HPL RECEMT ATPL MISTAKES
When suffering from hypoxia, short-term memory impairment starts at approximately at.. A12000 ft. B18000 ft. C25000 ft. D8000 ft.
A12000 ft.
A student pilot is seated in a rotating chamber without any outside visual reference. He/she is told to move his/her head up and down slowly. Soon he/she starts to feel dizzy and nausea sets in. What is the reason for this? ACoriolis effect BBlack hole effect CSpatial disorientation DFlicker vertigo
ACoriolis effect coriolis is about us MOVING OUR HEAD while somethings turning/rotating
In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends on: 1. objective and subjective criteria,2. the objective to be achieved,3. the risks associated with each solution,4. number of decision-makers. A2, 3 and 4. B1, 2, and 3. C1, 2, and 4. D1, 3 and 4.
B1, 2, and 3. DUMB QUESTION TO MEMEORISE
Which of the following is correct about hyperventilation? Hyperventilation is breathing: AWith a too low rate of breathing, so the concentration of CO2 in the blood remains too high. BIn excess of metabolic needs and in doing so the body removes more CO2 than it produces. C In more oxygen than the body requires and in doing so the body removes less CO2 than it produces. DWith a too high rate of breathing, which causes an excess of oxygen in the blood.
BIn excess of metabolic needs and in doing so the body removes more CO2 than it produces. common offender
Which option correctly lists, from the items below, possible symptoms of stress? 1. Depression or anxiety 2. Low blood pressure 3. Sleep disturbances 4. Abuse of psychoactive substances A1 and 3 only B3 and 4 only C1, 3, and 4 only D2, 3, and 4 only
C1, 3, and 4 only
What are the main types of stressors? 1) domestic 2) external 3) internal 4) environment 5) organisational 6) psychological 7) physiological 8) occupational A1, 4, 5 and 8. B1, 2, 3 and 8. C1, 6, 7 and 8. D1, 4, 6 and 7.
C1, 6, 7 and 8. hard
external factors in errr generation
economics ergonimics social environment
What is correct regarding communication in the flight deck? 1. In high workload, visual effects from system messages may decrease the effectiveness of personal communication. 2. In high workload, visual effects from system messages prevent interruption of the flow of work. A 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct B 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect C 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect Dboth are correct
1 is correct, 2 is incorrect
A newly-hired young pilot experiences a common cold and prefers NOT to call in sick to work. Which of the following statements is true? A Flying with a cold can lead to spatial disorientation: if the pressure equalises in one ear but NOT the other, this can cause different stimulations in the inner ear, leading to dizziness and vertigo. BAerodontalgia barotrauma is frequently associated with colds: swelling of soft tissues around the teeth prevents the exchange of gas, causing pain. The greatest risk is during rapid climbs at low altitudes. C Sinus barotrauma can be very painful, distracting the pilot from flying: if the paranasal sinuses fall to equalise pressure, hearing can be impaired. This most frequently occurs in the climb at low altitudes. DOtic barotrauma can be very painful, distracting the pilot from flying: it can result in ruptured ear drums, and most frequently occurs in the climb at high altitudes.
A Flying with a cold can lead to spatial disorientation: if the pressure equalises in one ear but NOT the other, this can cause different stimulations in the inner ear, leading to dizziness and vertigo.
Which of the following statements is true about Anaemic Hypoxia? A It can be caused by smoking. B It can be caused by decompression. CIt can be brought on by altitude. DIt can be brought on by fatigue.
A It can be caused by smoking.
In the pre-flight phase, the captain notices that his/her co-pilot on the one hand is rather inexperienced and insecure but on the other hand highly motivated. What kind of leadership behaviour is most likely inappropriate? A The captain lets the co-pilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments. BThe captain lets the co-pilot fly and encourages him frankly to ask for any support when needed. C The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each action to the co-pilot in order to keep him informed about his decisions. D The captain lets the co-pilot fly and gives him detailed instructions what to do.
A The captain lets the co-pilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments.
Which of the following statements about body temperature and its relevance to sleep patterns is correct? A The circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people (who are adapted to the local time and work/sleep cycle). It is critical for determining the timing, duration and therefore quality of sleep. BThe daily variation in body temperature is the most important circadian rhythm for sleep, and it varies significantly among individuals. A pilot should recognise his/her personal pattern in order to effectively plan sleep timing and duration. C The circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people (who are adapted to the local time and work/sleep cycle). Morning sunlight synchronises the body temperature rhythm to the local time, allowing a person to quickly adjust to the local time zone. D When the body temperature rises it takes longer to fall asleep, but the sleep will be of better quality and longer duration. Because body temperature rises in the evening it is better to go to bed early in the evening.
