HPEB 300 Exam 1

Nominal group process

Highly structured process in which a few knowledgeable representatives of the priority population are asked to qualify and quantify specific needs. Advantage- direct involvement of priority groups, planned interactivity, diverse opinions, full participation, creative atmosphere, recognition of common group. Disadvantage- time commitment, competing issues, participant bias, segmented planning involvement.

What is health education

Using evidence based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.

Validity (4 major types)

Validity- measures what it is intended to measure; correctly measuring concepts under investigation. 1. Face- it appears to measure what it is suppose to measure. 2. Content- items are a representative sample of the content and/or behavior of the domain being addresses; typically created by an expert panel or jury 3. Criterion-related- scores are correlated with some other measure of an individual's behavior or performance; predictive validity (future event), concurrent validity (new and established) 4. Construct- degree to which a measure correlated with other measures it is theoretically expected to correlate with; convergent validity (should correlate with), discriminant validity (should not correlate with)

Scale

Used to measure one concept e.g., attitudes

What are the 7 years of Responsibility for entry-level health educators according to the HEJA Model

1. Assess needs, assets, and capacity for health education 2. Plan health education 3. Implement health education 4. Conduct evaluation and research related to health education 5. Administer and manage health education 6. Serve as a health education resource person 7. Communicate and advocate for health and health education

List 3 valid sources of evidence for your group's health topic (table 2.2 2.3)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 3. US Department of Health & Human Services

List 4 general sources of secondary data and give examples of types of data you might find through each source

1. Data collected by Government agencies- demographic, census, health and vital statistics, behavioral risk factors. 2. Data from nongovernment agencies & organizations- cancer information and statistics, health disease and stroke, health data by US countries, and health data by states. 3. Data from existing records-checking medical records to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels of participants in an exercise program, reviewing insurance usage of employees enrolled in an employee health promotion program and comparing the academic records of student engaging in an after-school weight loss program with those who are not. 4. Data from the literature- any available current literature about that priority population.

List and describe the 6 steps of conducting a needs assessment

1. Determining the purpose and scope- goal and how extensive 2. Gathering data 3. Analyzing data 4. Identifying risk factors linked to health problem 5. Identifying the problem focus 6. Validating the need

What are the 9 assumptions of health promotion

1. Health status can be changed. 2. Health & disease are dynamic 3. Disease theories & principles can be understood 4. Appropriate prevention strategies can be developed 5. Behavior can be changed & those changed can impact health 6. Many things contribute to health & influence behavior change 7. Initiating & maintaining a behavior change is difficult 8. Individual responsibility should not be viewed as victim blaming 9. For behavior change to be permanent, the person must be motivated & ready to change.

What are some important questions to be answered in pre-planning (1.4 from ch 1)

1. How is the community defined 2. What are the desired health outcomes 3. Does the community have the capacity and infrastructure to address the problem 4. Is a policy change needed

List the general steps for conducting a literature search and list appropriate health/education-related databases to utilize in this search

1. Identify need or topic 2. if subject/title search- match topic with key words in the thesaurus, also look to match topic with related key words not originally considered, search the database for the years in which interested. if author search- search database for known authors using last names for the years in which interested. 3. Identify possible sources 4. Locate sources 5. Judge quality and quantity of sources 6. Organize literature into useable form

4 steps in creating a program rationale

1. Identifying appropriate background information 2. Titling the rationale 3. Writing the content of the rationale 4. Listing the references used to create the rationale

What are the steps in evaluating an existing instrument

1. Identifying measurements instruments 2. Getting your hands on the instrument 3. Is it the right instrument? Psychometric qualities? Used with similar participants? Standard or normative score? Culturally appropriate? Reading level? Cost to use? 4. Final steps before proceeding. Permission? Other conditions?

What are Humnicutt's 4 reasons why systematic planning is important

1. Planning forces planners to think through details in advance. 2. Planning helps to makes a program transparent. Good planning keeps the program stakeholders (any person or organization with a vested interest in a program informed) 3. Planning in empowering. Once decision makers (those who have the authority to approve a plan) give approval to the resulting comprehensive program plan, planners, and facilitators are empowered to implement the program, encouraging ownership of the program. 4. Planning creates alignment. All organization members have a better understanding of where they fit in the organization and the importance that the plan carries.

