HS&F: Chapter 8 - Nervous System

A

The ________ consists of nerves, receptors, ganglia, and synapses outside the CNS. a) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system b) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system c) central nervous system d) somatic nervous system e) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

E

Axons a) may branch to form collateral axons. b) have an axon hillock which is devoid of nissl bodies. c) are often surrounded by a myelin sheath. d) carry action potentials away from the cell body. e) have all of these characteristics.

B

Which of these is NOT a component of the diencephalon? a) thalamus b) pons c) pineal gland d) hypothalamus e) All of these are components of the diencephalon.

C

Gaps between segments of oligodendrocytes or between individual Schwann cells are called a) ependymal cells. b) nerve tracts. c) nodes of Ranvier. d) ganglia. e) microglia.

E

A group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem that play a role in arousing and maintaining consciousness are collectively called the a) colliculi. b) pyramids. c) midbrain. d) pons. e) reticular formation.

E

A reflex a) is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus. b) allows a person to react to stimuli more quickly. c) is a form of negative feedback response. d) conducts signals from the periphery to the spinal cord then back to the periphery. e) All of these are true of a reflex.

A

Afferent fibers carrying general sensory input synapse in the _____, from where the information is relayed to the general sensory area. a) thalamus b) primary sensory areas c) association areas d) prefrontal area e) premotor area

A

After a car accident, the ER doctor uses a hammer to test your patellar reflex response. You have no initial knee jerk response but after 2 weeks your response is exaggerated. What does it indicate? a) The neurons within the brain or spinal cord that modify this reflex have been damaged. b) The neurons within the periphery have been damaged. c) The withdrawal reflex has taken over the stretch reflex function. d) Your spine had been severed but has since regrown. e) Your cerebral cortex was damaged but has since re-routed your spinal reflexes.

A

An action potential occurs a) if the membrane potential reaches a threshold value. b) when negative proteins and ions rapidly enter the cell. c) when the inside of the cell becomes negative compared to the outside. d) when there is repolarization. e) All of these are correct.

B

An afferent neuron from a pain receptor and a neuron from the brain both synapse with a motor neuron. This is an example of a) incomplete pathways. b) convergent pathways. c) divergent pathways. d) complete pathways. e) both divergent and convergent pathways.

C

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the _____ in the ventricles, and passes back into the blood through the _____. a) cerebral aqueduct, central canal b) choroid plexus, central canal c) choroid plexus, arachnoid granulations d) central canal, choroid plexus e) arachnoid granulations, choroid plexus

B

Chuck Wildlee, a baseball pitcher, was struck on the head by a line drive hit by Charley Hussel. Fortunately, Chuck was not seriously injured, but when he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because a) long-term memory had not been converted to a memory engram. b) he lost both sensory and short-term memory. c) long-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory. d) short-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory. e) sensory memory had not been converted to short-term memory.

C

Clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the PNS are called a) nuclei. b) nerves. c) ganglia. d) nodes of Ranvier. e) nerve tracts.

E

Descending tracts a) include the corticospinal tract. b) contain axons of upper motor neurons that cross over to the other side of the spinal cord. c) include the extrapyramidal tracts, which are involved in unconscious control of motor function. d) contain upper motor neurons that modulate the activity of lower motor neurons. e) have all of these properties.

B

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types? a) Theta waves b) Alpha waves c) Beta waves d) Gamma waves e) Delta waves

E

Given these areas of the cerebral cortex: 1) prefrontal area 2) premotor area 3) primary motor area If a person decided to jump over a chair, planned how to do it, and then actually jumped over the chair, which sequence below represents the correct order that these areas of the brain were involved? a) 2, 1, 3 b) 2, 3, 1 c) 1, 3, 2 d) 3, 1, 2 e) 1, 2, 3

C

Growth hormone a) favors protein breakdown. b) stimulates fat synthesis. c) deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism and excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly are correct. d) excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly. e) deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism.