A The circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people (who are adapted to the local time and work/sleep cycle). It is critical for determining the timing, duration and therefore quality of sleep. BThe daily variation in body temperature is the most important circadian rhythm for sleep, and it varies significantly among individuals. A pilot should recognise his/her personal pattern in order to effectively plan sleep timing and duration. it is the jet lag that varies significantly. got right
Which of the following choices are good examples of pre-planning and anticipation? 1. A pilot after experiencing an emergency in flight quickly decides to deviate to a well known alternative aerodrome. 2. After experiencing an emergency, the pilots asks the ATC for assistance in choosing an alternate aerodrome. 3. On a cruise flight over water, the aircraft suffers an emergency which requires one engine to be shut down. The pilot quickly decides whether to continue the flight or divert to and nearest suitable aerodrome. 4. An aeroplane lines up for take-off when the ATC informs the pilot of a change of wind direction and speed meaning the aircraft's crosswind limitation is exceeded. The pilot asks for a different runway and starts to calculate performance and navigation accordingly. A1 and 3 only B2 and 4 only C1, 2 and 4 D1, 3 and 4
A1 and 3 only
Match the following causes or characteristics to the respective illusions: 1. A cross-coupled response to a stimulation of the semi-circular canals in two different planes. 2. Illusory sensation of turning in which the individual or the surroundings appear to turn dizzily. 3. Lack of awareness of one's position and motion relative to Earth-fixed space in general. A1. Coriolis effect; 2. Vertigo; 3. Spatial disorientation B1. Spatial disorientation; 2. Coriolis effect; 3. Vertigo C1. Somatogravic illusion; 2. Flicker vertigo; 3. Autokinesis D1. Coriolis effect; 2. Autokinesis; 3. Flicker vertigo
A1. Coriolis effect; 2. Vertigo; 3. Spatial disorientation CVS
What is the purpose of multi crew training? 1. arousal control2. situational awareness3. crew communication4. cross checking5. crew coordination6. controlling Error possibility A2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 B1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 C1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 D2, 4, 5 and 6
A2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
A pilot is distracted by a failure of his/her navigation equipment and consequently does not execute a planned turn, but quickly realises and corrects. Afterwards, he/she lands at his/her intermediate airport and checks the weather at his/her final destination. As the weather looks good, he/she decides to take off without loading additional fuel. When he/she encounters an unexpected headwind, he/she barely makes it to his/her final destination without any fuel left. What were the errors committed? (1) Forgotten turn: lapse (2) Forgotten turn: violation (3) Forgotten turn: slip (4) Forgotten turn: rule-based error (5) Fuel: knowledge-based error (6) Fuel: lapse (7) Fuel: violation A3 and 5. B2 and 7. C1 and 5. D4 and 7.
A3 and 5. wrong and common offender
Which of the following statements concerning aviation safety culture is correct? AAn informed culture actively collects, analyses and distributes safety-related data. BA just culture is a culture in which errors made in flight are never prosecuted in order to encourage pilots to openly communicate them. CIn an open culture, the highest good is the cumulative well-being of the society as a whole. DIn a flexible culture, committed errors can be voiced without risking negative consequences for oneself.
AAn informed culture actively collects, analyses and distributes safety-related data. common offender
Select the correct statement concerning the human ear from the options below. AAt the oval window, vibrating the chain of ossicles induces pressure waves in the endolymph. BWhen standing upright, the utriculus senses linear acceleration along the z axis as well as gravity. CPresbycusis (hearing loss with age) is due to gradual wear of the chain of ossicles. DThe chain of ossicles is in the middle ear and connects the vibrations in the tympanic membrane to the sensors in the semicircular canals.
AAt the oval window, vibrating the chain of ossicles induces pressure waves in the endolymph.
During a lesson in a disorientation trainer with no external vision, a student is told to move the head up and down while the training device rotates about the vertical axis. Why, during this manoeuvre, does the student suddenly feel dizzy and disoriented? ABecause the training device is rotating, and without outside vision, the interaction between the senses is disturbed when the head is moved. BThe head movements disturb the equilibrium between all sensory inputs, and after a certain period of time, the human brain is no longer able to compensate for this. CThe head movements disturb the processing of sensory inputs in the cerebral cortex areas of the student's brain, and subsequently, spatial orientation is lost. DThe head movement itself has no effect on the disorientation; the rotation of the student about the vertical axis in combination with no outside vision alone account for the disorientation.
ABecause the training device is rotating, and without outside vision, the interaction between the senses is disturbed when the head is moved. big fat common offender
Modern aircraft increasingly rely on high levels of cockpit automation and information integration. Which of the following are methods to overcome some of the disadvantages of automation? APractice basic manual flying skills and continuously maintain a mental picture of the current situation. BContinuously monitor the automation and focus on fault detection or other abnormal indications CAdhere rigorously to Standard Operating Procedures and checklists, in order to ensure proper use of automation. DBe thoroughly familiar with the automation, in order to eliminate cockpit complacency and being unaware.
APractice basic manual flying skills and continuously maintain a mental picture of the current situation. \hard
What is the purpose of Standard operating procedures (SOPs)? ASOPs ensure commonality which all crewmembers can follow and understand for any given operation or phase of flight. BSOPs act as a guideline which all crewmembers can use in an emergency. CSOPs ensure that anyone using them can understand any given operation or phase of flight. DSOPs act as a reminder to all crewmembers of correct operating procedures.
ASOPs ensure commonality which all crewmembers can follow and understand for any given operation or phase of flight. COMMON OFFENDER. commonality across the board
Circadian rhythms are governed by a biological "internal clock". Select the correct statement: AThe internal clock adapts slowly, and beyond one's conscious control, to changes in the daily schedule of sleeping, waking and eating. BSleep, body temperature and hunger circadian are rhythms that can be shifted by about 90 minutes per day, by consciously changing the internal clock. CThe internal clock can be adjusted quickly by modifying one's behaviour, as it reacts rapidly to changes in the daily schedule of sleeping, waking and eating. DThe circadian rhythms have an autonomous cycle of 25 hours, but the internal clock regulates them to a 24-hour cycle.
AThe internal clock adapts slowly, and beyond one's conscious control, to changes in the daily schedule of sleeping, waking and eating.
What is the illusion created to the pilot, when transitioning from flight over flat ground to flight over mountains? AThe pilot thinks he is lower than he actually is. BThe pilot perceives a false horizon due to the change in terrain. CThe pilot thinks he is higher than he actually is. DThe pilot may experience a narrowing of the field of view due to the mountainous terrain.
