Hostile Media Effect

Characteristics of the message source may also influence the hostile media effect

A source perceived to be friendly to the partisan (usually because of similar ideology) is less likely to invoke the hostile media effect than a source that is disagreeable.

Third Person Effect

Partisans perceive others as vulnerable to undesirable influence Subjects with more knowledge/emotional involvement are more inclined to view the media as biased against themselves.

Hostile Media Effect

both liberals and conservatives view the mainstream media as biased despite the content being rather neutral.

Different Standards

consider the arguments against their point of view not to be as important as the statements in their favor and so their inclusion in the same context, leads them to believe news coverage is biased. Believe that opponents' claims are not valid or relevant to the debate and should not be included.

Selective Categorization

individuals accurately recall all statements made within news coverage but see neutral information as biased because they classify more statements to be against their point of view.

Selective Recall

individuals are more likely to recall statements that are against their point of view as dominant in the news story.

individuals with strong views on a particular subject perceive neutral stories to be biased against their point of view.

individuals with strong views on a particular subject perceive neutral stories to be biased against their point of view.

Biased assimilation

is a phenomenon in which people uncritically accept information that confirms their views, but ignore or discount contrary information.

Partisans

people who believe in a particular idea or cause