A

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types? a) Beta waves b) Delta waves c) Gamma waves d) Theta waves e) Alpha waves

B

The ________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle. a) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system b) somatic nervous system c) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system d) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system e) central nervous system

E

The _________ consists of the brain and spinal cord. a) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system b) somatic nervous system c) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system d) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system e) central nervous system

B

The _________ is the efferent subdivision that transmits impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands through thoracic spinal nerves. a) central nervous system b) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system c) afferent division of the peripheral nervous system d) somatic nervous system e) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

B

The cerebellum a) acts as an agonist as one of its major functions. b) is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement. c) acts as an agonist as one of its major functions and is involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, and coordination of fine motor movement. d) has no gyri or sulci. e) is stimulated by alcohol.

B

The letter A in the figure could possibly represent the chemical signal a) cortisol. b) serotonin. c) vasopressin. d) testosterone. e) insulin. https://www.eztestonline.com/249515/1321628754917980021.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&media=2image001.png

C

The letter A represents what structure on this figure of a neuron? a) axon hillock b) axon c) dendrite d) Schwann cell e) Node of Ranvier https://www.eztestonline.com/249515/1321628754917980021.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&media=image001.png

A

The letter B represents what structure on this figure of a neuron? a) axon b) Schwann cell c) Node of Ranvier d) dendrite e) collateral branch of axon https://www.eztestonline.com/249515/1321628754917980021.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&media=image001.png

D

The letter C represents what structure on this figure of a neuron? a) axon hillock b) axon c) dendrite d) Node of Ranvier e) Schwann cell https://www.eztestonline.com/249515/1321628754917980021.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&media=image001.png

B

The most inferior portion of the diencephalon, which is very important in control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst, and also controls the pituitary gland is the a) infundibulum. b) hypothalamus. c) pineal gland. d) mammillary bodies. e) cerebrum.

C

The neuroglial cells that form a myelin sheath around axons are a) the oligodendrocytes. b) the microglia. c) both the Schwann cells and the oligodendrocytes. d) the Schwann cells. e) the ependymal cells.

E

The nodes of Ranvier a) increase the conduction velocity of an action potential. b) allow the current to flow easily between the extracellular fluid and the axon. c) allow action potentials to develop. d) allow for saltatory conduction of the action potential. e) All of these are true of nodes of Ranvier.

E

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system a) is involved in vegetative activities, such as digestion, urination, and defecation. b) has postganglionic cell bodies in terminal ganglia, located either near or within target organs. c) has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that secrete acetylcholine. d) has preganglionic cell bodies located in cranial and sacral areas. e) has all of these characteristics.

E

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: a) prepares a person for intense physical activity b) stimulates increases heart rate and blood pressure c) is often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. d) causes the release of glucose from the liver when stimulated e) stimulates involuntary activities such as digestion, defecation and urination.

E

The posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord contain a) motor neurons. b) white matter. c) sympathetic autonomic neurons. d) nerve tracts. e) sensory neurons.

E

The resting membrane potential a) occurs because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions than sodium ions. b) partly results from the sodium-potassium exchange pump. c) occurs because the cell membrane remains polarized at rest. d) occurs because there are negatively charged proteins and ions inside the cell. e) has all of these contributing factors.

B

The spinothalamic tracts of the spinal cord a) are descending tracts. b) carry pain, temperature, and light touch sensations. c) carry proprioceptive information. d) have upper and lower motor neurons. e) have all of these characteristics.

A

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called: a) working memory b) implicit memory c) declarative memory d) procedural memory e) explicit memory

B

The ventricles of the brain a) are cavities filled with air. b) consist of four cavities. c) consist of one lateral ventricle, two third ventricles and a fourth ventricle. d) are connected by the cerebral aqueduct between the first and second ventricles. e) have all of these characteristics.

C

This figure is an example of a __________ neuron. a) bipolar b) dipolar c) multipolar d) psuedo-unipolar https://www.eztestonline.com/249515/1321628754917980021.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&media=image001.png

E

Voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, and mood are all associated with a) the parietal lobes of cerebral cortex. b) the temporal lobes. c) the cerebellum. d) the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. e) the frontal lobes of cerebral cortex.

