HRM 360 Exam 2

the main premise of these theories is that...

human beings have identifiable needs and are motivated by needs deficiency (or what is lacking).

Affective Events Theory (AET)

explores how events on the job lead to different emotions

Which condition contributes most to the effectiveness of goal setting?

goal commitment

Cognitive dissonance

is a term that refers to a mismatch among emotions, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior

stress

is the body's reaction to a change or an event that requires a physical, mental, or emotional adjustment or response

motivation

is the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior

organizational commitment

is the emotional attachment people have toward the company they work for.

Marta works on an auto assembly line. Last year she was responsible for welding the upper panel of the wheel well onto the left rear wheel area. This year, she is also responsible for welding all parts of the entire left rear wheel area and checking for quality workmanship. Marta's position underwent a job redesign using

job enlargement

What technique gives workers more control over how they perform their job?

job enrichment

General mental ability contributes to which work behavior?

job performance

When an organization moves employees from job to job at regular intervals, they are practicing

job rotation

What are 2 attitudes that are important at work?

job satisfaction & organizational commitment

Emotional intelligence

looks at how people can understand each other more completely by developing an increased awareness of their own and others' emotions. 4 elements: Relationship management, social awareness, self- management, and self- awareness

Equity Theory: Referent

may be another person or a category of people.

What is the best example of intrinsic motivation?

mentoring someone at work because you enjoy it

Performance is a function of the interaction between

motivation, ability, and environment

Affect-driven behavior

occurs when emotions trigger you to respond in a particular way

hygiene factors

part of the context in which the job is performed. Same as Maslow's lower-level needs. Ex: supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, pay/job security, company policies.

Challenge stressors

refer to demands and circumstances that cause stress butthat also promote individual growth

hindrance stressors

refer to stress caused by factors that detract us from ourgoals and prevent personal growth

turnover

refers to an employee leaving an organization. Reasons include: employee's performance level, work attitudes, stress levels, personality, and age (how long the employee's been at the organization).

What is an attitude?

refers to our opinions, beliefs, and feelings about aspects of our environment.

ERG- Growth corresponds with which tiers on Maslow's pyramids?

refers to self-esteem and self-actualization needs

job performance

refers to the degree to which an employee successfully fulfills the factors included in the job description. Measured by the quality and quantity of work performed, its accuracy and speed, and the overall effectiveness. Determines whether a person is promoted, rewarded, given additional responsibilities, or fired.

job satisfaction

refers to the feelings people have toward their job.

job engagement

refers to the investment of one's mental, emotional, and physical energies into work.

absenteeism

refers to unscheduled absences from work. Causes include health reasons, work-life balance, poor work attitudes, and age.

What is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's theory of motivation?

salary

Negative emotions

such as anger, fear, and sadness can result from undesired events, ex: In the workplace, this can include not having your opinions heard, a lack of control, and unpleasant interactions with colleagues, customers, and superiors

Positive emotions

such as joy, love, and surprise result from our reaction to desired events, ex: In the workplace, this can include achieving a goal or receiving praise from a superior

Alderfer's growth needs (of ERG theory) correspond to Maslow's

esteem needs

What are the 3 factors that determine job performance?

-Motivation (effort) -Ability -Environmental (support/resources)

Which statement is true about motivation?

Motivation is a key influence over an employee's performance level.

Job performance is the product of which 3 key factors?

-Core job performance -Organizational citizenship behavior(+) -counterproductive work behavior(-)

Which of the 4 theories of motivation is the weakest and why?

-Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs -not much evidence to support it

You're managing a team of 5 people; the past 6 months have been really stressful. Your team's workload has been increasing and emotions are still running high after last month's workforce reduction. Given what you know about work behaviors, what would you expect to happen next?

-increase in stress -increase CWB -decrease productivity -lower engagement -increase turnover

What are the 5 work-related behaviors that are important and studied in OB

-job performance -citizenship behavior -counterproductive work behaviors -absenteeism -turnover

Which personality trait(s) contribute(s) to CWB (Counterproductive work behavior)?

