HPNU2020 CH. 20 MAP/VAP

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)

Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B)

act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

In viral infections, what occurs after helper T cells are activated?

activation of B cells

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

anaphylactic shock

Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A)

anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur

antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure, the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type, the antigen must activate appropriate B cells, B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells.

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B)

artificially acquired active immunity

Which cells are involved in inflammation? (Module 20.19C)

basophils and mast cells

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?

bone marrow and thymus

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D)

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

cytotoxic T cells

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. (Module 20.16B)

cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2°C or 99°F.

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following

interferon, complement, inflammation, the skin.

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution

Rheumatoid arthritis:

is an autoimmune disorder.

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C)

lymphatic valves

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B)

lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

macrophages

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

mmunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization

which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

neutrophils

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules?

outer cortex

The lymphatic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions

pelvic viscera, left arm and shoulder, left breast, left side of the neck

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)

the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?

thymus

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C)

trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A)

transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C)

viral

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system.

30

The cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting antibodies are the ________ cells.

B

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

B cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C)

B cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell.

CD4 T

Where are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins found? (Module 20.15C)

Class I MHC proteins are found on all nucleated body cells and class II MHC proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

lymph flow in a node

Lymph first enters the subcapsular space, The efferent lymphatic vessel exits at the hilum, Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic vessel, Lymph flows past dendritic cells

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK cells

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

NK cells

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?

Peyer's patches

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A)

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?

deep in the cortex

Lymph nodes do all of the following

detect pathogens, produce antibodies, monitor the contents of lymph, remove debris and pathogens from the lymph

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection

epithelium, basement membranes, body hair, secretions.

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B)

histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells.

plasma

Which cells produce antibodies? (Module 20.21B)

plasma cells

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

release of histamine

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?

white pulp of the spleen