AThe pilot thinks he is lower than he actually is.
Automation (autoflight) is aimed to aid and protect the flight of aircraft. Select the correct statement: AAutomation is more reliable than humans but the crew are more capable than the automation of making decisions and performing in unexpected situations and emergencies. Therefore, central to all automation concepts is that the pilot is the last operator. B Primary flight computers can fully control an aircraft, aiding the crew in preventing the aircraft from exceeding limitations, and to fly efficiently. One automation concept has the pilot as the last operator while another allows the automation to correct pilot error. C Automation can reduce crew workload and protect from exceeding aircraft limitations, especially in an emergency or unexpected condition. For this reason automation concepts always ensure that the flight computers have ultimate control authority, to correct for pilot error. DIn a fly-by-wire aircraft, computer-controlled flight modes are used to control surface movements and prevent the aircraft from exceeding operational limits; in such aircraft, the pilot has full control authority and therefore is the last operator.
B Primary flight computers can fully control an aircraft, aiding the crew in preventing the aircraft from exceeding limitations, and to fly efficiently. One automation concept has the pilot as the last operator while another allows the automation to correct pilot error. C right but vulnerable to mistakes. common
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Risk factors for diabetes type 2 are: 1. obesity 2. genetic background 3. physical activity 4. low calorie intake. The combination which includes all the correct statements is.. A1, 2 and 3 only. B1 and 2 only. C2, 3 and 4 only. D1 and 4 only.
B1 and 2 only.
During a VFR flight, visibility deteriorates and the pilot, who doesnt hold an instrument rating, encounters cloud conditions, despite the degrading meteorological conditions the pilot decides not to divert but to continue the VFR flight, finally entering Instrumental Meteorological Conditions, the pilot attempts to continue the planned route but after 5 minutes contacts ATC for assistance. Which of the following are accetable explanation for why the pilot made violation? 1. The pilot did not properly assess the risk of the spatial disorientation while entering into IMC.2. The pilot made poor assesment of the environmental situation, and as a consequence the pilot inadvertently entered IMC.3. Once the conditions reached IMC, the pilot reviewed the options. There is time to re-evaluate the situation in a degraded visual environmental before experiencing the spatial disorientation.4. The pilot failed to get an accurate meteorological pre-flight briefing, the development of options when encountering an unexpected situation takes time and may delay reaching a decision. A2 and 3 only B1, 2 and 4 C1 and 4 only D2, 3 and 4
B1, 2 and 4
General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by which of the following phases? 1. Alarm 2. Alert 3. Resistance 4. Exhaustion 5. Vigilance A2, 3, 4 B1, 3, 4 C2, 3, 4, 5 D1, 2, 4, 5
B1, 3, 4
Which of the following are typical symptoms associated with gastroenteritis? 1. Vomiting 2. Low blood pH 3. Pain in the stomach 4. Diarrhea 5. Fever 6. Heartburn A1, 2, 3, 4. B1, 3, 4. C1, 4, 5, 6. D1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
B1, 3, 4.
Symptoms of gastrointestinal upset can include: 1) Halitosis (bad breath); 2) Loss of appetite; 3) Gain of weight; 4) Heartburn; 5) Altered perception of taste; 6) Pressure pain during climb; 7) Desire for certain food types; 8) Gastric and duodenal ulcers; 9) Loss of weight. A3, 7 and 8. B2, 4 and 8. C1, 5 and 7. D4, 6 and 9.
B2, 4 and 8.
During flight, carbon monoxide poisoning is a threat that may be the result of: AExhaust gases from other aircraft ahead entering the cabin. BA defective cabin heating system allowing exhaust gases to enter the cabin. C Ineffective filtering by the air conditioning system of turbine engine bleed air. DUnfettered recirculated bleed air entering the cabin.
BA defective cabin heating system allowing exhaust gases to enter the cabin. got it right
Select from below common signs and symptoms of alcoholism. AMarriage problems, repetitive withdrawal symptoms, chest pain while breathing or coughing BIncreased tolerance towards alcohol, repetitive symptoms of withdrawal, conflict with law CImprovement of social skills, conflict with law, relief of withdrawal symptoms with continued drinking DExpansion of the drinking repertoire, marriage problems, symptoms of withdrawal
BIncreased tolerance towards alcohol, repetitive symptoms of withdrawal, conflict with law wrong and Lithuania
Due to high arousal or overstress, an individual starts to hyperventilate. Consequently, the carbon dioxide level in the blood is lowered which results in: AA delay in the onset of hypoxia when flying at high altitudes. BLess oxygen to be diffused into the cells. CA poor saturation of oxygen in the blood. DThe activation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes hypoxia.
BLess oxygen to be diffused into the cells.a
What is the FRMS (Fatigue Risk Management System) designed to do through the collection of data and a formal risk assessment? APrevent all incidents and accidents that may be deemed to be attributable to Flight Crew fatigue. BMonitor and manage fatigue related safety risks, with the aim to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness. CProvide a systematic approach to managing safety within an organisation, including the necessary organisational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. DEnsure that the Flight Crew only are adequately rested to perform their roles safely.
BMonitor and manage fatigue related safety risks, with the aim to ensure relevant personnel are performing at adequate levels of alertness.
