HPS 178 Alcohol and Tobacco Use Alcohol and Tobacco Use Dynamic Study Module

What is the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products?

Nicotine

When Amanda goes out on the weekends, she usually has four to five beers in a short period of time. This type of high-risk behavior is known as __________.

binge drinking

The most dangerous gas inhaled with each puff of a cigarette is __________.

carbon monoxide in the human body, carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells by binding with the receptor sites for oxygen; this causes oxygen deprivation in many body tissues. It is at least partly responsible for increased risk of heart attacks and strokes in smokers. Benzopyrene, a carcinogenic agent, and phenol, a chemical irritant, are both found in tar deposited in the lungs by cigarette smoke.

A chronic lung disease caused by smoking in which the tiny air sacs in the lungs are destroyed, making breathing difficult, is __________.

emphysema

The intoxicating substance in beer, wine, and liquor is __________.

ethanol

All of the choices are risks associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EXCEPT __________. exposure to 5 times more carbon monoxide exposure to 2 times more tar and nicotine increase in likelihood of having coronary heart disease exposure to less than 5 cancer-causing agents

exposure to less than 5 cancer-causing agents ETS is smoke from tobacco products, including secondhand and mainstream smoke. There are more than 50 cancer-causing agents found in secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke has about 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia than mainstream smoke. Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke were 20 percent to 30 percent more likely to have coronary heart disease than those who were not.

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the __________.

ratio of alcohol to total blood volume

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) depends on all of the following EXCEPT __________. the time of day alcohol is consumed the water content in body tissues the concentration of alcohol in the beverage body weight

the time of day alcohol is consumed

The depressant effect of alcohol becomes apparent at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of __________.

0.10 percent At this BAC level, drowsiness sets in, motor skills are further impaired, and there is a loss of judgment. At a BAC of 0.05 percent, relaxation increases, there is some motor impairment, and a willingness to talk becomes apparent. At 0.08 percent, the person feels euphoric, and there is further motor impairment. The legal limit for BAC is 0.08 percent in all states and the District of Columbia. At 0.12 percent, an intoxicated person exhibits slowed reaction time, poor muscle coordination, short-term memory loss, impaired judgment, and an inability to focus.

If a man and a woman drink the same amount of alcohol, the woman's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) will be approximately __________.

30 percent higher than the man's A woman's relatively higher BAC happens because women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it reaches the bloodstream and the brain. A higher percentage of body fat and hormonal differences also play a role. Because alcohol does not diffuse as rapidly into body fat as into water, alcohol concentration is higher in a person with more body fat. Certain points in the menstrual cycle and the use of oral contraceptives are likely to contribute to longer periods of intoxication for women.

All of the following accurately describe the definition of one standard drink EXCEPT __________.

5 ounces of 80-proof liquor

What percentage of the U.S. drinking population are infrequent, light, or moderate drinkers?

90 percent In contrast, 39 percent of all college students engage in binge drinking—a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram-percent or above. Among those who drink, consumption patterns vary. More men are regular drinkers, and men typically drink more than do women. White drinkers are more likely to drink daily or nearly daily than are nonwhites. As age increases, the number of people who consume alcohol regularly decreases.

What percentage of adults who smoke started by the age of 21?

90 percent Of adults who smoke, 90 percent started by the age of 21, and half of them became regular smokers by their 18th birthday. Tobacco advertising plays an important role in encouraging young people to begin a lifelong addiction to smoking before they are old enough to fully understand its long-term health risks.

Which of the following statements about drinking among college students is FALSE?

Alcohol is rarely involved in the rape or sexual assault of college students. Women from colleges with medium to high binge-drinking rates are 1.5 times more at risk of being raped than those from schools with low binge-drinking rates. Alcohol is the most popular drug on college campuses: 62 percent of students report having consumed alcoholic beverages in the past 30 days. Approximately 39 percent of college students engage in binge drinking. For college students, alcohol increases the already high risk for suicide, automobile crashes, and falls. Luckily, cognitive-behavioral skills training has been shown to be effective in changing the behaviors of heavy-drinking college students.

