Horticulture Exam 2

The most common method of reproducing flowering vegetables and cereal crops is _____

Seeding

What needs to be removed from the plant because it saps the plant's energy ?

Seedpods

Bulbs and corms reproduce by the process of _____

Seperation

What part of the plant is used in tissue culture ?

Shoots or leaf buds

Tuberous root crops are propagated by dividing the crown, or cluster of roots, when the plant is dormant.

True

Vegetative buds are necessary for propagation.

True

When inserting a bud into a rootstock, a T-shape cut is made in the rootstock and the bud is pushed down into the open slit in the bark.

True

When pruning, it is very important that the cut be made the correct distance from the bud.

True

When pruning, stems should be cut at a ninety degree angle.

True

This particular type of bulbs have dry membranous outer scales.

Tunicate

After seeds are sown, cover them with shredded sphagnum moss, fine perlite or fine sand, cover with a layer of this medium measuring about ______ the thickness of the seed.

Twice

Layering is a method of ______

asexual reproduction

When fast-growing cuttings are involved, the cuttings should be placed ______.

9 to 10 inches apart

Tuberous roots send out many shoots from rhizome buds.

False

Vermiculite is a heavy mineral that repels 90 percent of the water that it comes in contact with, making it ideal for growing decorative cacti.

False

When selecting a stem on which to perform simple layering, select one with two year old wood that can be bent into the soil.

False

Wood for hardwood cuttings is generally taken from the past season's growth, as is done for softwood cuttings.

False

Some seeds require a moist, cold rest period (dormant stage) at temperatures below 37 degrees F for 8 weeks or longer. Examples of seeds that require this rest period are _________

Apple, peach and pear tree

Plants that do not produce seeds are _______

Asexual

The formation of _____ occurs during the storage period of cuttings.

Callus

_____ is the growth of tissue over a wounded plant stem.

Callus formation

The asexual method of propagation, when a shoot, tip or bud is grown in a nutrient medium is called_____

Tissue culture

_____ perennials are plants with stems that die back to the ground after the growing season has ended.

Herbaceous

When handling seedlings, ______

Hold by the true leaves

A mixture of one half _____ and one half ____ provides a sterile medium to prevent rotting of a cutting.

Horticultural perlite and coarse sphagum

The _____ bulb requires special handling.

Lily

Some plants, like rhododendrons, azaleas and apples, do not grow "true" from seed, causing______

Offspring differ from either parent

When hardwood cuttings are lined out in the nursery row, how many bud(s) should be above ground?

One

The best time to root prune is _________ the transplant ?

One growing season before

______ is a form of asexual reproduction that eliminates burying part of the parent plant in the soil.

Air-layering

______ is used commercially to propagate certain tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs that are difficult o root by other means.

Air-layering

Both separation and division methods result in exact duplicates of the parent.

Always

In simple layering, a branch from a parent plant is bent to the ground where it is ______________

Partially covered in soil

The side veneer rafting method is very effective for _________.

Evergreens

Some seeds are able to germinate after a process called scarification, which is to coat the seed with an organic clay-based compound to create a large seed that will be easier to sow.

False

Stored cuttings should be allowed to dry out, though it does not hurt them to become extremely wet.

False

T-budding is a process in which you never lift the bark from the wood.

False

T-budding is accomplished when the rootstock is in active growth, rather than in the dormant (resting)stage, either in winter or late fall.

False

The best buds are obtained from the end portion of the stick.

False

The rootstock generally grows from a seed planted in the fall, to the size of a lead pencil by winter of the following year.

False

The season of early spring is the best time for tongue grafting.

False

The technique of pruning topiary can be accomplished no other way than using hook and blade pruners.

False

The use of seeds is a means of slowly increasing the number of plants.

False

The roots of cuttings should be treated with what percentage of indolebutyric acid ?

0.8 to 1.0 percent

T-budding is generally done on small, _______ old seedlings.

1 or 2 years

For success, the scion should be at least ______.

1 year old

In whip grafting, the cambium (thin tissue under the bark of the scion) must match the growing area where ?

At the edge of the root piece (root stock) on at least one side

At what temperature should soil for seed germination be sterilized by heating for one-half hour?

180 Degrees F

What is the best depth for planting flowering size corms ?

2 to 3 inches

How long after the budding process begins should a bud be inspected to see if it has attached to the stem and is still alive ?

3 weeks

What is the ideal temperature during the first 4 e=weeks of storage of hardwood cuttings?