During their approach, the crew of a Lockheed Tristar noticed that a green light indicating a locked nose gear had failed to illuminate and requested permission to enter a holding pattern for troubleshooting. They were assigned a position over an uninhabited swamp area, which was completely dark that night. While all the crew members were occupied with the landing gear indicator, one of the pilots inadvertently knocked a control wheel, bringing the aircraft into a gradual descent, which went unnoticed. The air traffic controller discovered that the aircraft had descended to 900 ft and asked if there was any trouble, but did not mention the altitude loss directly. The crew confirmed that everything was alright. Only seconds before the crash, the first officer realised that they were descending into the swampland, but the crash could no longer be prevented at the stage. Select the statement which is NOT true with regard to the above-mentioned accident... AThe chain of errors could have been broken by explicit communication. BOne of the major errors in the chain of events was due to environmental capture. CAccording to the SHELL model, a mismatch between liveware and hardware has contribute
BOne of the major errors in the chain of events was due to environmental capture. got right but be careful
What are the three physiological thresholds and their corresponding altitudes? ADisturbance Threshold (5000 ft), Distress Threshold (10000 ft), Compensatory Threshold (20000 ft). BReaction Threshold (7000 ft), Disturbance Threshold (10-12000 ft), Critical Threshold (22000 ft). CReaction Threshold (8000 ft), Disturbance Threshold (13000 ft), Critical Threshold (22000 ft). DDisturbance Threshold (7000 ft), Reaction Threshold (10-12000 ft), Critical Threshold (22000 ft).
BReaction Threshold (7000 ft), Disturbance Threshold (10-12000 ft), Critical Threshold (22000 ft).
What is "automation complacency"? AThe circumstance where the pilot flies the aircraft manually because he is unable to rely on the automatic systems flying the aircraft safely. BThe circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the infallibility of the automatic systems. CNo over-ride facility is available on auto-flight selection as there are enough levels of redundancy to cope with any system failure. DAutomation is now so reliable that the human input is no longer necessary.
BThe circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the infallibility of the automatic systems.
Which are some of the most critical types of perceptual illusions? AHaptic illusion (e.g. colour-blind), vestibular illusion (e.g. graveyard spiral), and sensory illusion (e.g. spatial disorientation). BVisual illusion (e.g. blind spots), kinaesthetic illusion (e.g. the leans), and auditory illusion (e.g. missed radio call). CGeometric illusion (e.g. depth perception), somatosensory illusion (e.g. autokinesis), and vestibular illusion (e.g. feeling dizzy). DCoriolis illusion (e.g. constant turning), neurological illusion (e.g. after-images), and auditory illusion (e.g. hearing voices).
BVisual illusion (e.g. blind spots), kinaesthetic illusion (e.g. the leans), and auditory illusion (e.g. missed radio call).
A newly graduated pilot has started his first job flying transport jets for an airline. He/she wakes up with a cold. Instead of calling in sick, he/she begins his/her duty. What is the greatest risk of flying when having a cold? AA barotrauma of the sinuses commonly occurs during rapid climbs at low altitudes, accompanied by a feeling of pressure or sharp pain around the nose, eyes and jaws. BWhen the Eustachian tubes are swollen, pressure may probably equalise in one ear but not in the other, putting different pressures on the vestibule systems and causing spatial disorientation. CBarodontalgia is very common when suffering from a cold. The swollen tissues of the throat and nose do not allow for sufficient pressure equalisation, causing pain when the outside pressure changes too rapidly. DOtic barotrauma can cause pain in the ears and loss of hearing in rapid climbs at low altitude.
BWhen the Eustachian tubes are swollen, pressure may probably equalise in one ear but not in the other, putting different pressures on the vestibule systems and causing spatial disorientation. b is wrong cos pf dontolgia
Crew Resource Management (CRM) is mostly concerned with the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the flight within an organised aviation system. In this context, cognitive skills are defined as the mental processes used for.. Aacquiring the technical knowledge and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft. Bgaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking decisions. Cestablishing the required technical skills to complete the mission successfully. Ddefining a proper interpersonal framework to establish effective communication among the crew members.
Bgaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking decisions. LITHUAN AND WRONG OVER 3 TIMES WTF do not want to even know how many times I have gotten this wrong. time and time again.
The semicircular canals form part of the.. Aear drum. Binner ear. Cmiddle ear. Dexternal ear.
Binner ear.
A stress reaction is the.. Anon-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond. Bnon-specific response of the body to demands placed on a person. Cspecific stimuli causing a human body to respond. Dspecific response of the body to demands placed on a person.
Bnon-specific response of the body to demands placed on a person.
In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to: 1. avoid the synchronization of verbal and non-verbal channels. 2. send information in line with the receiver's decoding abilities. 3. always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only. 4. avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication. The correct statement(s) is (are): A3 and 4 are correct Bonly 2 is correct C1, 2 and 3 are correct D2 and 4 are correct
Bonly 2 is correct
During the cruise phase of flight, the pilots are engaged in the task of monitoring the instruments. This means that... Athe pilots are experiencing cocktail party effect. Bthe pilots should divide attention to scan instruments individually. Cthe pilots are in a state of vigilance which requires a certain level of arousal to be effective. Dthe pilots do not need to scan the instruments, since their attention mechanism can monitor all instruments simultaneously.
Bthe pilots should divide attention to scan instruments individually.
The use of check lists should be carried out in such a way that: Athey should only be carried out when time is available Btheir execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions Ctheir execution may be done simultaneously with other actions Dtheir execution should be combined with other important tasks
Btheir execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions common offence big time
An example for error generation in the cockpit caused by the social environment would be: AA warning light that is installed in a position outside of the view of the pilot. B The use of cheap, outdated or damaged equipment. C An inexperienced copilot flying with the head-of-training after just barely passing his last simulator check. DA challenging personal situation such as a divorce or the death of a close relative.