6 components of solid/balanced planning committee

1. Representatives of all segments of priority population 2. Doers 3. Influencers 4. Representative of sponsoring agency 5. Other stakeholders 6. Good leadership

Mackenzie's 10 guidelines for setting up a planning committee

1. The committee should be composed of individuals who represent a variety of subgroups within the priority population 2. If the program that is being planned deals with a specific health risk or problem, it would be important that someone with that health risk (smoker) or problem (diabetes) be included on the planning committee. 3. The committee should be composed of individuals willing be serve who are interested seeing the program succeed (doers and influencers) 4. Include someone who has a key role in the organization sponsoring the program. 5. The committee should include representatives of other stakeholders (any person or organization with a vested interest in a program) not represented in the priority population. 6. Membership should be regularly evaluated to ensure fulfillment of goals and objectives. 7. If the planning committee will be in place for a long period of time, new individuals should be added periodically to generate new ideas and enthusiasm. 8. Be aware of politics. 9. Make sure the committee is large enough to accomplish work, but small enough to be able to make decisions and reach consensus (subcommittees) 10. In some situations there might be a need for multiple layers of planning committees.

7 questions to determine planning parameters

1. What is the decision makers philosophical perspective on health promotion programs 2. What type of commitment to the program are decision makers willing to make? Are they interested in the program becoming institutionalized 3. What type of financial support are decision makers willing to provide 4. Are decision makers willing to consider changing the organizational culture 5. Will all individuals in the priority population have an opportunity to take advantage of the program, or will it be available to only certain subgroups 6. What type of committee will the planning committee be? Will it be a permanent or a temporary (ad hoc) committee 7. What is the authority of the planning committee

Explain why a needs assessment is an important part of the planning process and list six questions a needs assessment should answer

A process of identifying, analyzing, & prioritizing needs of a priority population. May be the most critical step in planning. Logical place to start, helps ensure appropriate use of planning resources, lack of one may prevent or delay adequate attention directed to a more important health problem, can help determine internal capacity of a community to address specific needs, develops a focus for an intervention, and provides a reference point for future assessments. 1. Who is the priority population? 2. What are the needs of the priority population? 3. Which subgroups within the priority population have the greatest need? 4. Where are these subgroups located geographically? 5. What is currently being done to resolve identified needs? 6. How well have the identified needs been addressed in the past?

Formative research

A process that identifies differences among subgroups within a population, identifies a subgroup, determines the wants and needs of the subgroups, and identifies factors that influence its behavior, including benefits, barriers and readiness to change.

Health educator

A professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.

Pilot test

A representative sample of the priority population is used to determine the quality of the instrument. A set of procedures used by planners/evaluators to try out various processes during program development on a small group of subjects prior to actual use/implementation. Purpose- to identify and correct any problems. Used to identify problems with measurements instruments, data collection procedures, data analysis, materials, strategies, and sometimes to establish validity & reliability

APHA RFA/RFP NACCHO

APHA- American Public Health Association RFA/RFP- Requests for applications/requests for proposals NACCHO-National Association of Country and City Health Officials

Capacity building

Activities that enhance that resources of individuals, organizations, and communities to improve their effectiveness in taking action.

Health Education Specialist

An individual who has met, at a minimum BA-level required health education academic preparation qualifications, serves in a variety of settings and is able to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies,procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups and communities.

Proxy measures

An outcome measure that provides evidence that a behavior has occurred.

What is health promotion

Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities. Health promotion takes into account that human behavior is not only governed by personal factors, but also the structure of the environment.

What are the 5 steps of the Generalized Planning Model in creating health program

Assess the Setting or DIE 1. Assessing needs 2. Setting goals and objectives 3. Developing an intervention 4. Implementing the intervention 5. Evaluating the results

Be able to list and describe the 5 steps of the Generalized Model of Program Planning. What is the value of this model

Assess the Setting or DIE 1. Assessing needs- collecting and analyzing data to determine the health needs of a population; setting priorities and selecting a priority population. 2. Setting goals and objectives- what will be accomplished 3. Developing an intervention- how goals and objectives will be achieved 4. Implementing the intervention- putting intervention into action 5. Evaluating the results- improving quality and determining effectiveness. To teach the basic principles of planning, and evaluation emphasized in most planning models.

Psychosocial characteristics

Attitudes, beliefs, motivation, and personality traits, e.g., fears, sympathy, belonging, cohesiveness. Self-report validated scales.

What was the purpose of the Role Delineation Project

Began to define the role of the entry-level health educator.