50 to 55 degrees F

In whip grafting, plants are stored at _______.

50 to 55 degrees F for 3 to 4 weeks

Hardwood cuttings should be made into lengths of _______

6 to 8 inches

Cuttings should be taken early enough so that they may be stored _____ prior to planting.

6 to 8 weeks

The number of plants that are expected to root and grow from hardwood cuttings is _____

60 to 80 degrees F

New bulbs are best stored at what temperature ?

65 to 68 degrees F

If a plant flowers in the spring, it should be pruned ______

After it flowers

Direct seeding is the best method for which of the plants listed ?

Beans

What does pruning help to rejuvenate on a declining shrub ?

Better quality flowers

For T-budding, the seedling rootstock must be in active growth, indicated by soft, rapidly growing ______

Branch tips

Tubers are propagated by cutting the tubers that have ______.

Buds (eyes)

The small shoots of the present season's growth are called ________

Budwood or bud sticks

This grafting process is used mist often in topworking trees.

Cleft

At what percentage should the humidity level be kept for new cuttings ?

Close to 100 percent

Long-stemmed, vinelike plants such as wisteria, clematis and grape, work well with the _________ system of propagation.

Compound layering

The ____ is a compact stem with nodes and internodes.

Corn

A _______ is an example of a flowering corm-producing plant.

Crocus, gladioluss, colchicum, dahlia, daffod, watsonia

Plants such as corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, lettuce, carrots and most other vegetable crops are grown by this process.

Direct seeding

When can bulbs be separated ?

During the dormant stage

What is the bet time of day to take a cutting ?

Early morning

Tubers are distinguished by their ______

Eyes (buds)

A new propagation system called in vitro soil (IVS) was started by Western Asia Department of Agriculture, and may change existing tissue culture methods.

False

African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by root cuttings.

False

Bisexual reproduction is possible because each single cell of the plant contains all the characteristics of the entire plant and can regrow any missing part.

False

Both corms and bulbs are composed of nodes and internodes,

False

Chip budding can be done in the winter or early spring.

False

Cleft grafting is done during the winter.

False

Cutting off all the lateral root s of the plant in a circle around the stem is called lateral pruning.

False

Cutting the plant stem at a 45 degree angle is an important aspect in the pruning process.

False

Cuttings should be prepared in very then diameter in order to survive storage.

False

Division differs from separation because it is a natural process.

False

Grafting is more widely used than budding.

False

Grafting of plants was practiced as early at 1500 B.C.

False

Grafting tomatoes has done nothing except improve their resistance to soil-borne pests.

False

Hardwood cuttings should be pushed into the soil.

False

If the rooting hormone does not contain nitrogen, the cutting may be sprayed, dipped in or watered with Captan to help prevent rotting.

False

Immediately after harvesting a cutting, it must be placed into the prepared medium.

False

In T-budding, the roots must be dormant.

False

In direct seeding, the planting medium is 30 percent white sand, 70 percent soil.

False

In ditch layering, the mother plant is bent down to the ground and buried in a ditch.

False

In natural layering, a branch from the parent plant is bent to the ground, where it is partially covered at one point by soil.

False

In separation, plants must be cut.

False

It is best to root prune two growing seasons prior to transplanting the plant.

False

Layering is a well known propagation method for plants that are difficult to root from cuttings and is still widely used today.

False

Leaf-bud cuttings are made from succulent greenhouse plants.

False

New cutting have no leaves, but they do have roots.

False

Pruning saws have long handles to give more leverage for cutting larger branches.

False

Pruning shears with a single blade that cuts against apiece of flat metal (usually brass) is called an auxillary pruner.

False

Rhizomes generally grow deep in the soil.

False

Rhizomes grow vertically.

False

Rooted cuttings of deciduous plants are dug for transplanting when they are dormant and have leaves.

False

Simple layering is usually accomplished in late spring.

False

Simple layering is when a shoot with the current season's growth bends to the ground and then turns sharply upward.

False

To do this to a plant stem is to completely remove the bark and cambium from a strip all around the plant.

Girdle

The process of budding is actually a form of ________.

Grafting

Chip budding is used on _______.

Grapes

One of the most economical ways to propagate plants is _______

Growing them from seed

The process that prepares seedlings for transplanting is called____

Hardening off

Simple layering is usually accomplished in ___________

In early spring

_____ seeding is when seeds are sown in a separate place from where the plants will eventually grow to maturity.

Indirect

cuttings from young plants such as seedlings and rooted cuttings often root much faster and in higher percentages. This is called the ______ effect.