-low conscientiousness -low agreeableness -low emotional stability (neuroticism) -high machiavellianism -low honesty/integrity

8 factors contributing to job attitudes

-personality -person-envrionment fit -psychological contract -job characteristics -work relationships -organizational justice -work-life balance -stress

Demand-Control Model

A model that suggests that experienced stress is a function of both job demands and job control. Stress is highest when demands are high but individuals have little control over the situation.

Expectancy Theory: Valence question

Do I find the outcomes desirable?

Job demands-resources

A way to reduce stress is to provide more resources to offset job demands. These resources can be tangible (equipment to make job easier) or intangible such as giving verbal support.

According to acquired needs theory, individuals with a high need for affiliation

A. want to influence others. B. have a strong need to be successful. C. desire to make an impact on the organization. D. None of the above

Psychological contract

An unwritten understanding about what the employee will bring to the work environment and what the company will provide in exchange.

Attitude Formation

Attitudes are generally formed around a sequence of cognition, affect, and behavioral intention. That is, we come to know something that we believe to be true (cognition - what do you think). This knowledge triggers a feeling (affect - how/what you feel). Cognition and affect then together influence how we intend to behave in the future.

Scientific Management

Based on ideas from Frederick Taylor's 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management. Among the most influential books of the 20th century.

reinforcement theory and learning

Based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Job Specialization

Break down jobs into their simplest components. Assign tasks so each employee performs a select number of tasks in a repetitive manner.

Negative affect

Comprises feelings of being upset, fearful, and distressed.

Maggie is new to her company and is hoping to get the respect of her boss, Mr. Burns. She knows that he compliments other people for a job well done, but all he ever seems to do is criticize her. She feels like she doesn't even know what he is looking for.

E- P Expectancy

Which of these is a need-based theory of motivation?

ERG theory

According to our discussion of its implementation in Ford's assembly lines, Scientific Management's focus is on

Efficiency

Is a process-based motivation theory that explains that people are motivated by ensuring that their work situation is fair.

Equity Theory

ERG- Clayton Alderfer

Existence needs. Relatedness needs. Growth needs. -No strict hierarchy, more than one can be activated at a time -Satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression

Is a process-based motivation theory that suggests that managers need to find linkages between effort, performance, and value of rewards.

Expectancy Theory

Equity Theory

Fairness is when the input-to-outcome ratio is similar to the input-to-outcome ratio of a comparison person.

What are some of the things that you can do to deal with stress?

Get enough sleep, get enough exercise, eat energizing foods. Focus on Workplace Recovery and focus on flow and mindfulness: Break challenges into smaller parts and embrace the ones that give us joy. Flow is the concept of total engagement in one's work

Job enrichment(Vertical job loading)

Giving workers more tasks to perform and more control over how to perform them.

Job enlargement(Horizontal job loading)

Giving workers more tasks to perform.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Ex: Clapping for the student when she got closer to the hidden protein bar in class.

Emotions

Intense, short-term physiological, behavioral, and psychological reactions to a specific object, person, or event that prepare us to respond to it.

Hertzberg's Two-Factor Theory

Is a needs based theory that argues that not all needs deficiencies are motivators; lower level needs are not motivators.

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs

Is a needs-based motivation theory that argues that human beings' needs span 5 levels: 3 lower-level needs and 2 higher-level needs.

Frederick Taylor's work led to a fundamental change in management philosophy. Which statement describes this change?

It paved the way for today's automation and standardization

Job design has what three components?

Job enrichment(Vertical job loading), Job enlargement(Horizontal job loading), and Job rotation.

Why would job specialization not work with today's work?

Jobs designed for efficiency can become boring and monotonous, resulting in job dissatisfaction.

What do you need from your employer to be able to deal with stress.

Motivation techniques include: Inspiring employees through selflessness Making employees feel like part of a larger team Helping employees succeed by eliminating barriers. Encouraging managers to practice servant leadership. Expecting senior leaders to work harder than their direct reports. Making sure that senior leaders meet the need of their teams first.