CBA ROI WHO CDC DHHS SCDHEC

CBA- Cost-benefit analysis ROI- Return on investment WHO- World Health Organization CDC-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DHHS-Department of Health and Human Services SCDHEC- South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

Multi-step survey or Delphi technique

Collecting data from the same people multiple times; five or fewer rounds. Generates consensus through a series of questionnaires and is usually administered via the mail or electronic mail. Advantage- pooled responses, spans times and distance, high motivation and commitment, reduced influence of others, enhanced response quality and quantity, equal representation, and consistent participant contact. Disadvantages- high cost and time commitment, reduced clarification opportunities, and reduced immediate reinforcement.

What is the Community guide and what are the 3 questions that this site can answer

Community guide- summarizes the finding from systematic reviews of public health interventions covering a variety of topics. Systematic reviews are used to answer three questions: 1. Which program and policy interventions have been proven effective 2. Are there effective interventions that are right for my community 3. What might effective interventions cost; what is the likely return on investment

What is healthy people 2020

Defines the nation's health agenda. Guides health policy.

Be able to list and describe the 3 F's of program planning

Fluidity- steps are sequential Flexibility- adapt to needs of stakeholders Functionality- outcome of planning is improved health conditions, not production of the plan

Categorical funds

Funds that are earmarked or dedicated to support programs aimed at a specific health problem or determinant.

Cross-sectional surveys

Gather primary data from individuals or groups with a single contact. Often take form of written questionnaires and interviews. Disadvantage- Bias- those data that have been distorted because of the way they have been collected. There are times that the priority population cannot respond for themselves or do not want to respond. Advantage- self-report- respondents are asked to recall and report accurate information.

Community meetings

Good source of information for a preliminary needs assessment or various aspects of evaluation. Advantage- good for formative evaluation, low cost, flexible. Disadvantage- possible result bias, limited input from participants.

HIPAA HA HRA HIA BPR Model

HIPAA- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 HA- Health Assessments HRA- Health Risk Assessments HIA- Health Impact Assessment BPR Model- Basic Priority Rating Model

What is the difference between health education and health promotion

Health promotion takes into account that human behavior is not only governed by personal factors, but also the structure of the environment.

Psychometric qualities

Instrument shows reliability, validity, and fairness.

MAP-IT

Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track A way to assist communities in implementing their own adaptions of Healthy People 2020 1. Mobilize- similar to pre-planning 2. Assess- needs assessment 3. Plan- develops goal & objectives 4. Implement- organizes coalition 5. Track- evaluation

MAPP

Mobilizing for Action through Planning & Partnerships Goal is to aid city or county health departments (e.g., local health departments) 1. Organizing for Success & Partnership Development 2. Visioning 3. Four MAPP assessments 4. Identify strategic issues 5. Formulate goals & strategies 6. The action cycle- implementation and evaluation phases.

NCHEC NCATE SABPAC CHES MCHES

NCHEC- National Commission for Health Education Credentialing Inc. NCATE- National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education SABPAC- SOPHE-AAHE Baccalaureate Program Approval Committee CHES- Certified Health Education Specialists MCHES- Master Certified Health Education Specialist

4 levels of measurement and examples of question for each

Nominal- data into categories; mutually exclusive; categories are exhaustive. What is your sex? M F Ordinal- data into categories; mutually exclusive & exhaustive; but also rank ordered; can't measure distance between categories. How would you describe your level of satisfaction? vs s ns Interval- data into categories; mutually exclusive & exhaustive; rank orders; can measure distance between categories; no absolute zero. What was the temperature today? Ratio- data into categories; mutually exclusive & exhaustive; rank orders; can measure distance between categories; there is an absolute zero. How much do you weight?

Observation

Notice taken of an indicator, can also be an effective means of collecting data. Can be direct or indirect. can be obtrusive or unobtrusive. Advantage- accurate behavioral data, can be obtrusive, moderate cost. Disadvantage- requires trained observers, may bias behavior, possible observer bias, may be time-consuming, possible low response rate.

Describe the prioritization matrix and explain when it used

Once identified the risk factors or conditions related to broader health problems need to be prioritized. This can be accomplished by first ranking these by importance and changeability and than using the 2X2 matrix. Used in the PRECEDE-PROCEED phase 2 model.

Self-assessment

Personal review procedures, most address primary & secondary prevention issues, completed by individuals in the priority population (may or may not need assistance). Advantage- convenient, no interviewer bias, moderate cost, minimum staff time required, easy to administer, flexibility. Disadvantage- possible low response rate, possible problems of representative, self-selection.