D

When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures? a) dorsal root ganglion and the transverse process b) spinal cord and arachnoid mater c) periosteum and dura mater d) body of the vertebrae and dura mater e) pia mater and arachnoid mater

B

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a reflex arc? a) efferent (motor) neuron b) spinal pathway c) afferent (sensory) neuron d) sensory receptor e) effector organ

A

Which of the following is not TRUE of K+ leak channels? a) are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential. b) have the greatest contribution to the resting potential of the cell. c) are 50 - 100 times more prevalent than Na+ leak channels. d) allow K+ ions to "leak" down their concentration gradient and out of the cell. e) are always open.

D

Which of the following is not true of the enteric nervous system? a) It is contained wholly within the digestive tract. b) It can function without input from the CNS or other parts of the PNS. c) It is a unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. d) It is a subdivision of the somatic nervous system. e) It contains both sensory and motor neurons.

E

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT? a) Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the posynaptic neuron. b) Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold changes in local potential. c) A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to cause the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold. d) Both spatial and temporal summation can lead to either inhibition or stimulation depending upon the signal type. e) Spatial summation also occurs when local potentials overlap in time.

B

Which of the following would increase conduction velocity of an action potential in an axon? a) Decrease the diameter of the axon. b) Wrap the axon in Schwann cells. c) Remove the oligodendrocytes from around the axon. d) Prevent saltatory conduction. e) All of these would increase the conduction velocity of an AP in an axon.

E

Which of these nerves is NOT a branch of the brachial plexus? a) axillary nerve b) median nerve c) ulnar nerve d) radial nerve e) phrenic nerve

E

Which of these statements concerning membrane-bound receptors is true? a) Membrane-bound receptors increase protein synthesis in the cell. b) Membrane-bound receptors must be able to rapidly diffuse through the cell membrane. c) When intercellular chemical signals bind to membrane-bound receptors, the response usually requires several hours. d) Membrane-bound receptors are sometimes located in the nucleus of the cell. e) Chemical signals that are large, water-soluble molecules normally bind to membrane-bound receptors.

A

Which type of cell has a single process that functions as an axon and dendrite? Most sensory neurons fit into this classification. a) Schwann cell b) pyramidal cell c) bipolar neuron d) multipolar neuron e) psuedo-unipolar neuron

D

Which type of cell has several dendrites and one axon? Most motor neurons fit into this classification. a) psuedo-unipolar neuron b) pyramidal cell c) Schwann cell d) multipolar neuron e) bipolar neuron

B

White matter of the central nervous system a) is formed by nerve cell bodies and their dendrites. b) is formed by bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths. c) forms the cortex of the brain. d) forms nuclei deep within the brain. e) have all of these properties.

A

Why is it not normally possible for action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron to produce an action potential in the presynaptic neuron? a) because the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons have no acetylcholine receptors b) because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential c) because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only d) both because the presynaptic neurons do not have a resting membrane potential and because the synaptic cleft allows the diffusion of acetylcholine in one direction only e) because the synaptic vesicles in the postsynaptic terminal are inactive

C

You are walking down the street when a strange dog begins to chase you. You manage to duck into a store and notice in a nearby hanging mirror that your pupils are very dilated. Which of the following most likely accounts for this? a) The sympathetic nervous system was stimulated by the scare and it, in turn, stimulated the circular smooth muscles of the iris to contract. b) The parasympathetic nervous system was stimulated by the scare and it, in turn, stimulated the circular smooth muscles of the iris to contract. c) The sympathetic nervous system was stimulated by the scare and it, in turn, stimulated the radial smooth muscles of the iris to contract. d) The parasympathetic nervous system was stimulated by the scare and it, in turn, stimulated the radial smooth muscles of the iris to contract.

E

___________ are intercellular chemical signals, secreted by nerve cells and are important in functions of the nervous system. a) Pheromones b) Paracrine agents c) Hormones d) Autocrine agents e) Neurotransmitters