Juvenile

_____ is the best time for propagating fruit trees by budding.

Late summer

If the ________ has dropped off and the bud appears to be plump and of normal color, the bud has probably grown to the rootstock.

Leaf petiole

Bulbs are primarily composed of _______.

Leaf scales

The tissue culture method of plant propagation is also called _____

Meristem culture

Jiffy Mix is composed of equal parts of fine grade Terra Lite vermiculite and nutrients or composed of shredded moss and peat

Neither find grade TerraLite vermiculite and nutrients nor shredded moss and peat

The _____ or scaly bulb has no tough covering.

Non-tunicate

When transplanting seedlings to pots, ______

None of these

The rootstock cut should be made on the ____ side of the stem, 1 or 2 inches above ground level.

North-facing

This particular narrowleaf evergreen cutting is extremely difficult to root.

Pines

Seeds of annual plants (plants that complete their life cycle in 1 year or less) from named cultivars that are not hybrids generally grow ________

Reasonably true from seed

In order to have a successful graft, the two plants must be _____

Related (in the same family)

The pruning of plants:

Removes dead or broken branches, stimulate new growth and removes diseased branches

When grafting, what is the name of the newly installed shoot or top of the plant?

Scion

Cuttings taken from the leaf, bud, stem or root when the plant tissue is tender are known as ______

Softwood cuttings

_____ is a natural substance that can hold moisture when wrapped around a girdled area.

Sphagnum moss

Offset daffodil bulbs are called _____ when first separated from the mother plant.

Splits or slabs

Plants that flower in the summer are pruned in the _____.

Spring

A new type of grafting method that produces plants sooner is called___.

Stenting

________ is a method of layering.

Stool layering

______ are two examples of plants that root naturally by layering.

Strawberries and boysenberries

What method of pruning allows more light to reach inner branches ?

Thinning

Grafting is used for______.

Topwork a large tree, insert a different variety on part of the limbs of a tree for cross-polination of the fruit, to propagate plants that may be difficult to bud

The leaves of cuttings lose moisture through ________

Transpiration

Budding is a form of grafting.

True

Chip budding can be used safely during summer and fall.

True

Evergreen hardwood cuttings, which have needles at the time of rooting, must be handled like softwood cuttings.

True

For tulips, planting time is in the fall.

True

Fruit trees are a good example of plants that are commonly thinned.

True

Grafting is an asexual form of propagation.

True

Grafting is used primarily on trees.

True

Growing plants from seeds is used to grow many of our important food crops ad well as ornamental landscaping plants.

True

Growing seeds in flats is known as indirect seeding.

True

Hardwood cuttings of deciduous plants do not require the extensive care given to softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings.

True

Hybrids are often the offspring of two different cultivars.

True

In cleft grafting, he scion is cut at a 90 degree angle.

True

In grafting, a "scion" is a newly installed shoot or top of the plant.

True

In simple layering, use pegs with hooks on them placed next to the stem to hold it upright.

True

In the horticulture industry, many plants are started from seeds because it is a quick and economical method.

True

In whip grafting, a grafting cut is made below a bud on the stock.

True

Layering is when roots are formed on a stem or root while it is still attached to the parent plant,

True

Many plants naturally spread by layering.

True

Micropropagation has been used for years

True

Narrowleaf evergreen cuttings benefit from a misting system.

True

Nursery workers call the process of planting cuttings outside "lining out".

True

Offset daffodil bulbs are called splits when first separated from the mother bulb.

True

Propagation by hardwood cuttings is one of the easiest processes and last expensive methods of vegetative or asexual propagation.

True

Renewal pruning is usually effective on flowering shrubs.

True

Some seeds have a hard seed coat that must be soaked or scratched before seeds are able to germinate.

True

Stool layering begins with the planting of a rooted layer in soil.

True

The African violet is a good example of a plant propagation by leaf cuttings.

True

The growth medium must be prepared so that it has oxygen and moisture in order for the roots to live.

True

The iris is a rhizome plant.

True

To identify the top and bottom of a stem cutting, the top is cut straight across and the bottom is cut at an angle of approximately 45 degrees.

True

Which type of bud is necessary for propagation?

Vegatative

Fruit trees are examples of plants propagated by _________

Whip graft

The most likely time to prepare hardwood cuttings is --------

Winter