Which of the following is NOT a potential long-term effect of alcohol abuse? Damaged or destroyed brain cells Increased risk of liver damage Increased risk of certain types of cancer Increased urinary output

Increased urinary output

What effect does carbon monoxide have on a smoker's body?

It interferes with the ability of hemoglobin in the blood to carry oxygen.

Alcohol is metabolized where in the body?

Liver

What effect does nicotine have on cilia in the upper respiratory system?

Paralyzes them This allows thick, brownish tars and other solids in tobacco smoke to accumulate and irritate sensitive lung tissue. Emphysema is a chronic disease in which the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) are destroyed, impairing the lungs' ability to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Approximately 80 percent of all cases are related to cigarette smoking.

How quickly will an individual begin to see health benefits after quitting smoking?

Within a day Within 8 hours, carbon monoxide and oxygen levels return to normal, and "smoker's breath" disappears. Circulation and the senses of taste and smell improve within weeks. Often, within a month of quitting, the mucus that clogs airways is broken up and eliminated. The risk of dying from a heart attack falls by half after only 1 year without smoking and declines steadily thereafter. At the end of 10 smoke-free years, the ex-smoker can expect to live out his or her normal life span, and after about 15 years without smoking, the ex-smoker's risk of coronary heart disease is similar to that of people who have never smoked.

Characteristics of alcohol poisoning include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a weak, rapid pulse unusual or irregular breathing an inability to be awakened a yellowish tint to the skin

a yellowish tint to the skin Alcohol poisoning (also known as acute alcohol intoxication) is a potentially lethal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that inhibits the brain's ability to control consciousness, respiration, and heart rate. It usually occurs as a result of drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time. Signs of alcohol poisoning include inability to be awakened; a weak, rapid pulse; unusual or irregular breathing; and cool (possibly damp), pale, or bluish skin. If you are with someone who has been drinking heavily and who exhibits these symptoms, call your local emergency number (9-1-1 in most areas) for immediate assistance.

The single most preventable cause of death in the United States is __________.

diseases related to tobacco use

Smoking contributes to heart disease by all of the following ways EXCEPT __________. decreasing oxygen levels supplied to the heart decreasing blood levels of high-density lipoproteins contributing to platelet adhesiveness, which is associated with blood clots increasing blood pressure

increasing blood pressure Smoking encourages and accelerates the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the heart and major blood vessels (atherosclerosis). Smoking decreases blood levels of HDLs, the "good cholesterol" that helps protect against heart attacks. Smoking also contributes to platelet adhesiveness, the sticking together of red blood cells that is associated with blood clots. The oxygen deprivation associated with smoking decreases the oxygen supplied to the heart and can weaken tissues.

The effects of nicotine include __________.

increasing heart and respiratory rates Nicotine stimulates the central nervous, producing an aroused, alert mental state. Nicotine also stimulates the adrenal glands, which increases the production of adrenaline. It constricts blood vessels, and, in turn, increases blood pressure because the heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed vessels.

Eating food when drinking alcohol __________.

slows the absorption of alcohol This slowed absorption occurs because the surface area exposed to alcohol is smaller, and because a full stomach retards the emptying of alcoholic beverages into the small intestine. Alcohol can irritate the digestive system, causing pylorospasm (spasm of the pyloric valve in the digestive system). When the pyloric valve is closed, nothing can move from the stomach to the upper third of the small intestine, which slows absorption of alcohol. Chronic abuse of alcohol inhibits enzyme production, which further inhibits the absorption of nutrients.

All of the following statements about smokeless tobacco are true EXCEPT __________. smokeless tobacco users rarely have dental problems smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes many smokeless tobacco users are young males smokeless tobacco is just as addictive as smokinG

smokeless tobacco users rarely have dental problems