What is photovoice/photo novella/footnovela. how is it conducted and why is it conducted

Photovoice- is a form of participatory data collection. Those in the priority population are provided with camera and skills training then use the camera to convey their own images of the community problems and strengths. To enable people to record and reflect their community's strengths and concerns. To promote critical dialogue and enhance knowledge about issues through group discussions of the photographs and to inform policymakers.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.

Population-based approach

Planning processes used with large populations.

PRECEDE/PROCEED

Precede- Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation. First 4 phases Proceed- Policy Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational & Environmental Development. Last 4 phases. Begins with the final consequences and works backward to the causes. Once the causes are known, an intervention can be designed. 1. Social assessment and situational analysis 2. Epidemiological assessment 3. Educational and ecological assessment 4. Intervention alignment; administrative and policy assessment. (administrative & policy assessment and intervention alignment.) 5. Implementation 6. Process evaluation 7. Impact evaluation 8. Outcome evaluation

Define and give examples of predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors

Predisposing- antecedent; impact motivation; e.g., knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions & values. Enabling- antecedent; barriers & vehicles; e.g., skills, access, availability, rules & laws. Reinforcing- subsequent; feedback & rewards- receive after behavior change which may either encourage or discourage the continuation after behavior change; e.g, social benefits such as recognition, appreciation, incentives, disincentives.

Define and distinguish between primary and secondary data

Primary- data collected that answer unique questions related to your specific needs assessment; often collected via interactive contact methods. Directly answers questions planners want answered. Expensive and can take a great deal of time. Secondary- data already collected by someone else (for another reason) & available for your use; often collected via no-contact methods. Already exists and fairly inexpensive. and might not identify the true needs of the priority population.

What are the 3 levels of prevention

Primary- preventing environmental exposures, improving human resistance to disease, education to diminish risk-taking behavior (vaccines) Secondary- identification and interdiction of diseases that are present in the body (health screening) Tertiary- want to prevention disease progression (routine screening)

Define and distinguish between probability sample and non-probability sample. Name and describe sampling procedures for each

Probability sample- all elements of the survey population have an equal change on probability of being selected. Sometimes referred to as a scientific sample or random sample. Simple random sample- equal chance of being selected;need frame; use TORN or computer Fishbowl- approximates SRS; not as precise; w/ & w/ out replacement Systematic- uses list; selects at a constant interval (N/n) after random start Cluster or area- SRS of groups, not individuals Matrix- responses of several combined as response of one. Non-probability sample- all individuals in the survey population do not have an equal chance or probability of being selected to participle in the needs assessment or evaluation. Participants can be included on the basis of convenience (because they have volunteered, are available, or can be easily contacted) or because they posses a certain characteristic. convenience, volunteer, grab, homogeneous, judgmental, snowball, quota.

Evidence-based practice

Process of systemically finding, appraising and using evidence as the basis for decision making when planning a health promotion program.

Mapping

The visual representation of data by geography or location, linking information to a place.

Focus group

Qualitative research; used to obtain information about feelings, opinions, beliefs, misconceptions, perceptions, attitudes and acquiring and testing of new ideas. Usually include only 8 to 12 people. Advantage- low cost, convenience, creative atmosphere, ease of clarification, flexibility. Disadvantage- qualitative information, limited representativeness, dependence on moderator skill, preliminary insights, participant involvement.

Qualitative vs. quantitative measures/data (and examples of each)

Quantitative- numerical data collected- mortality rates for diabetes over the last five years, the aforementioned BMIs of participants in a weight loss program and pretest and posttest scores. Qualitative- data collected with the use of narrative and observational approaches- notes gathered from observational study, transcripts from focus group, and taped recording of in-depth interviews with key informants.

Ecological framework

Recognizing that there are multiple levels of influence on behavior.

What is the difference in the health educator and health education specialist

Recommended that the profession de-emphasize the term health educator and use the term health education specialist in its place.

Reliability (4 types)

Reliability- consistency in the measurement process; the degree to which a measure is free from errors of measurement; obtained score=true score + error score 1. internal consistency- checks if items on the instrument are measuring the same research domain. 2. test-retest- the same instrument is used to measure the same group of people under similar, or the same, conditions, at two different point in time. 3. Rater reliability- intrarater (1 person); interrater (2 or more), focuses on the consistency of observations 4. Parallel forms reliability- focuses on whether different forms of the same measurement instrument, when measuring the same subjects, will product similar results.

