construction of the new capital at Brasilia. In 1964 the military, claiming to protect Brazil from communism, seized control of the government.

Rosie the Riveter

symbolic reference to the roles of women in the US during WWII

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

taxed imposed by U.S. on goods from Europe in order to protect local interests

The Raj

term used to describe the area controlled by the British from 1857 to 1947.

Pale of settlement

the Jews,who were not allowed to own land were forced to live in these restricted districts.

The Partition of India

the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan.

Alexander III

the nihilist movement was destroyed by the new Czar Alexander III, indicating that terrorism could not undermine the Czarist government. Alexander III increased Czarist control, and through industrialization, he endeavored to expand Russia's power.

Brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war.

Trade Unions

through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labour contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".

Government of India act

through the efforts of Gandhi and his followers, the British parliament passed this act to provide local self-government and limited democratic elections. India began moving toward full independence from Britain.

Guernica

town in the Basque region bombed in 1937 by the Luftwaffe at the request of Spanish ruler Francisco Franco

The Treaty of Shimonoseki

treaty signed at the Shunpanrō hall, Shimonoseki, Japan on April 17, 1895, between the Empire of Japan and the Qing Empire, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. The peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty that Allows Russia to exit WWI-signed March 3, 1918

Midway (Battle)

turning point of war in the Pacific

The Berlin Wall

was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.[1] Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.[2]

Treaty of Frankfurt

was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War.

Dwight Eisenhower

was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961

John F Kennedy

was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

War Communism

was instituted where the government confiscated and operated banks, transport facilities and heavy industry. Grain requisitioned by force sent from countryside to feed industrialization, the cities and the army.Rebellions, strikes and mutinies followed. Two things were clear: 1) The revolution was not going to sweep across Europe and 2) Lenin needed to act.

Kulaks

wealthy peasants who resisted Stalin's plan for collective farming. Those who protested were sent to Siberia

Soviet-Afghan War

which lasted from Dec. 1979 to Feb. 1989 saw insurgent groups (the Mujahideen) fighting against the Soviet Army. As many as 1.5 million civilians were killed and millions more fled the country. (mostly to Pakistan and Iran) A pro-Soviet government took power in a 1978 coup and initiated a series of reforms throughout Afghanistan.Vigorously suppressing any opposition from traditional Muslim Afghans, the government arrested thousands and executed as many as 27,000 political prisoners. In response to Afghan government requests, the Soviet government first sent troops to advise the Afghan government, but on December 24, 1979, the Soviet military was deployed. This dealt a mortal blow to East-West détente.