HP - Ch 10 Connect

Arrange the steps in the biofeedback process in the correct order of occurrence. Instructions

1. The target function to be controlled is identified. 2. The target function is tracked by a machine, which gives feedback to the patient. 3. The patient learns what behaviors or thoughts will modify the bodily function through trial and error and continuous feedback.

Which of the following statements most accurately exemplify the meaning of pain control? (Check all that apply.)

A patient is still hurting but is now able to tolerate it. A patient no longer feels anything in an area that once hurt.

Which of the following is considered an effective pain control technique?

A technique which reduces pain to sensation.

Identify the typical educational components of pain management programs. (Check all that apply.)

Discussions of medications. Depression as a consequence of pain.

_____ are the natural pain suppression system of the body where opiate-like substances, produced within the body, constitute a neurochemically based, internal pain regulation system.

Endogenous opioid peptide

Identify the maladaptive coping strategies developed by chronic pain patients. (Check all that apply.)

Engaging in wishful thinking, Withdrawing socially, Catastrophizing their illness

True or false: Pain has objective referents.

False (Reason: This is false. Pain does not have objective referents.)

True or false: Chronic pain patients never require special guidance to get benefits from slow breathing.

False (Reason: This is false. Slow breathing, which is a part of relaxation therapy, works to manage pain much of the time, but chronic pain patients may require special guidance to get benefits from these techniques.)

True or false: In the context of pain management programs, studies that have evaluated behavioral interventions in comparison with nontreatment have found an increase in pain, disability, and psychological distress.

False (Reason: This is false. Studies that have evaluated behavioral interventions in comparison with nontreatment have found reductions in pain, disability, and psychological distress. These interventions can improve social functioning as well.)

The endogenous opioid peptides, which are the natural pain suppression system of the body, were uncovered by _____.

H. Akil, D. J. Mayer, and J. C. Liebeskin

Identify the goals a patient needs to achieve in individualized programs of pain management. (Check all that apply.)

Increasing physical activity and improving psychosocial functioning. Reducing the intensity of pain. Reducing dependence on medication and perception of disability

Pain experienced due to damage to the body tissues

Mechanical nociception

Identify instances where a chronic pain patient experiences pain strongly. (Check all that apply.)

Overlay of psychological distress, High sensitivity to noxious stimulation, Impairment in pain regulatory systems

_____ programs aid patients by helping control chronic pain and appear to be successful in doing so.

Pain management

Pain experience that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage

Polymodal nociception

Pain experienced due to temperature exposure

Thermal damage

Identify the true statements about A-delta fibers. (Check all that apply.)

They transmit sharp, brief pains rapidly. They respond especially to mechanical or thermal pain. They are small myelinated fibers.

True or false: Chronic patients often withdraw from their families.

True (Reason: This is true. Chronic patients often withdraw from their families. Efforts by the family to be supportive can sometimes inadvertently reinforce pain behaviors.)

True or false: Practitioners helping pain patients to develop more positive monologues increases the likelihood that cognitive-behavioral techniques will be successful.

True (Reason: This is true. Helping pain patients to develop more positive monologues increases the likelihood that cognitive-behavioral techniques will be successful.)

True or false: Individualized programs of pain management are typically structured and time limited.

True (Reason: This is true. Individualized programs of pain management are typically structured and time limited.)

In the initial stage of pain management programs, _____.

a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the pain, its duration, and history are checked

The two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in nociception are ____ - ____ fibers and ____ -fibers.

a-delta, c

While passive coping skills have been tied to poor pain control, _____.

active coping skills can reduce pain in patients with a variety of chronic pains

____ pain typically results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage whereas ____ pain typically begins with an acute episode,

acute, chronic

The third objective in cognitive-behavioral intervention is that clients are encouraged to reconceptualize their own role in the pain management process from _____.

being passive recipients to competent individuals who can aid in the control of pain

____ involves providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process of which the patient is usually unaware.

biofeedback

Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills _____.

can maintain posttreatment pain reduction

Coping skills training helps ____ pain patients manage pain.

chronic

____ ____ pain typically persists for 6 months or longer and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

chronic benign

Continuous low back pain is an example of _____.