C An inexperienced copilot flying with the head-of-training after just barely passing his last simulator check.
Consider emergency situations such as engine failure in a helicopter or an impending stall in an aeroplane. Audio and visual warnings and the aircraft's attitude are stimuli to which the pilot must very quickly react by carrying out the correct recovery manoeuvre (autorotation or upset prevention). What is the most effective form of learning to allow the pilot to react quickly to the stimuli and carry out the correct manoeuvre? A Experience B Cognitive learning C Operant conditioning DInsight
C Operant conditioning lt and commonly wrong
Choose the most correct option regarding the possible causes of hearing loss in the flight environment: A Over-exposure to very loud noises from the engine exhaust can cause CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss), where damage to the auditory nerve prevents transmission of sound. B High noise levels in flight, exceeding 90 dB, cause strong vibrations in the ear that can result in CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss). C Prolonged exposure to cabin noise may lead to NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss), which involves damage to the receptors in the cochlea. DLong-term exposure to high volumes of noise produced by the aircraft engines / rotors can cause NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss), which involves damage to the eardrum.
C Prolonged exposure to cabin noise may lead to NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss), which involves damage to the receptors in the cochlea.
Which of the following are typical examples of the effects of long-term fatigue in flight crew? 1. General reduction in performance. 2. Tiredness and falling asleep for short periods without being aware that this happens. 3. Inability to sleep. 4. Increase in physiological and mental health problems. 5. Reduction in visual acuity. A1, 4 and 5. B1, 2 and 3. C1, 3, and 4. D1, 2 and 5.
C1, 3, and 4. the others are acute
Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), adjustment to destination time: 1. takes longer when travelling west rather than travelling east 2. takes longer when travelling east rather than travelling west 3. varies little between individuals 4. varies substantially among individuals. Which of the following lists all the correct statements? A1 and 4 B1 and 3 C2 and 4 D2 and 3
C2 and 4
Which of the following systems are involved in motion sickness? 1. Hearing 2. The vestibular system 3. Vision 4. The proprioceptive senses ("seat-of-the-pants" sense) 5. The gastrointestinal system A1, 2, 4, and 5 B1, 2, and 3 only C2, 3, 4, and 5 D2, 3, and 4 only
C2, 3, 4, and 5
What are the main objectives of CRM and MCC training? 1. Situational awareness 2. Checklists 3. Standard operating procedures 4. Cross-check and monitoring 5. Communication 6. Leadership 7. PF and PM concept A2, 4, 6 and 7. B1, 3, 5 and 7. C4, 5, 6 and 7. D1, 2, 3 and 4.
C4, 5, 6 and 7.
The atmosphere contains the following gases: A78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases. B78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases. C78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases. D78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases.
C78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases.
Which of the following causes presbycusis? AEarwax blockages BHigh levels of noise exposure CAgeing DObesity
CAgeing
Select a typical example of an procedural error according to the TEM model: ATaxiing on the wrong taxiway. BFlying below the correct glideslope. CApplying a rule not appropriate to the situation. DMissed call from ATC.
CApplying a rule not appropriate to the situation. common offender
The three types of Authority Gradient Cockpits are: AAuthoritative, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic BAuthoritative, Followership and Synergistic CAutocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic DAutocratic, Followership and Synergistic
CAutocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic
What is the advantage to the flight crew of planning and anticipation of future actions? AAllows for better analysis of flight crew preparedness in the event of an accident/incident. BReduces the requirement to use applicable checklists and negates the adherence to Standard Operating Procedures. CEnables the crew to create a precise reference framework, activate knowledge as necessary for the period to come and avoid saturation of the cognitive system. DAchieves accurate prediction of future events thus enabling a more relevant response.
CEnables the crew to create a precise reference framework, activate knowledge as necessary for the period to come and avoid saturation of the cognitive system.
Choose the correct statement about STM and LTM. ASTM is more readily available than LTM. BLTM is unlimited in size and is easier to access than STM. CLTM has more capacity and retains information longer than STM. DSTM is more difficult to access than LTM.
CLTM has more capacity and retains information longer than STM.
What is an example of an undesired aircraft state? AA hard landing caused by turbulence. BFlying in windshear zones. CNot following ATC speed restrictions. DMaintaining proper altitude during cruise.
CNot following ATC speed restrictions.
According to the TEM Mode, threats are grouped in two basic categories. One of these categories refers to environmental threats and the other category refers to: AHuman performance threats that occur due to the human performance of aviation personnel. BOperational threats that occur due to the organisation in aviation structures. COrganisational threats that occur due to the organisation in aviation structures. DTechnical threats that occur due to the technical part of the aeronautical operations, e.g. aircraft malfunctions.
COrganisational threats that occur due to the organisation in aviation structures.
Cultivating an atmosphere where people have confidence to report safety concerns without fear of blame is an example of a/an: AOpen Culture. BSafety Culture. CReporting Culture. DLearning Culture.
CReporting Culture. big common offender
A captain is flying towards the destination airport with an inexperienced copilot. They receive an ATIS announcing CB with associated severe turbulence and windshear. The captain summarises: "We are almost at our crosswind limit; if you can see the runway, then we can make it." The copilot perceives flashing lights, he/she believes that they could be the runway and makes an approach to land. This scenario is NOT an example of... ARisky shift; the tendency of both pilots to take more risk than any of them would on his/her own. BGroup polarization (neither pilot wants to disagree with the other). CThe captain allows the copilot to make the decision to improve his/her little experience in poor weather. DThe copilot wanted to conform with the captain.