Lisa accepted a job with a large software development firm in part because the company offered her plenty of opportunity for promotion. Lisa's feeling bitter though. She's noticed that the best workers aren't getting promoted-it's the "networkers" who are.

P-R Instrumentality

extrinsic motivation

Performing an activity because it is related to desirable outcomes such as financial rewards, status, or approval from others. Ex: getting a raise for reaching a new level at job

intrinsic motivation

Pursuing an activity because it is inherently enjoyable and absent of apparent rewards. Ex: seeing the knowledge you gain from using a new software is a reward

Positive affect

Reflects a combination of high energy and positive evaluation characterized by emotions like elation.

What four theories are grouped in the integrated model of motivation?

Reinforcement, Equity, Needs, and Expectancy

what is an example of bad stress?

Role ambiguity Role conflict Organizational politics Job security

Moods

Short-term emotional states that are not directed toward anything in particular.

What is an advantage to job specialization?

Staffing costs are lower because the repetitive nature of tasks makes skill requirements lower.

Emotional labor levels of acting

Surface Acting: Displaying physical signs, such as smiles, that reflect emotions (without actually feeling the emotions). Deep Acting: Pretending to experience emotions. Genuine Acting: Displaying emotions that are aligned with emotions that are actually felt.

Emotional Labor

Surface acting is related to higher levels of stress and fewer positive emotions. Emotional labor is particularly common in service industries

Job rotation

Systematically moving workers from one job to another in an attempt to minimize monotony and boredom.

During his visit to NASA in 1962, JFK noticed a janitor carrying a broom; he greeted him and asked him what he's doing. The janitor responded "Well, Mr. President, I'm helping put a man on the moon". Which job characteristic, from the job characteristics model, is implied in the janitor's answer?

Task Significance

What is general mental ability (or capacity)?

The ability to reason, learn, solve problems, plan, comprehend complex ideas, and learn from experience in any of a wide variety of ways and circumstances.

Perceived organizational support

The degree to which employees feel that the organization cares about their well-being, values them, and fulfills their needs.

Affectivity

The tendency to experience a particular mood or to react to things with certain emotions.

Bart works as a $11.00/hr stock clerk. If he does his job well, he could very possibly get his picture and name posted in the store as the employee of the month. Bart's a high school student and his hunch is that if his friends see his picture on the wall of the store, he'll get made fun of for it mercilessly.

Valence

Psychological contract breach

Violation of the unwritten understanding between the employee and the organization regarding expectations.

Expectancy Theory: Expectancy question

Will my effort lead to high performance?

Expectancy Theory: Instrumentality question

Will performance lead to outcomes?

What is an example of good stress?

Working under time pressure and having a high degree of responsibility

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. This sheds light on what our needs are/currently are. Ex: Dude sitting at his desk on the phone, staring at the picture frame.

counterproductive work behaviors

abusing others, production deviance, theft, sabotage, withdrawal behaviors

Frustration-Regression

an already satisfied lower order need can become reactivated when a higher-level need cannot be satisfied

motivation factors

are intrinsic to the job. Same as Maslow's higher-level needs. Ex: achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth

Equity Theory: Outcomes

are the perceived rewards

organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

are voluntary behaviors employees perform to help others and benefit the organization. Ex: helping a new coworker understand how things work OR volunteering to organize company picnics

Expectancy Theory

argues that motivation is determined by a rational calculation in which individuals evaluate their situation. 1. Expectancy (Effort) 2. Instrumentality (Performance) 3. Valence (Rewards)

The Acquired Needs Framework

centers on the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power

ERG- Existence corresponds with which tiers on Maslow's pyramids?

corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety needs

ERG- Relatedness corresponds with which tiers on Maslow's pyramids?

corresponds to love and belonging needs

Emotional Contagion

when someone's emotions and related behaviors lead to similar emotions and behaviors in others.