chronic benign pain

Pain management programs are a coordinated form of treatment that have taken the place of addictive painkillers like morphine and surgery to deal with ____ ____.

chronic pain

____ ____ pain persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity with time. It is usually associated with degenerative disorders.

chronic progressive

Rheumatoid arthritis and skin cancer are examples of _____.

chronic progressive pain

The pain problem must be perceived to be modifiable for ____ and ____ methods to have any impact.

cognitive, behavioral

In relaxation, ____ ____ is added, in which breathing shifts from relatively short, shallow breaths to deeper, longer breaths.

controlled breathing

Spinal cord stimulation is an example of _____.

counterirritation

____ involves inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area.

counterirritation

Surgical treatment to control pain involves _____.

creating lesions or cutting so-called pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations cannot be conducted

Patients may be taught to identify situations likely to give rise to their pain and to _____.

develop alternative ways of coping with the pain

One barrier to the treatment of pain is the _____.

difficulty people have in describing it objectively

Playing video games or watching an exciting movie can drive attention away from a painful injury. This is an example of ____.

distraction

____ is a pain technique whereby focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus or by diverting oneself with a high level of activity, one can turn attention away from pain.

distraction

Acute pain is defined as a pain that goes on for 6 months or less, whereas chronic pain _____.

does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time

Clients must be convinced that the skills necessary to control the pain can and will be taught to them, thereby _____.

enhancing their expectations that the outcome of the training will be successful

Families may get frustrated and annoyed by a patient's pain complaints and inactivity. Thus, a goal of family therapy is to _____.

help family members develop more positive perceptions of each other

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is depends in a large part on _____.

how it is interpreted

In the initial stage of pain management programs, after an evaluation with respect to patients' pain and pain behavior, an assessment is made of the functional status that explores _____.

how patients have coped with the pain in the past as it helps establish treatment goals

Crossing and uncrossing our legs, shifting our posture, or rolling over while asleep are all examples of _____.

low-level feedback for pain

Patients are taught how and when to employ overt and covert behaviors in order to _____.

make adaptive responses to pain problems

The three kinds of pain perception are _____.

mechanical nociception, thermal damage, and polymodal nociception

The most common method of controlling pain is through the administration of drugs. The most popular drugs are _____.

morphine and local anesthetics

Any drug that influences ____ ____ is a candidate for pain relief.

neural transmission

____ ____ ____ are a coordinated form of treatment where patients are given extensive information about pain control.

pain management programs

____ are a coordinated form of treatment where patients are given extensive information about pain control.

pain management programs

A constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain is known as a ____-____ ____.

pain-prone personality

Because psychological factors are clearly implicated in the experience of pain, and because pain serves functions for some chronic pain sufferers, researchers have examined the presence of a ____-____ ____.

pain-prone personality

A common feature of pain management programs is _____, which includes teaching nonpharmacological measures for pain control, such as relaxation skills and distraction.

patient education

Chronic pain may result from a(n) _____.

predisposition to react to a bodily insult with a specific bodily response

Pain is critical for survival because it _____.

provides low-level feedback about the functioning of bodily systems

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain often carries an overlay of ____ ____, which complicates diagnosis and treatment.

psychological distress

The first objective in cognitive-behavioral interventions is that patients are encouraged to _____.

reconceptualize the problem from overwhelming to manageable

____ ____ pain involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic as the conditions recur for more than 6 months.

recurrent acute

Migraine headaches and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____.

recurrent acute pain

Meditation, slow breathing, and mindfulness _____.

reduce pain sensitivity and can produce analgesic effects

Just as ____ ____ is an important part of health habit change, it is important in pain control as well.

relapse prevention

Once a patient is discharged from a pain management program, to prevent patients from reverting back to their previous condition, ____ ____ techniques are taught.

relapse prevention

The third objective in cognitive-behavioral intervention promotes feelings of ____-____ in patients.

self-efficacy

Pain is heavily influenced by _____.

the context in which it is experienced

Some surgical techniques attempt to disrupt the conduct of pain from the periphery to the spinal cord while others are designed _____.

to interrupt the flow of pain sensations from the spinal cord upward to the brain