CThe captain allows the copilot to make the decision to improve his/her little experience in poor weather. read the F question
A pilot conducts a routine simulator flight with an examiner. The examiner notes that the pilot is excessively nervous given the standard and uneventful simulator flight. What might be a reason for the pilot's nervousness? AIt might be an outward display of hypovigilance resulting from the eventless session. BThe pilot may have felt social pressure, because he does not know the examiner personally and has never heard of him. CThe pilot may have been afraid of dismissal because of a poor performance in the check ride. DThe pilot might have been afraid of an upcoming simulated engine failure.
CThe pilot may have been afraid of dismissal because of a poor performance in the check ride.
What are the major symptoms of gastrointestinal upsets causing incapacitation in flight? ADiarrhoea, dizziness, fatigue BHeartburn and acid regurgitation CVomiting, nausea, pain in the stomach DObstipation and ileus
CVomiting, nausea, pain in the stomach
A pilot is invited to have a session in a spatial disorientation training device. Such a device can rotate around any of its 3 axes (or multiple at once), and the pilot has no visual reference to the outside. When the device is rotating around only the vertical axis (yawing), the pilot is asked to nod their head up and down. They very quickly become dizzy and disorientated. Why does this happen? AThe process of interpreting vestibular sensations in the brain's cerebral cortex is adversely affected by the pilot nodding their head, leading to disorientation. BThe dizziness and disorientation is caused solely by the rotation of the device without external visual reference, the nodding of the head does not influence this effect. CWithout any outside visual references, the interaction between their individual senses becomes disturbed by nodding their head while the device is rotating. DThe nodding of the head disturbs the equilibrium of all the sensory inputs. This can be compensated for by the brain for a certain time, after which, disorientation will begin.
CWithout any outside visual references, the interaction between their individual senses becomes disturbed by nodding their head while the device is rotating. got it right but the key thing with these is to IGNORE "CORTEX" and IGNORE " equilibrium after. a certain time" words.
Accommodation is the Abending of light when it moves from one medium into another. Bcapacity of the eye to resolve detail. Cability of the eye to alter its focal length. Dperception by the brain from nerve inputs originating in the fovea.
Cability of the eye to alter its focal length.
Strict adherence to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and normal checklists is.. Astrongly encouraged for scheduled air carriers or charter operators but is not mandatory according to ICAO and EASA requirements. Bbecoming increasingly important due to the growing complexity of advanced cockpit automation and the types of new operations this enables. Can effective method to prevent or mitigate crew errors, anticipate or manage operational threats, and therefore to enhance ground- and flight-operations safety. Dto be emphasised as part of each scheduled air carrier's Advanced Training Quality Programme (ATQP), to promote safe flight operations.
Can effective method to prevent or mitigate crew errors, anticipate or manage operational threats, and therefore to enhance ground- and flight-operations safety.
The term "circadian rhythm" describes the Anatural drive to sleep that increases as the day progresses, and which also affects the ability to sustain attention. Bphysiological state in which there is a decreased capacity to perform cognitive tasks and an increased variability in performance. Cbiological cycle controlled by a 24-hour internal clock in the brain that regulates behavioural and physiological changes. Dperiod of impaired cognitive performance and reduced vigilance following awakening from a regular sleep episode.
Cbiological cycle controlled by a 24-hour internal clock in the brain that regulates behavioural and physiological changes.
When flying in IMC, a pilot is more susceptible to spatial disorientation when.. Athe eyes are moved rapidly while scanning to check flight instruments. Bignoring or overcoming the sensations of the muscles and inner ear. Cbody sensations are primarily relied upon to interpret flight attitudes. Dthe head is tilted abruptly while experiencing rapid linear acceleration.
Cbody sensations are primarily relied upon to interpret flight attitudes.
The pilot monitoring speaks out loud whenever he/she changes an input setting on a navigation instrument. The pilot flying detects an error in one digit set and immediately point out the mistake so that it can be corrected. This is an example of threat and error management (TEM)... Aplanning-countermeasure, useful to help prevent latent threats. Bprevention-countermeasure, designed to avoid errors in instrument settings. Cexecution-countermeasure, aimed to help detect possible errors. Dreview-countermeasure, which is required to cross-check actions of the other crew member.
Cexecution-countermeasure, aimed to help detect possible errors.
When focussing on near objects.. Athe cornea gets smaller. Bthe pupil gets larger. Cthe shape of lens gets more spherical. Dmore rods than cones are used.
Cthe shape of lens gets more spherical.
While monitoring the instruments during the cruise, the flight crew are in a state of (1)___ and their (2)___ is drawn by one of the engines' oil cages indicating that the oil pressure is dropping. A(1) arousal; (2) vigilance. B(1) complacency; (2) attention. C(1) attention; (2) vigilance. D(1) vigilance; (2) attention.
D(1) vigilance; (2) attention. common offender. it says they are monitoring so they are not complacent. it just doesnt fit sense at all.
Hypoxia can be caused by which of the following? 1. A decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood due to carbon monoxide attached to the haemoglobin. 2. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere when flying at high altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental oxygen. 3. Malfunction of the body cells to metabolise oxygen. 4. Blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+Gz). A3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false. B1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false. C1, 2, and 3 are correct, 4 is false. D1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.