SMART

Social Marketing Assessment & Response Tool Consumers throughout entire planning process 1. Preliminary planning 2. Consumer analysis 3. Market analysis 4. Channel Analysis 5. Develop interventions, markets, & pretest 6. Implementation 7. Evaluation

Demographics

Social and economic characteristics of a population; e.g., sex, age, race income. Self-reports questionnaires, census records.

Sample

Some of the participants

Survey instruments

Sometimes called questionaries. Are instruments that gather information about a variety of factors (awareness, skills, behavior, health status) related to one or more topics.

What is the SWOT analysis and how it is used in program planning

Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats It is an analysis of an organization's internal strengths and weakness, as well as opportunities and threats in the operating environment. Rapid internal and external scans that allow planners to implement interventions in a much shorter time frame; however, can lead to poorly planned programs and must be used with caution. Commonly uses a 2X2 matrix that lists strengths and weakness along the horizontal axis and opportunities and threats along the vertical axis. The organization can then decide if it prefers to build upon strengths or improve on weaknesses in context of environmental opportunities and threats.

Sensitivity

The ability of the test to identify correctly those who actually have the disease.

Specificity

The ability of the test to identify only non-diseased individuals who actually do not have the disease.

Community capacity

The characteristics of communities that affect their ability to identify, mobilize, and address social and public health problems.

Capacity

The individual, organizational, and community resources that enable a community to take action.

What is the health communities approach and how it is different from the Generalized Model of Program planning

The movement is characterized by community ownership and empowerment and driven by the values, needs and participation of community members with consultation from health professionals. Also diverse partnership- is it not uncommon to see partners from business or labor, transportation, recreation, public safety, or even politicians participate in the Healthy Communities process. Steps appear quite similar to the GM but this approach is characterized by community ownership more so than other planning approach. 1. Planning and strategy development 2. Developing and Pretesting Concepts, messages, and materials 3. Implementing the program 4. Assessing effectiveness and making refinements.

What is social math and why is it important

The practice of translating statistics and other data so they become interesting to the journalist, and meaningful to the audience.

Needs assessment

The process of identifying, analyzing and prioritizing the needs of a priority population.

What are the components of a problem statement

The statement should also include why it is a problem and why it should be dealt with. Use social math to help highlight economic impact.

Opinion leaders

Those who are well respected in a community and can accurately represent the views of the priority population

Community forum

Town hall meeting, approach brings together people from the priority population to discuss what they see as their group's problems/needs. Advantage- relatively straightforward to conduct, relatively inexpensive, access to a board cross-section of the community, people participate on own term, can identify most interested Disadvantage- often difficult to achieve good attendance, participants in the community forum may tend to represent special interests, the forum could degenerate into gripe session, data analysis can be time consuming.

What is self-reported data and why is bias such a risk with this data. what are 8 steps to combat bias among self-report data

When individuals or groups are answering questions about themselves, respondents are asked to recall and report accurate information. Those data that have been distorted because of the way they have been collected. 1. Select measures that clearly reflect program outcomes 2. Select measures that have been designed to anticipate the response problems and that have been validated 3. Conduct a pilot study with the priority population. 4. Anticipate and correct any major sources of unreliability 5. Employ quality-control procedures to detect other sources of error 6. Employ multiple methods 7. Use multiple measures 8. Use experimental and control groups with random assignment to control for biases in self-report.

What are the ethical issues with measurements

Whenever people are being measured as part of a needs assessment or an evaluation, planner/evaluators need to be aware that many of their decisions could have ethical ramifications. Once data has been collected, several ethical issues could arise when the data are analyzed and reported- inappropriate data analysis can lead to personal harm to participants, have an ethical obligation to ensure they do not mislead anyone who relies on them. Must ensure not to reveal the identity of those who participated, or individual results of participants, without their permission.

What is bias and how can a planner/evaluator limit bias

biased data are distorted data; often caused by the way they are collected; e.g., response bias. The observation should be unobtrusive as possible, making sure data is being collected in a confidential way, and consider collecting data via an anonymous means, the use of techniques to reduce bias will increase the accuracy of the results.

Likert scale

is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires.

Fairness

measure is appropriate for the individuals of various ethnic groups with different backgrounds, gender, educational levels.

Need

the difference between the present situation and a more desirable more