D1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct. less blood above the heart= less blood to brain = less oxygen to brain. so indirectly can cause a hypoxic state if prolonged
Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a check list? 1. The longer a check list, the more it must be subdivided into logical parts. 2. The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the check list. 3. Check lists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with other tasks. 4. Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should be applied. 5. Use should be made of upper case/"bold"/italics/colour with care to emphasize critical items or points. The combination of correct statements is: A1, 2 and 3 are correct B1, 3 and 5 are correct C1, 2 and 5 are correct D1, 4 and 5 are correct
D1, 4 and 5 are correct right tho
On a multi-crew commercial flight, the pilot monitoring is busy speaking to ATC when the pilot flying changes the autopilot mode, and makes the appropriate call-out, but the pilot monitoring does not hear the call-out. What has happened? AA procedural error from the pilot monitoring, who must not direct his attention to ATC whilst the pilot flying makes adjustments to the aircraft automation. BA communication threat, because communication with ATC uses up cockpit resources and creates a risk of human overload. CA communication error from the pilot flying, who must not make any call-outs while the pilot monitoring is busy with other tasks. DA communication threat, because the disruption prevented the crew from communicating the changes to maintain a shared mental picture.
DA communication threat, because the disruption prevented the crew from communicating the changes to maintain a shared mental picture.
According to the TEM model, what are the effective counter-measures used to detect and manage foreseeable threats? ASituational awareness and discussing procedures. BAeronautical decision making management and briefings. CDiscussing procedures and aeronautical decision making management. DBriefings and situational awareness.
DBriefings and situational awareness.
Which behaviour is typically found in the resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? ABodily recuperation. BRelaxed actions. CApplication of mental coping strategies. DFight or flight.
DFight or flight. memorise. appealable tho
Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide? AIt can be readily detected by the smell. BIt combines five times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen. CIt has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen. DIt is found in the smoke of cigarettes, and raises the smoker's physiological altitude.
DIt is found in the smoke of cigarettes, and raises the smoker's physiological altitude. common offender yet it is so easy so I dont get it
In general, which are the main factors that determine a pilot's behaviour? APast experiences and education. BTraining and peer pressure. CCharacter and social pressure. DPersonality and attitude.
DPersonality and attitude.
What are the main sources of error in a pilot's decision-making mechanism? ADetermination of the situational risk or hazard; assessment of the environmental circumstances. BBiases affecting unprejudiced decision making; external factors such as peer pressure and group behaviour. CIdentification of tactical actions in the given situation; anticipating the consequences of the available options. DSituation assessment and its associated level of risk; selection of the appropriate course of action.
DSituation assessment and its associated level of risk; selection of the appropriate course of action. common offender
From the following options, select an example of self-discipline of flight crew members which is important to flight safety: AObserving a sterile cockpit during all phases of flight as a means of maintaining a consistently high level of concentration. BAlways flying according to the manufacturer's recommended engine settings as a means of extending maintenance intervals. CFollowing the read-and-do method checklist as a means of significantly increasing flight crew coordination during normal operation. DStrictly adhering to standard operating procedures as a means of greatly reducing the risk of committing an error or omission.
DStrictly adhering to standard operating procedures as a means of greatly reducing the risk of committing an error or omission.
An experienced pilot is employed by an airline operator on a fixed-term contract as First officer. The Operator will offer a permanent contract to only 1 pilot at the end of the year, so the First Officer is really motivated to perform at his/her best. The commander of the aircraft who flies with him/her should be aware that... AHigh levels of motivation lead to higher arousal, resulting in the First Officer performing his/her monitoring duties more effectively. BOver-motivation will affect performance, because the associated high levels of arousal are a physiological source of stress. CHigh motivation increases arousal but reduces the perceived stress level, so the First Officer will be prone to hypervigilance during the cruise. DStrong motivation to achieve is a cognitive stressor, and it can negatively affect performance.
DStrong motivation to achieve is a cognitive stressor, and it can negatively affect performance. Lithuania and right but prone to getting it wrong.
A go-around has already been initiated, when ATC delivers a long message, changing the missed approach procedure. What is correct regarding the pilots' attention and the risks associated with the above situation? AListening to the ATC instruction could divert the Pilot Flying's attention from the task of controlling the aircraft. The Pilot Flying should be able to carry out both tasks successfully, because a go-around is a routine procedure. BThe Pilot Not Flying (PNF) copies and acknowledges the ATC instructions, while the Pilot Flying (PF) takes over the PNF's monitoring duties. Because of the additional tasks performed, the PF can suffer from cognitive overload. CThe ATC communication will probably be ignored, because the attention of the Pilot Not Flying is fully concentrated on monitoring the aircraft's parameters and checking the go-around procedures, while the Pilot Flying is fully engaged in controlling the aircraft. DThe attention of the Pilot Not Flying could be diverted from the task of monitoring the aircraft parameters, which can lead to a loss of awareness of the aircraft's state.
DThe attention of the Pilot Not Flying could be diverted from the task of monitoring the aircraft parameters, which can lead to a loss of awareness of the aircraft's state.
The crew of an aircraft encounters total loss of both electrical power generators. The electrical sources remaining are the batteries which are designed to provide power for 30 minutes. The crew detects the failure but does NOT complete the check-list and does not disconnect non-essential electrical equipment. The nearest suitable aerodrome is 20 minutes away, but the Commander decides to continue to destination, which is 30 minutes away. During the approach to the destination aerodrome a complete electrical failure is encountered and critical flight instruments are lost. Which statements best describes the decision-making errors in this scenario? AThe crew misinterpret the situation, and the decision to continue to the destination is a consequence of this. Since they do NOT collect and evaluate all the relevant information about the electrical failure, a review of their decision is NOT necessary. BThe error lies in the implementation phase of the decision-making process: the decision to continue to the destination is a good one, since the batteries should last for 30 minutes, but the crew fail to follow the flight plan. COnce the crew decide on their course of action, they fail to revi
DThe crew correctly recognise the failure, but they act incorrectly regarding the checklist, they fail to properly assess the risk associated with the problem, they poorly evaluate the available options, and they fail to review their decision.
The crew of an Airbus A320 is flying towards an airport in severe thunderstorms and reported wind shear conditions. Due to several aircraft going around, delays are to be expected and the crew is cleared into a holding pattern. Preoccupied with the weather ahead of them, the crew fails to notice that they have accidentally pulled back the thrust levers too far, disabling the autothrottle. As airspeed drops, and aerodynamic buffet sets in, it is interpreted by the crew as entry into turbulence. When the aircraft actually stalls, the crew is convinced to have encountered wind shear and performs the appropriate escape manoeuvre. As the manoeuvre includes applying full thrust, the crew can successfully recover from the stall and land safely. What is correct regarding the initial error? AApplying the SHELL model, the error was due to environmental issues. BIt is a latent error, because it could only manifest itself because of the wind shear conditions. CIt can be regarded as a violation, as approaches in wind shear are forbidden by most companies' SOPs. DThe error was due to internal factors.
DThe error was due to internal factors.
A pilot is operating a low-level VFR flight in a mountainous area that they are unfamiliar with. They do not refer to their charts for terrain information, which leads to the pilot underestimating the height of nearby mountains. Which of the following is a hazard in this scenario? A The size and speed of any other traffic will be hard to assess, which can lead to dangerous close encounters. B The pilot could be affected by illusions due to atmospheric perspective. CThe pilot will find it difficult to correctly judge their groundspeed, leading them to believe that they are travelling faster than they actually are. DThe pilot may become dangerously low, leading to potentially dangerous situations, even in VFR conditions.
DThe pilot may become dangerously low, leading to potentially dangerous situations, even in VFR conditions.
The pilot of a multi-engined aircraft has quite a high workload, looking out for traffic and also concentrating on following ATC instructions to avoid a potential traffic conflict. After a very brief look at the instruments, the pilot's eyes automatically focus on the analogue engine gauges. He/she quickly sees that one needle indicates an abnormally high oil pressure value for the left engine. What statement correctly explains how the brain is storing and processing the information from the instruments in the above scenario? AThe pilot detects the abnormal value by making a detailed scan of all the instruments, complying with the procedures requiring continuous cross-checking of instruments during flight. His/her selective attention is focussed on all the instruments' values. BThe indications from all the instruments are stored as information in the pilot's working memory. The pilot then consciously and quickly processes the information and decides that one engine's oil pressure value is abnormal. CThe attention of the pilot is split between focussing inside the cockpit and looking outside. The indications from the instruments are stored for up to 20 seconds in the visual sensory store,
DThe visual image of the abnormal value is stored in the sensory store for about 1 second. The pilot automatically reacts to the abnormality by looking at the gauges, and then his/her attention consciously focuses on their indications. common offender this one is. 1 second and not visual sensory store. wtf is that
With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say that: Aall the characteristics of communication, namely output, duration, precision, clarity, etc. are stable and are not much affected by changes in workload Bcommunication is always sufficiently automated to enable an activity with a high workload element to be carried out at the same time Ccommunication is only effective if messages are kept short and sufficiently precise to limit their number Dcommunication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress
Dcommunication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress common offender
The three main sources of external error generation in the cockpit are.. Aergonomics, over-confidence, and the social environment. Bimproper technique, impulsiveness, and the physical environment. Can inappropriate cognitive style, economics, and alack of motivation. Dergonomics, economics, and the social environment.
Dergonomics, economics, and the social environment.
The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information is.. Alimited to daytime using the rod cells. Bgoverned by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle. Calmost equally shared by the entire retina. Dlimited to the foveal area of the retina.
Dlimited to the foveal area of the retina. common common offender all it wants you to say that the only part of the eye that sees clearly perfectly is the centre. so the answer C Is wrong. peripheral vision is nt clear
When the optical image forms in front of the retina the person is considered to be.. Along-sighted. Bsuffering from cataracts. Cunable to focus on near objects. Dshort-sighted.
Dshort-sighted.
During training the instructor suddenly cuts power to simulate an engine failure. Initially the student freezes down, but then responds quickly and executes a perfect landing. Later, when discussing it, the student feels tired but excited by the situation. What does he exhibit? A Exhaustion phase, associated with elimination of toxins produced by the stress, like adrenaline and cortisol. B Fight-or-flight response, associated with adrenaline secretion for a rapid response to a stressor. C Alarm phase, which is associated with coping with sustained stress. D Resistance phase, which is associated with instantaneous arousal and reaction.
b Fight-or-flight response, associated with adrenaline secretion for a rapid response to a stressor.
SOP can contribute to avoiding, reducing and managing threats and/or errors in daily flight operations. How is that achieved? A Pilots violating SOP will immediately be excluded from flying duties, improving flight safety. BThe creation of SOP is not a suitable means to reduce threats; they can only serve to avoid errors or mitigate their effects. C Reliable behaviour of crew members acting according to SOP reduces the stress in individuals and makes them less prone to commit errors. DSOPs have to be developed for the detection of latent (organisational) threats.
c Reliable behaviour of crew members acting according to SOP reduces the stress in individuals and makes them less prone to commit errors.
Which of the options below would cause conductive hearing loss (conductive deafness)? 1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma 2. a damage of the auditory nerve 3. an obstruction in the outer ear 4. a ruptured tympanic membrane A1, 3 and 4 B1, 2 and 3 C2, 3 and 4 D1 and 3
common offender A1, 3 and 4
vestibular apparatus is in
inner ear
